• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.281-291
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• 2010

Crytocaryon irritans infection of rock bream was investigated in embankment fish farm from July to December 2009. Prevalence variation was 20.0~88.0% that was high in september and was low in July. While no mortality was found in July and August, it occurred after mid september. Environmental conditions during the survey period were water temperature $19.3{\sim}24.3^{\circ}C$, dissolved oxygen $5.0{\sim}7.1\;mg\;L^{-1}$ and salinity 31.9~33.7 psu, and the water temperature during mortality season was $24.0^{\circ}C$. External symptom of the rock bream was secretion mucus but swimming showed fine in the early infected period. While, the symptoms in the severe outbreak season were excess of mucus, falling off tail and congestion, bleeding spot the surface and weakened swimming. We observed free living and parasitic stages in the gills and body surface of rock bream. Hepato somatic index (HSI) was $1.9{\pm}1.1{\sim}3.5{\pm}1.7%$, which was low in the September being mortality season but was high in November. The percentages of hematocrit infected with Crytocaryon irritans were 37.3% and 41.0% in July and August, respectively while they gradually decreased to 32.1% and 24.2% in september and October, respectively. Total cholesterol and Triglyceride values rapidly decreased by October. After mortality, AST and ALT were 7 and 5 folds higher compared to non-mortality season.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.450-457
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• 1991

The iron status of 57 female college students was evaluated by measurements of hemoglobinCHb). hematocritCHct) and serum ferritin(Ferritin). Mean values for Hb, Hct and Ferritin were $13.9\pm$ 0.96g/dl, $41.4\pm$ 2.85% and $20.7\pm$ l5.5ng/mL respectively. Ferritin as well as Hb. Hct were not statistically different from normal distribution. although ferritin were skewed to the right. The prevalence of anemia defined by Hb < 12g/dI. Hct ~36 % and Ferritin <12ng/ml were found to be 5.3, 10.3 and 36.8%, respectively. By using Hb as a screening tool at a cutoff point of 12g/dI. 2.8% of healthy subjects will be incorrectly classified as anemic and 90.5 % of anemic as healthy. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated at various cutoff points of Hb and Hct. The estimates of sensitivity and specificity allow Hb 14.0g/dl as cutoff point for good predictor of anemia.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.79-94
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• 2022

The demand for tunnel construction is increasing as part of underground space development due to urban saturation. The shield TBM method minimizes vibration and noise and minimizes ground deformation that occurs simultaneously with excavation, and shield TBM is generally applied to tunnel construction in urban areas. The importance of urban ground settlement prediction is increasing day by day, and in the case of shield TBM construction, ground deformation is minimized, but ground settlement due to tunnel excavation inevitably occurs. Therefore, in this study, the correlation between shield TBM, which is highly applicable to urban areas, and ground settlement is analyzed to suggest the shield TBM construction factors that have a major effect on ground settlement. Correlation analysis was performed between the shield TBM construction data and ground settlement measurement data collected at the actual site, and the degree of correlation was expressed as a correlation coefficient "r". As a result, the main construction factors of shield TBM affecting ground settlement were thrust force, torque, chamber pressure, backfill pressure and muck discharge. Based on the results of this study, it is expected to contribute to the presentation of judgment criteria for major construction data so that the ground settlement can be predicted and controlled in advance when operating the shield TBM in the future.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.583-591
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• 2015

In order to evaluate the performance of TAS applied to the hybrid vehicle of the soft belt driven, acceleration performance and fuel consumption performance is to be superior to the existing vehicle. The key components of belt driven TAS(Torque Assist System), such as the engine, the motor and the battery, The key components of the driven belt TAS, such as the engine, the motor, and the battery, have a significant impact on fuel consumption performance of the vehicle. Therefore, in order to improve the efficiency at the point of view based on the overall system, the study of the power distribution algorithm for controlling the main source powers is necessary. In this paper, we propose the power distribution algorithm, applied the homogeneous analysis method in terms of fuel equivalent, for minimizing the fuel consumption. We have confirmed that the proposed algorithm is contribute to improving the fuel consumption performance satisfied the constraints considering the vehicle status information and the required power through the control parameters to minimize the fuel consumption of the engine. The optimization process of the proposed driving strategy can reduce the trial and error in the research and development process and monitor the characteristics of the control parameter quickly and accurately. Therefore, it can be utilized as a way to derive the operational strategy to minimize the fuel consumption.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine height, weight, chest circumference, sitting height, hemato logical status, eating behaviors and nutrient intakes for primary school children in Gwangju. The subjects consisted of 101 boys and 109 girls aged $10{\sim}12$ years old. There were significant differences in the height, weight, chest circumference, sitting height between the boys and girls. Hct, WBC, RBC, Hb, serum GOT, GPT and cholesterol were measured. With regard to meal regularity, 47.4% of the subjects has been 'regular'. With regard to meal volume, 15.8% of the subjects has been 'heavy'. With regard to meal balance, 44.7% of the subjects has been 'no'. The study also found that 63.4% of the subjects skipped breakfast, liked western food. Their dietary intakes were assesed for 1 day by means of 24 hours dietary recall method. The mean energy intakes of the subjects were 1,663kcal for boys and 1,427kcal for girls. The subjects for boys(girls) consumed 58(52)g protein, 43(60)g lipid, 4.8(6.5)g fiber, 470(514)mg calcium, 896(824)mg phosphorous, 9.6(16.4)mg iron, 3,301(3,468)mg sodium, 2,169(2,192)mg potassium, 388(466)RE retinol, 1.1(0.9)mg thiamin, 1.1(2.2)mg riboflavin, 12.2(26.3)NE niacin, 146(99)mg ascorbic acid and 251(159)mg cholesterol respectively. Energy, protein, calcium, iron and retinol intakes were lower than the Korean RDA. The intakes of fat, fiber, calcium, iron, sodium, retinol, riboflavin and niacin of the boys were significantly lower than those of the girls. There were positive correlations between meal time and protein intake or fat intake of fiber intake or iron intake or retinol intake : negative correlations between meal time and sodium intake : negative correlations between saltiness and cholesterol intake : positive correlations between use of perilla seeds and riboflavin intake or niacin intake : negative correlations between energy intake or carbohydrate intake or phosphorous intake : negative correlations between frequency of eating-out and protein intake or fat intake or fiber intake or iron intake or retinol intake or thiamin intake or riboflavin intake or niacin intake.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1720-1725
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• 2011

Aspartic acid chelated iron (Asp-Fe) was synthesized by a new method using calcium carbonate, aspartic acid, and ferrous sulfate. This study was carried out to investigate the bioavailability of Asp-Fe in iron-deficient rats. We divided the rats into four experimental groups. The first was the normal diet control group, or NC. The second was the no treated control group of iron-deficient (ID) rats, or ID+C. The third was the heme-iron (heme-Fe) treated group of ID rats, ID+heme-Fe. And the fourth was the Asp-Fe treated group of ID rats, or ID+Asp-Fe. There were no differences among any of the experimental groups in diet consumption, change of body weight, or the weight of the livers, kidneys, or spleens. After 7 days of feeding, the iron content in the sera of the ID+Asp-Fe group (175.2 ${\mu}g$/dL) and the ID+heme-Fe group (140.8 ${\mu}g$/dL) were significantly higher than that of the ID-C group (96.1 ${\mu}g$/dL). The total iron binding capacity (TIBC) of the ID+Asp-Fe group (735.4 ${\mu}g$/dL) was significantly normalized compared to the ID+C group (841.9 ${\mu}g$/dL) or ID+heme-Fe group (824.6 ${\mu}g$/dL). The hematocrit level of the ID+Asp-Fe group was increased to normal levels, but there was no statistical difference among ID groups. The absorption ratio of heme-Fe was 21.3% and that of Asp-Fe was 50.2%, which indicates a 2.3 times higher ratio in comparison with heme iron. With the above results we found that Asp-Fe seems to be an efficient form of iron to supply iron deficient rats in order to cure them of anemia. Thus, these findings suggest that aspartic acid chelated iron has the potential to serve as a functional food related to iron metabolism.

• Composites Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.23-31
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• 2002

The two dimensional size effect of specimen gauge section ($length{\;}{\times}{\;}width$) was investigated on the compressive behavior of a T300/924 $\textrm{[}45/-45/0/90\textrm{]}_{3s}$, carbon fiber-epoxy laminate. A modified ICSTM compression test fixture was used together with an anti-buckling device to test 3mm thick specimens with a $30mm{\;}{\times}{\;}30mm,{\;}50mm{\;}{\times}{\;}50mm,{\;}70mm{\;}{\times}{\;}70mm{\;}and{\;}90mm{\;}{\times}{\;}90mm$ gauge length by width section. In all cases failure was sudden and occurred mainly within the gauge length. Post failure examination suggests that $0^{\circ}$ fiber microbuckling is the critical damage mechanism that causes final failure. This is the matrix dominated failure mode and its triggering depends very much on initial fiber waviness. It is suggested that manufacturing process and quality may play a significant role in determining the compressive strength. When the anti-buckling device was used on specimens, it was showed that the compressive strength with the device was slightly greater than that without the device due to surface friction between the specimen and the device by pretoque in bolts of the device. In the analysis result on influence of the anti-buckling device using the finite element method, it was found that the compressive strength with the anti-buckling device by loaded bolts was about 7% higher than actual compressive strength. Additionally, compressive tests on specimen with an open hole were performed. The local stress concentration arising from the hole dominates the strength of the laminate rather than the stresses in the bulk of the material. It is observed that the remote failure stress decreases with increasing hole size and specimen width but is generally well above the value one might predict from the elastic stress concentration factor. This suggests that the material is not ideally brittle and some stress relief occurs around the hole. X-ray radiography reveals that damage in the form of fiber microbuckling and delamination initiates at the edge of the hole at approximately 80% of the failure load and extends stably under increasing load before becoming unstable at a critical length of 2-3mm (depends on specimen geometry). This damage growth and failure are analysed by a linear cohesive zone model. Using the independently measured laminate parameters of unnotched compressive strength and in-plane fracture toughness the model predicts successfully the notched strength as a function of hole size and width.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.749-755
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• 1998

Background: Twelve patients with acyanotic tetralogy of Fallot(TOF), characterized by the combination of a malaligned ventricular septal defect(VSD) and infundibular pulmonic stenosis with the clinical finding of acyanosis at rest, underwent surgical correction between January 1988 and July 1997. Materials and methods: 9.92% of patients with the diagnosis of TOF were acyanotic TOF in the same period. Ages ranged from 12 to 42 months(mean 25.2 months). 2D-echocardiographic studies, cardiac catheterization, and angiocardiograms were performed in all patients before operation. The preoperative mean systemic arterial oxygen saturation was 93.5%. According to the 2D-echocardiographic analysis, there was Lt-to-Rt shunt through VSD in 4 patients, bidirectional shunt in 2 patients, and no shunt in 6 patients. Results: The preoperative mean right ventricle to pulmonary artery(RV-PA) pressure gradients were 52.3 mmHg on 2D- echocardiogram and 48.4 mmHg on cardiac catheterization. The repair of ventricular septal defect was performed through a right atrial approach and the hypertrophic infundibular muscle bundles were resected by the transatrial and transpulmonary approach. Six patients(50%) received a transannular patch. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 135.0 minutes, and the aortic crossclamp time was 87.8 minutes. Postoperative complications included bleeding necessitating reentry in one and chylothorax in one. No patient died after operation and there were no late deaths. Postoperative 2D-echocardiograms revealed tiny patch dehiscence in 5 cases and a moderate RV-PA pressure gradients(mean 15.3 mmHg). All patients were in New York Heart Association functional class 1 after operation. Conclusions: acyanotic TOF is the uncommon form of TOF, and acyanotic TOF can be repaired with a good outcome.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2003

Purpose : The acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS), an acute form of severe alveolar-capillary injury evolving after a direct or indirect lung insult is thought to be a common cause of respiratory failure though not many clinical studies on the subject have been made yet. Methods : Between January 1992 and December 2001, we conducted a retrospective study on 33 children who fulfilled the definition of the ARDS recommended by the American-European Consensus Conference in 1994. Results : A total of 33 patients(20 boys and 13 girls) were selected. Their age ranged from 4 months to 12 years with seven children younger than 1 year. The overall mortality rate was 78.8% and no significant difference was noted based on age or sex. Concerning seasonal variation, incidence of the ARDS increased in spring, especially in May(21.2%). Pneumonia(66.7%) was found to be the most common risk factor of the ARDS followed by sepsis(24.2%) and aspiration(3.0%). In immune compromised children(six cases), including a recipient of bone marrow transplantation, the mortality rate was 100%. Compared with children with multiple organ failure recording a 83.3% mortality rate, those with isolated respiratory failure, showed a lower mortality rate of 33.3%, although stastistically insignificant. Between survivor and non-survivor groups, significant differences were shown in hematocrit, $PaO_2$, $PaCO_2$, PEEP, and $PaO_2/FiO_2$ on the seventh day after the onset of the ARDS. Conclusion : According to our study, respiratory failure proved to have a great effect on mortality rate in the ARDS. More aggressive intervention and further studies on this subject should be done to improve the survival rate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.254-263
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• 2008

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of isoflavone intake on prevention of chronic disease in middle and old aged man. In this study we used FFQ (Food frequency questionnaire) and the isoflavone intake level of the subjects was 25.10 mg per day. We divided the subjects into three group -high, medium, low isoflavone intake level- and investigated the relation among isoflavone intake level and clinical/anthropometric characteristics. The intake of isoflavone was inversely related with the body fat in male subjects. And we also divided the subjects into 2 groups with normal and abnormal clinical/anthropometric risk factor. The isoflavone intake level of the abnormal group with high TG, high WHR and high body fat was lower than the normal group. The main food source of isoflavone was soybean curd, bean sprout, soybean paste, soybean and soy milk, and we also investigated the relation between frequency of soybean food and anthropometric and clinical variables. The frequencies of soybean curd, soybean paste, soybean broth, soy milk, bean sprouts, peanuts, soybean and dambuk as well as intake of isoflavone were inversely correlated with some anthropometric and clinical variables such as blood pressure, TG, BMI, % body fat, and waist-hip ratio, whereas positively correlated with HDL cholesterol, muscle mass and bone density. We suggest that high consumption of soy products and isoflavone is associated with decreased blood lipid and body fat in middle and old aged man and might be useful for prevention cardiovascular diseases. From this study, we obtained valuable basic information on recommended isoflavone intake level and guidelines for the prevention of some chronic diseases/health problems.