• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.231-242
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• 2018

This experiment was carried out to study the effects of different environmental conditions and production techniques on forage productivity of Italian ryegrass (IRG) in central and southern regions of Korea from 2016 to 2017. Average dry matter yield of 27 IRG cultivation regions was 6,940kg/ha. Forage productivity of IRG have positive correlation with cultivation techniques(p<0.01) but not correlated with cultivation environments. Forage productivity of IRG have positive correlation with seeding and field management techniques(p<0.01) but not correlated with fertilization techniques. This results suggests that practices of cultivation techniques are more important than cultivation environments for increasing the forage productivity of IRG. Therefore, yield prediction techniques of IRG in Korea have to be considered the practices of cultivation techniques along with soil and climate conditions.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.36-36
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• 2019

정향풀[Amsonia ellipotica (Thumb.) Roem. & Schult.]은 5월에 백색의 취산꽃차례로 개화하여 관상가치가 높다고 판단되나, 전국에 자생지가 10곳 미만이며 한국적색목록에 위기종(EN)으로 평가되어 체계적인 번식 및 재배법 개발이 요구된다. 본 연구는 유전자원보전 및 신 관상소재로 개발 가능한 정향풀의 효과적인 육묘법을 확립하고자 수행되었다. 실험재료는 유용식물증식센터에서 분양받은 종자를 사용하였으며, 파종용기(72, 105 및 128구 트레이), 파종립수(셀 당 1, 2 및 4립), 토양종류(원예상토 단용 및 중화 피트모스와 펄라이트를 3:1 또는 4:1로 혼용), Hyponex[미분(6.5-6-19)] 추비농도(0, 250, 500 및 $1000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) 및 차광정도(0, 55 및 75%)를 달리하여 2019년 4월 20일부터 8주 동안 육묘하였다. 연구의 공통사항으로 종자를 $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $GA_3$에24시간 침지한 다음 원예상토를 충진한 105구 트레이에 셀 당 1립씩 파종하였으며, 이후 2, 4주차에 $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ Hyponex를 엽면시비하였다. 연구의 결과, 파종용기는 셀 당 용적량이 많을수록 초장, 경직경, 엽수, 지상부 및 지하부 생체중이 증가하는 경향이었다. 파종립수에 따른 생육은 1립 파종 시 가장 우수하였으나, 2립 파종한 묘의 개체 당 생체중이 비교적 양호함에 따라 트레이 상 풍성한 볼륨감을 나타내었다. 추비처리의 농도가 증가할수록 유묘의 생육이 증가하는 경향이었으며, $1000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리구에서 초장, 경직경, 엽수 및 생체중이 유의적으로 높았다. 한편 차광처리 시 차광정도에 관계없이 경직경, 엽수, 마디수 및 지상부 생체중이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 따라서 정향풀은 용적량이 큰 72구 트레이에 원예상토를 충진한 다음 셀 당 2립씩 파종하여 차광하지 않은 양지에서 Hyponex $1000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$로 추비하는 것이 관상목적으로 육묘하기 위한 효과적인 재배법으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.83-91
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• 2023

This study investigate growth responses of Chinese cabbage and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) to application of fermented organic fertilizer produced from domestic organic resources for developing alternative materials instead of imported castor oil meal. Two types of fermented fertilizers (Fermented Organic Fertilizer A (OFA) and Fermented Organic Fertilizer B (OFB)) were produced by mixing distillers dried grains 30%, sesame cake 30%, rice bran 20% and fish meal 20% under different fermentation conditions. Treatment consisted of OFA is fermented for 21 days on plastic greenhouse, OFB is fermented for 5 days on 40℃, and MOF (Mixed Organic Fertilizer) is a fertilizer made with castor bean as the main ingredient. OFA, OFB and MOF were applied at the rate of 320 kg N/ha. Chinese cabbages were cultivated from Aug. to Nov. in 2022. Growth and yield of Chinese cabbage were no significant differences among all treatments except control (non-fertilized, NF). However, NUE of Chinese cabbage was higher the fermented fertilizer treatment (OFB: 81.4%, OFA: 79.1%) than the MOF (65.3%). It was observed that urease activity in the fermented fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than the MOF. This result confirmed that fermented fertilizers have similar effect on growth and yield with the MOF and could improve the NUE of crop.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.230-235
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Ammonia gas emitted from nitrogen fertilizers applied in agricultural land is an environmental pollutant that catalyzes the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). A significant portion (12-18%) of nitrogen fertilizer input for crop cultivation is emitted to the atmosphere as ammonia gas, a loss form of nitrogen fertilizer in agricultural land. The widely practiced method for fertilizer use in agricultural fields involves spraying the fertilizers on the surface of farmlands and mixing those with the soils through such means as rotary work. To test the potential reduction of ammonia emission by nitrogen fertilizers from the soil surface, we have added N, P, and K at 2 g each to the glass greenhouse soil, and the ammonia emission was analyzed. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatment consisted of non-fertilization, surface spray (conventional fertilization), and soil depth spray at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm. Ammonia was collected using a self-manufactured vertical wind tunnel chamber, and it was quantified by the indophenol-blue method. As a result of analyzing ammonia emission after fertilizer treatments by soil depth, ammonia was emitted by the surface spray treatment immediately after spraying the fertilizer in the paddy soil, with no ammonia emission occurring at a soil depth of 10 cm to 30 cm. In the upland soil, ammonia was emitted by the surface spray treatment after 2 days of treatment, and there was no ammonia emission at a soil depth of 15 cm to 30 cm. Lettuce and Chinese cabbage treated with fertilizer at depths of 20 cm and 30 cm showed increases of fresh weight and nutrient and potassium contents. CONCLUSION(S): In conclusion, rather than the current fertilization method of spraying and mixing the fertilizers on the soil surface, deep placement of the nitrogen fertilizer in the soil at 10 cm or more in paddy fields and 15 cm or more in upland fields was considered as a better fertilization method to reduce ammonia emission.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.221-226
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• 1973

In order to investigate the silica effect of insufficient wollastonite to the official standard (above than 15% of suluble silica (N/2 HCl) on rice plant as silica fertilizer, 9 kinds of wollastonites and slag were adopted to examine the amount of silica absorbed by rice straw during growing period, and soluble silica of wollastonites extracted by 7 buffer solutions were compared with silica content in rice straw. Crystalls of ingredient in wollastonite ores were identified by X-ray diffractometer. The results were that silica content of rice plant at growing stages were increased as same ratio of soluble silica. content in wollastonite. Wollastonite containing more than 10% of souble silica (N/2 HCl) could be applied as fertilizer because absorbed amount of silica by rice plant from them are higher than from slag which contained 30% of soluble silica. Wollastonite powder mixed with impure ores in which soluble silica could not be extracted had the same effect on silica absorption of straw as wollastonite powder which contained conformable amount of soluble silica. The soluble silica of wollastonite extracted by buffer solutions (2% citric acid, N. NaOAc, N. $NH_4OAc$, Petermann solution, 0.1M. EDTA, and Hot water) had high significant relation to silica content in rice straw, but soluble silica extracted N/2 hydrochloric acid solutilon, also, had deep relation to them in rice straw. The adequate solution to extract silica from wollastonites is N/2 hydrochloric acid solution because its extracted silia amount is much higher than other solution (about one hundred times) and can be determined by gravimetric analysis. X-ray diffraction pattern would identify qualitatively purity of wollastonite, and large amount of soluble silica was extracted from wollastonite which was appeared to be weathered.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.148-155
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• 1985

This study was conducted to find out the effect of rice straw and wollastonite applied to the paddy soil on the growth and yield of the rice plant. The soil was treated with two level of straw 0 and 88gr per pot, of which respectively combined with 4 levels of wollastonite, 0 (Avail $SiO_2$: 50 ppm), 27 (Avail. $SiO_2$: 150 ppm), 85 (Avail. $SiO_2$: 300 ppm) and 185 (Avail. $SiO_2$: 450 ppm) gr per pot. The results for two years experiment were as follows. 1. Application of rice straw and wollastonite, respectively, suppressed the growth of the plant at early stage. As a consequence the hight and number of tiller of the plant were comparatively smaller, but the combined effect of rice straw and wollastonite treatment on the plant growth appeared after the maximum tillering stage and got a better yield as compared with single treatment of rice straw or wollastonite. 2. At the pot of no rice straw and 27 gr wollastonite treatment, and also pot of rice straw and 85gr (in the year of 1983 experiment) as well as 135gr wollastonite treatment (in the year 1984 experiment), the yield of total dry material and unhulled rice of the plant were respectively higher than other pots in different treatment and the plant height showed similar tentency. Application of rice straw in paddy soil appeared to require more wollastonite for growth of the rice plant as compared with no rice straw application. 3. The highest yield was obtained at the pot with rice straw and 85gr of wollastonite treatment in the year of 1983 experiment, were its yield had 25% increament as compared with the control pot, while being studied for residual effect of rice straw and wollastonite application in the next year, the highest yield was obtained at the pot with rice straw and 135gr wollastonite treatment, where its yield had 30% increament as compared with the control pot.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2016

Excessive application of nutrient supplement on the upland soil may increase the amount of discharge to surrounding water systems. The chemical fertilizer (CF), cow manure compost (CMC), and pig manure compost (PMC) are used as a nutrient supplement for cultivation of red pepper. Rice straws are widely used as a soil covering material in order to reduce weed occurrence, to protect soil moisture, and to supply organic matter in upland soil. This study was conducted to evaluate the furrow covering effect with rice straw on nutrient discharge in upland soil used for red pepper cultivation. The experimental plots of nutrient supplement were consisted of CF, CMC, and PMC and the amount of nutrient application were as recommended amount after soil test for red pepper cultivation. Each nutrient supplement treatment plot has no furrow covering (CFC) as a control and furrow covering with rice straw (FCS), respectively. Furrow covering with rice straw (FCS) of CF treatment and CMC treatment reduced the amount of T-N(total nitrogen) discharge by $1.4kg\;ha^{-1}$, $2.1kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, compared to control. While the amount of T-P(total phosphorus) discharge of the furrow covering with rice straw of CF, CMC, and PMC increased by $2.1kg\;ha^{-1}$, $2.1kg\;ha^{-1}$, and $0.2kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, compared to control. The phosphorus and nitrogen content of straw were 0.4 % and 0.3 % respectively. In addition, in three week the phosphorus was eluted from the straw which soaked in distilled water. Thus, it was assumed that T-P discharging originated from rice straw which applied as a furrow covering material. The furrow covering with rice straw reduced weed occurrence compared to control. But production of fresh red pepper was not influenced significantly by furrow covering with rice straw. In conclusion, excessive furrow covering with rice straw could induce T-P discharge from upland soil used for red pepper cultivation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the appropriate amount of rice straw as a furrow covering material.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.378-384
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of root zone temperature on the growth of shoot and root and the mineral contents in leaf of 'Fuji/M26' apple tree. Shoot growth and enlargement of trunk girth increased linearly with increasing root zone temperature. Fresh and dry weight of root reached maximum at $35^{\circ}C$. Water content of root increased with rising root zone temperature. The chlorophyll content of leaves showed insignificant difference with root zone temperature. Leaf water potential was high at $35^{\circ}C$ at 15 day after treatment but 60 day after treatment this was decreased. The nitrogen content of the leaves was not different by root zone temperature whereas the phosphorus content of the leaves was increased at $30^{\circ}C$ in 1993 and at $25^{\circ}C$ in 1994. The potassium content of the leaves reached a maximum at $30^{\circ}C$ in 1993 and $25^{\circ}C$ in 1994. In 1994 the calcium content of the leaves was increased with rising root zone temperature and with lengthening duration of treatment but no such differences were found in 1993. The magnesium content of the leaves was highest at $25^{\circ}C$ in 1993 and at $20^{\circ}C$ in 1994. The nitrogen and potassium content of the roots were increased linearly with root zone temperature in 1993 and 1994 and the magnesium and phosphorus content of the roots were high at $35^{\circ}C$ in 1994 but no such differences were found in the calcium content of the roots.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.705-711
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the complex fertilizers containing polyaspartic acid (PAA) on growth and $CH_4$ emission in rice field and optimum application rate of the fertilizer compared to the standard recommended application rate (control). The PAA-containing complex fertilizers (PCF) were applied at 55, 65 and 75% levels of standard recommended application rate (control). The application rate of PAA in the plot of every PCF treatment was 150g ai/10a. The PCF was applied as a basal dressing without topdressing at tillering stage. The growth parameters of rice and its nitrogen use efficiency treated with PCF at a 65 to 75% level were not different compared with those of control, and the rice yield was also not significantly different between PCF at a 65 to 75% level and control during 2 years(2010~2011) field experiment. And the $NH_4$-N content in soil was not affected by 65% to 75% level of PCF treatment. Considering overall research results such as rice yield and growth parameters PCF is not significantly different with the control and the optimum application rate of the PCF as a basal fertilization was determined to be 65~75% of the standard application rate based on the result in rice cultivation. Moreover, $CH_4$ emission rate was significantly reduced by PCF treatments, showing 216 kg and 229 kg $CH_4/ha$ at 65% and 75% PCF treatment level, respectively, compared to 266 kg $CH_4/ha$ of the control.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.69-83
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate effects of application of diluted and undiluted cattle slurry with water on seasonal and annual dry matter yields and feed values of tall fescue in the uncultivated rice paddy and it was compared with chemical fertilizer. Annual dry matter yields for diluted (average 6.43 ton DM/ha) and undiluted (average 6.56 ton DM/ha) cattle slurry were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of no fertilizer (3.82 ton DM/ha). This trend was much more conspicuous in treatments applied in spring. In chemical fertilizer treatments, fertilizers with P and K (6.12 ton DM/ha), and P, K and N (10.13 ton DM/ha) had significantly (p<0.05) higher dry matter yields compared with no fertilizer. However, annual dry matter yields for treatments of P and K mixture tended to be lower than those of cattle slurry applications. The efficiency of DM production for inorganic nitrogen in chemical fertilizers annually averaged 26.7kg DM/kg N. In terms of cutting frequencies, it was highest in 2nd growth followed by 1st and 3rd growth. On the other hand, efficiencies of annual DM production of nitrogen for diluted and undiluted cattle slurry were 18.3 and 17.4 kg DM/kg N, respectively, especially, highest in 2nd growth. While, efficiencies of DM production for cattle slurry versus for inorganic nitrogen were 68.5 (undiluted) and 65.2% (diluted), respectively. For annual crude protein contents of tall fescue, no fertilization (11.5%) was significantly higher than chemical fertilizer, but that was lower than cattle slurry ($12.4{\sim}12.6%$) diluted with water. on the contrary, no fertilizers had significantly lower NDF (64.1%) and ADF (37.2%) contents than those of any other treatments, but their RFV (87.0) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than other treatments. The application of cattle slurry and their dilution significantly increased yields of crude protein and total digestible nutrients compared with no and/or P and K fertilizers (p<0.05). This trend was more conspicuous in cattle slurry applied in the early spring.