• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2005

This study was conducted on paddy-land at Kimje, ChunBuk in Korea from Nov. 1999 to Nov. 2002. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pig slurry (PS) on dry matter (DM) yield, N yield and nutritive value of rye, and soil total nitrogen (TN), Phosphorus (P) and organic matter (OM) content. This experiment was consisted of 4 plot (chemical fertilizer; N: 100/100, $P_2O_5: 150,\;K_2O: 150$ kg/ha; PS $100\%$ treatment, PS $200\%$ treatment and PS $100\%$ treatment with half of CF). 1. DM yields of rye revealed that there was an increase in order; PS $100\%$ treatment with half of chemical fertilizer (CF) > PS $200\%$ treatment > full of CF treatment > PS $100\%$ treatment. 2. Crude protein (CP) content was the highest with PS $200\%$ treatment ($10.53\%$) and followed by PS $100\%$ treatment with half of CF and full of CF treatment and the lowest with PS $100\%$ treatment. 3. The contents of NDF and TDN were hardly influenced by PS and CF 4. N yields of rye revealed that there was an increase in order; PS $200\%$ treatment > PS $100\%$ treatment with half of CF > full of CF treatment > PS $100\%$ treatment. 5. The contents of TN and OM were not influenced by the application levels of PS. however, The TN content increased by the application of PS, as increasing the application period 6. P content of the soil was not affected by the application levels of PS during the experimental period.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 1997

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of phosphate coated slow release fertilizer on the directly seeded rice. Odae byeo was seeded by drill under dry condition. The soil was a sandy clay loam soil located in the Experimental Farm of the Kangweon National University, Chuncheon, Kangweon-Do. The yield of rice from the urea applicated directly seeded field was 84.9% of the yield from the transplanted field, and showed no difference between split application treatments. The yield from the phosphate coated slow release fertilizer was the highest showing 110.7% of the yield from the urea application. The yield from the polymer coated slow release fertilizer was 90.4%. The yield from the organic fertilizer 400kg/10a treatment was 81.8% and was 94.8% from the organic fertilizer 600kg/10a treatment. In 1996 experiment, the yield from the phosphate coated slow release fertilizer was higher than the yield from the transplanted field. The $NO_3-N$ and $NH_4-N$ concentrations in soil solution at the depth of 15cm revealed that nitrogen leaching was the highest from the urea N40-0-30-30 treatment, and the lowest from the phosphate coated slow release fertilizer. The phosphorus concentration showed similar pattern. Therefore, use of phosphate coated slow release fertilizer increased rice yield and decreased loss of nitrogen and phosphorus loss.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1976

As a basic studies for increasing food production utilizing sandy barren lands and sandy farmlands of low productivity which distributed widely in Korea, an experiment of growing rice-plant on sandy barren land was undertaken as follows. 1. Variety, IR-667 was adopted and the growing method was a nutrient-irrigation culture which aimed to minimize percolation loss in sand with an automatic contineous supplying nutrient solution for supplmenting the sand characteristics. 2. The growth type price-plant after heading was a typical higher yield plant, that is, numerous, small, narrow, and thickend leaves, straight attitute, dense fasciculated etc. though the rooting of plant after planting was delayed because of using paddy-field grown seedling. 3. The adaptability of rice-plants on sandy land seemed to be different by varieties and IR-667 was more adaptable than ordinary Japonica varieties. 4. Even at the period of heading and maturing, the root system of rice-plant grown on sand showed vigorous growth having more activated apical portions. while, even the lower leaves showed flourished state. 5. The suppling of calcium and magnecium in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on sand made notable increase of stem number per plant, grain number per stem and yields.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.853-858
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• 2011

The cultivation methods are important for determining crop yield of green manure. The effect of cultivation methods of green manure crops (GMC) on biomass and rice yield was investigated. This experiment was conducted at Sinheung series (fine loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts from Oct. 2007 to Oct. 2008 at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Suwon, Gyeonggi province, Korea. Seven GMC (hairy vetch, barley, Chinese milk vetch, rye, crimson clover, oats, rattail fescue) were cultivated and incorporated on paddy soil by broadcasting before rice harvesting (BBRH) and partial tillage seeding (PTS). Among the three leguminous GMC, the biomass and N production were the highest at the hairy vetch of PTS. Among the four gramineae GMC, the biomass and N production tended to be higher in the rye of BBRH and barley of PTS. The C/N ratio (56.5~74.2) of rye was high compared with hairy vetch (14.1). Among the GMC, the incorporation of hairy vetch increased $NH_4$-N contents in rice paddy soil at 14 and 42 days after transplanting. These results showed that hairy vetch had no significant to rice yield compared with conventional fertilization. Therefore, hairy vetch seems to be the most efficient green manure crop as an alternatives to chemical N fertilizer in the central regions of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.374-390
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• 2021

Growth and yield of field vegetable crops would be affected by climate conditions, which cause a relatively large fluctuation in crop production and consumer price over years. The yield prediction system for these crops would support decision-making on policies to manage supply and demands. The objectives of this study were to compile literatures related to onion and garlic and to perform data-mining analysis, which would shed lights on the development of crop models for these major field vegetable crops in Korea. The literatures on crop growth and yield were collected from the databases operated by Research Information Sharing Service, National Science & Technology Information Service and SCOPUS. The keywords were chosen to retrieve research outcomes related to crop growth and yield of onion and garlic. These literatures were analyzed using text mining approaches including word cloud and semantic networks. It was found that the number of publications was considerably less for the field vegetable crops compared with rice. Still, specific patterns between previous research outcomes were identified using the text mining methods. For example, climate change and remote sensing were major topics of interest for growth and yield of onion and garlic. The impact of temperature and irrigation on crop growth was also assessed in the previous studies. It was also found that yield of onion and garlic would be affected by both environment and crop management conditions including sowing time, variety, seed treatment method, irrigation interval, fertilization amount and fertilizer composition. For meteorological conditions, temperature, precipitation, solar radiation and humidity were found to be the major factors in the literatures. These indicate that crop models need to take into account both environmental and crop management practices for reliable prediction of crop yield.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.115-125
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• 2008

This study was conducted to determine adequate forage crop choice and optimal level of livestock manure, when different types and levels of the livestock manure were applied in corns or sorghum$\times$sorghum hybrids for the production of organic roughages by utilizing livestock manure. For the corn, yields of annual dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were highest in N+P+K-applied treatments, showing 17.3 and 11.7 ton/ha, respectively. Treatments applied 100% composted cattle manure (8.9 and 6.1 ton/ha) and 100% cattle slurry (9.4 and 7.5 ton/ ha) in contrast with chemical fertilizer-N had higher yields of DM and TDN than no fertilizer (4.8 and 2.7 ton/ha) and P+K-applied treatments (8.8 and 6.0 ton/ha). Particularly, treatments applied 150% composted cattle manure and 150% cattle slurry were markedly higher, which represented 11.4 and 7.6 ton/ha and 10.3 and 7.3 ton/ha, respectively. Crude protein (CP) contents for corns applied livestock manure ranged from 5.6 to 6.6%, which were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of no fertilizer (3.9%) and P+K-applied treatments (5.5%). ADF (42.4%) and NDF (58.3%) contents for no fertilizer treatment were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of other treatments. However, TDN contents were higher for livestock manure treatments than for no and/or chemical fertilizer treatments. In particular, TDN contents of treatments applied 150% composted cattle manure and 150% cattle slurry showed 72.3 and 70.8%, respectively and both treatments were significantly (p<0.05) higher than all of the other treatments. For the sorghum$\times$sorghum hybrid, yields of annual DM and TDN for 100% (12.4 and 7.4 ton/ha) and 150% (13.1 and 7.6 ton/ha) cattle slurry-applied treatments, and N+P+K-applied treatments (12.6 and 7.7 ton/ha) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the others. In the others, 150% composted cattle manure (9.3 and 5.2 ton/ha) had higher annual DM and TDN yields than P+K-applied (8.4 and 4.8 ton/ha) and 100% composted cattle manure treatments (7.4 and 4.2 ton/ha), with no significant difference. Crude protein contents for sorghum$\times$sorghum hybrid applied P+K and cattle slurry were 8.8 and 8.6%, respectively. CP contents for both treatments were significantly higher than those of composted manure ($7.5{\sim}8.3%$) and no fertilizer (4.0%) treatments, but 100% livestock manure treatments had higher CP contents than 150%-applied treatments. ADF and NDF contents for N+P+K and cattle slurry-applied treatments were significantly (p<0.05) lower than the others. However, TDN contents were highest in N+P+K and cattle slurry-applied treatments, showing 61.2 and 58.3 to 59.4%, respectively. These results indicated that application of livestock manure instead of chemical fertilizer to the soil of forage crops might not only improve yields of DM and TDN, but also reduce environmental pollution by producing organic roughages through recycling of livestock manure.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.18-30
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• 1973

The flag and lower leaves (4th or 5th) of rice plant from the field of NPK simple trial and from three low productive area were analyzed in order to find out certain diagnostic criteria of nutritional status at harvest. 1. Nutrient contents in the leaves from no fertilizer, minus nutrient and fertilizer plots revealed each criterion for induced deficiency (severe deficient case induced by other nutrients), deficiency (below the critical concentration), insufficiency (hidden hunger region), sufficiency (luxuary consumption stage) and excess (harmful or toxic level). 2. Nitrogen contents for the above five status was less than 1.0%, 1.0 to 1.2, 1.2 to 1.6, 1.6 to 1.9 and greater than 1.9, respectively. 3. It was less than 0.3%, 0.3 to 0.4, 0.4 to 0.55 and greater than 0.55 for phosphorus $(P_2O_5)$ but excess level was not clear. 4. It was below 0.5%, 0.5 to 0.9, 0.9 to 1.2, 1.2 to 1.4 and above 1.4 for potassium. 5. It was below 4%, 4 to 6, 6 to 11 and above 11 for silicate $(SiO_2)$ and no excess was appeared. 6. Potassium in flag leaf seemed to crow out nitrogen to ear resulting better growth of ear by the inhibition of overgrowth of flag leaf. 7. Phosphorus accelerated the transport of Mg, Si, Mn and K in this order from lower leaf to flag, and retarded that of Ca and N in this order at flowering while potassium accelerated in the order of Mn, and Ca, and retarded in the order of Mg, Si, P and N at milky stage. 8. Transport acceleration index (TAI) expressed as (F_2L_1-F_1L_2)\;100/F_1L_1$ where F and L stand for other nutrient cotents in flag and lower leaf and subscripts indicate the rate of a nutrient applied, appears to be suitable for the effect of the nutrient on the translocation of others. 9. The content of silicate $(SiO_2)$ in the flag was lower than that of lower leaf in the early season cultivation indicating hinderance in translocation or absorption. It was reverse in the normal season cultivation. 10. The infection rate of Helminthosporium frequently occurred in the potassium deficient field seemed to be related more to silicate and nitrogen content than potassium in the flag leaf. 11. Deficiency of a nutrient occured simultaniously with deficiency of a few other ones. 12. Nutritional disorder under the field condition seems mainly to be attributed to macronutrients and the role of micronutrient appears to be none or secondary.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.484-489
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• 2003

It is well known that root distribution of rice is a crucial factor for nutrient absorbtion and affect by soil fertility management. However, the findings on root distribution are limited due to laborious and tedious work. The characteristics of root distribution were investigated in long-term fertilizer experiment plots that were established in paddy soil, a fine silty family of typic Hal-paqueps (Pyeongtaeg series) in 1967. fertilizer experiment plots of no fertilizer, compost, NPK and NPK+compost plot have been maintained consistently for the past thirty six year and Npk+silicate plot for the past twenty two years. In NPK plot, 150kg N (urea), 100kg -$\textrm{P}_2\textrm{O}_5$ (fused phosphate) and 100kg $\textrm{K}_2\textrm{O}$(potassium chloride) per hectare have been applied. For NPK+silicate plot, 500kg $\textrm{Si}\textrm{O}_2$ (silicate) was applied in addition to fertilizer in NPK plot. For the compost plot, 10,000kg rice straw compost per hectare were applied. Root samples were taken from the positions of hill-center (below hill) and mid-point of four adjacent rice hills at heading stage by cylinder monolith (CM) method. The soil cores were sampled 20cm depth from the soil surface and partitioned four into layers at an interval of 5cm. The soil particles surrounding roots were washed out with tap water, Length and weight of the roots in each soil layer were measured and root length density (RLD), root weight density (RWD), specific root length(SRL) and rooting depth index (RDI) were calculated. Total root length was measured by intersection method. Plant height, tiller and shoot dry weight were the highest in NPK+compost plot. But RLD of hill-center soil cores was the highest in no-fertilizer plots. In the soil cores from mid-point position of four adjacent hills, RLD at 15-20cm soil depth was higher in compost plot than NPK plot. RLD in compost plots showed even distribution compared to those in chemical- fertilizer plots. RWD was the highest in the NPK+compost plot. SRL was the lowest in the NPK+silicate plot. RDI was the highest in the compost plot. Also, in this experiment it was found that the distribution of roots was closely related to the physical properties of the soil as affected by fertilization management.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate Hanwoo carrying capacity when whole crop barley or rye as winter forage crops was grown on different applying sources (chemical fertilizer, cattle or organic fertilizer) and mixed sowing combination with hairy vetch or forage pea during the period of 2008~2010. The experimental plots within whole crop barley or rye were consisted of 7 treatments, which were non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer (P+K), chemical fertilizer (N+P+K), organic fertilizer, cattle slurry, cattle slurry with hairy vetch, and cattle slurry with forage pea. Each plot was triplicates and experimental treatments were allocated in the randomized complete block design. For whole crop barley, annual mean dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields were the highest in N+P+K plots, but there were no significant differences among organic fertilizer, cattle slurry and mixed sowing with legumes. The TDN and RFV were the highest in mixed sowing plots of forage pea plus cattle slurry application. As 450 kg Hanwoo heifers were fed diets included 70% whole crop barley, organic fertilizer, cattle slurry application and mixed sowing with legumes plots is capable of raising average 2.5 to 2.9 heads/ha a year. For whole crop rye, annual DM, crude protein, and TDN yields of application groups and mixed sowing treatment with legumes showed 6.69~7.13, 0.46~0.51 and 3.95~4.18 ton/ha, respectively. In case of 450 kg Hanwoo heifers fed diets included 70% forage rye, it is estimated that cattle slurry application (mixed sowing with legumes) plots can rear average 3.1~3.3 heads/ha a year. It can be concluded that, on the basis of DM yield, not only mixed sowing with legumes by applying cattle slurry rather than single sowing of whole crop barley or whole crop rye enhanced production yield and feed values, but also it could be a substitute for imported grains as dietary protein sources in the case of feeding Hanwoo.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.619-624
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• 1996

An experiment was carried out to find out the effects of water foxtail on weed control and rice yield as well as on the reduction of nitrogen application in no tillage transplanted paddy field. Paddy field was dominated by water foxtail whose soil covering degree was adjusted from 8 to 6 by treatment of paraquat (70 l /10a of solution diluted by 1, 000 times). Thirty five-day old seedling was mechanically transplanted and reduced nitrogen, 80% of conventional application was applied at the paddy field. The higher failure in seedling stand was observed at higher degree of soil covering by water foxtail. The failure of seedling stand with covering degree of 8(no paraquat) was 37.4%, while that of covering degree of 6(paraquat-treated) was 12.3%. However, the seedling stand failure was completely recovered at covering degree of six at two weeks after transplanting. The mechanical transplanting made water foxtail in the paddy field fall on the ground whose panicle part was recovered from falling sometimes after transplanting and whole plant died with slow scenesence untill the late of June. But the water foxtail affected by paraquat produced the new panicle from uppernode of stem with dead leaves at early of June and it become die slowly untill the early of July. Though several rice field weeds were observed in the order of Echinochloa crusgallis, Cyperus serotinus, Lemma paucicostata during the active tillering stage of rice, the value of weed control due to the dominance of water foxtail was 77~78%. The death and subsequent decay of water foxtail during the active tillering stage of rice induced the soil reduction which again defect the growth of rice root. The more vigerous rice growth was observed in the plot dominated with water foxtails, than control plot. The yields of rice in the water foxtail (degree 6) plot was 629kg per l0a as brown rice, the same as that of control plot. In conclusion, the no-tillage transplanting with control of covering degree of water foxtail (to degree 6) was effective in reduction of input cost such as herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer, as well as weed control without reduction of rice yield.