• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.189-206
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• 2003

During tunnel excavation in urban area a systematic monitoring is important for the purpose of determination of support type and quantity, as well as for the control of stability of both surface structures and the tunnel itself due to the frequently, and in many cases, abruptly changing ground condition. In Austria absolute displacement monitoring methods have replaced relative displacement measurements by geodetic methods to a large extent. Prompt detection of weak ground ahead of the tunnel face as well as better adjustment of excavation and support to the geotechnical conditions is possible with the help of the improved methods of data evaluation on sites. Deformation response of the ground to excavation starts ahead of the tunnel face, therefore, the deformation and state of the tunnel advance core is the key factor of the whole deformation process after excavation. In other words, the rigidity and state of the advance core play a determining role in the stability of both surface structures and the tunnel itself. This paper presents the results from detailed three-dimensional numerical studies, exploring vertical displacements, vector orientations and extrusions on tunnel face during the progressive advancement for the shallow tunnel in various geotechnical conditions.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.599-612
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• 2013

This study aims to investigate an economical efficiency of two excavation methods with respect to the room-and-pillar method for the underground space and conventional excavation method, i.e. 2-arch tunnelling method. For feasibility study, an excavation cost for both room-and-pillar method and 2-arch tunnelling method was estimated when the same space in operation was required. It was assumed that properties of reinforcements and rock were adopted from literatures. However, an excavation shape of the room-and-pillar method was assumed not to be the rectangular shape which is a general type in the room-and-pillar method but to be an arch shape in order to compare with the conventional excavation method (2-arch tunnelling) and to achieve the maximum bearing capacity of the structure during excavation. Consequently, the wider space in use or required and the better condition of rock we assumed, the more economical advantage we have in the room-and-pillar method than the 2-arch tunnelling method.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.141-151
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• 2015

A new rock excavation method using an abrasive injection waterjet system has been developed to enhance the efficiency and reduce the vibration of tunnel excavation. The abrasive feed rate is an important factor for the cutting performance and the economical efficiency of waterjet-based excavation. In this study, various experiments were performed to explore the effects of major process parameters for both the abrasive feed rate and the suction pressure occurring inside the mixing chamber when the abrasives are inhaled. Experimental results reveal that the abrasive feed rate is affected by geometry parameters (abrasive pipe height, length, and tortuosity), abrasive parameters (abrasive particle size), and jet energy parameters (water pressure and water flow rate). In addition, the relation between the cutting performance and the abrasive feed rate was discussed on the basis of the results of an experimental study. The cutting performance can be maximized when the abrasive feed rate is controlled appropriately via careful management of major process parameters.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Rock Mechanics Conference
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• 1995.03a
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• pp.27-40
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• 1995

한강하저의 지질은 수많은 대ㆍ소 단층들로 인해 심하게 교란되어 있어 지질상황의 변화가 매우 심하며, 터널을 굴착함에 있어 지하수의 유입을 차단하는 것이 안전시공을 위한 필수 과제로 직면한다. 본 고에서는 기 시공실적을 바탕으로 암반상태에 따른 차수그라우딩의 패턴을 비교ㆍ검토하였다. 본 구간에서는 암반상태에 따라 5가지 패턴이 적용되었으며, 경암 암반일 경우는 상부반단면만을 주입범위(주입범위 : 3.5m, 28공)로 하고 암반의 전단강도증진을 위해 강관보강을 시행하였다. 연암 암반 내지 파쇄대가 부분적으로 협재된 경우는 상부반단면만을 주입하되 주입범위 및 그라우팅 공수를 늘리는 방식(주입범위 : 5∼7, 42∼56공)으로 보강하였다. 풍화암 암반의 경우는 전단면을 주입범위로 하여 그라우팅 공수를 늘림(주입범위 : 7m, 81공)으로서 차수효과를 증진시켰다. 또한 본 공사구간 중 가장 난제였던 연약지반대(잔류토 내지 풍화토) 85m 구간은 자문회의 등을 거쳐 주입범위, 주입길이 및 주입공수, bulk head 구간을 늘려 시공하고, 굴착하면서 차수효과를 확인하는 방식을 취하였다.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.605-614
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• 2015

A room-and-pillar underground structure is characterized by its grid-type array of room and pillar. As a result, its construction and economical efficiency can be governed by excavation sequence. In this study, the construction period by the drill and blast method which can be treated as a main sequence for excavation was examined by considering the regulation for blasting and construction standard of estimation in Korea. To evaluate the construction period for the room-and-pillar underground structure constructed in 4 kinds of square-type area ($30{\times}30{\sim}57{\times}57m$), the concurrent excavation pattern which was suggested in the previous researches was used. From the suggested condition, the total construction period by drill-and-blast method can be estimated with the consideration of the construction area, number of jumbo drill and faces in operation.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.267-281
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• 2015

The ground movement and changes in earth pressure due to the consecutive construction of retaining wall and underground space were studied experimentally. A soil tank having 160 cm in length and 120 cm in height, was manufactured to simulate the vertical excavation like retaining wall by using 10 separated right side walls and underground space excavation like tunnel by using 5 separated bottom walls. The variation of earth pressure and surface settlement were measured according to the excavation stages. The results showed that the decrease of earth pressure due to the wall movement can cause the increase of earth pressure of the neighboring walls proving the arching effect. Experiments simulating continuous construction sequence also identified arching effect, however only 50% of earth pressure was restored on the 10th right side wall due to the movement of 1st bottom side wall unusually.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.675-683
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• 2015

The room-and-pillar construction method for underground space is adopted from the room-and-pillar mining method which is one of the most popular underground mining method in the world. Drainage system in the room-and-pillar underground construction method can be similar with the concept of single shell in tunnel because additional reinforcement except the TSL (thin spray-on liner) is not applied in the room-and-pillar construction method. That is, to decrease groundwater level and maintain safety in tunnel, the drainage pin hole inside lining (shotcrete) can be used. However, if total amount of outflow in the underground structure is relatively small or groundwater is not detected, such drainage system will not be useful and cause additional construction cost. In this study, outflow of conventional tunnels in South Korea was investigated and the criteria to determine whether the drainage pin hole is effective was suggested. And the guided drainage system was suggested when drainage pin hole was not applied in the room-and-pillar construction method.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2004

터널 발파를 원활히 수행하기 위해서는 암반조건에 적합한 합리적인 설계와 정밀한 천공, 정확한 기폭초시가 기본요소로서 이는 현재 국내 터널 설계.시공 기술 및 기자재의 발달로 만족할 만한 성과를 얻을 수 있다. 특히. 터널발파에서 정확한 기폭초시 부여는 굴진율 및 버럭 파쇄율, 굴착예정선 미려도, 잔여 암반 손상도 등의 시공성에서 뿐만 아니라 소음 및 진동 발생율을 좌우하는 환경적인 측면에서 매우 중요한 요소이다. 기폭요소는 최초 도화선을 활용한 공업뇌관에서 전기뇌관, 비전기식뇌관의 순으로 기폭안전성과 정밀성 면에서 눈부신 성장을 이룩하여 왔으며 특히, 90년대 초에 개발되어 전 세계적으로 최근까지 지속적으로 사용량이 급증하고 있는 전자뇌관은 기폭방식에 일대혁신을 이루었다. 전자기폭 시스템은 기존뇌관의 초시를 결정하는 화약성분의 지연요소 대신에 IC board(전자회로)에 의한 Digital timer로 신호를 발생하여 초시를 결정하는 방식이다. 본 논문에서는 국내 최초로 전자기폭시스템을 활용하여 2003년 9원 23일에서 동년 11월 2일까지 강원도 양구 지역의 $\bigcirc\bigcirc$터널에 전자뇌관을 이용한 시험발파를 실시하였고, 발파에 의한 진동 등을 조사하여 그 효율성을 검토하였다. 이를 위해 전자뇌관의 특성과 장점을 최대한 샅리기 위하여 각공을 발파하는 방식, 즉 1지발에 1공을 발파하는 방식을 채택하고 일반 뇌관과 전자뇌관으로 설계를 하여 각각의 발파효율을 비교하여 보았다. 그 결과 발파진동의 경우 기존뇌관을 이용하여 1공씩을 1지발로 발파를 한 경우에는 18~56%의 진동저감 효과가 있었고. 본선 설계에 의해 진행된 발파에 비하여는 최대 70% 이상의 진동저감 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.625-635
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• 2013

Although the TBM method is mainly adopted in overseas market including the Europe, etc, the method scarcely adopted in domestic market. For highly enhancing applications of the TBM method for railway, It is needed to select the optimal cross-section considering design elements of civil engineering and aerodynamic effects. Also, it is needed to establish plan of proper section as well as reviewing aerodynamic effects and consideration about civil engineering elements such as length of tunnel, speed of railway, height of whole lines and size of utility tunnel, etc. Even though it should be recently considered high-speed railway tunnels and required to be standard establishments in aerodynamic reviews, it is being applied to be criteria of inconsistent pneumatic analysis owing to be not related with domestic standards. In this study, therefore, we are willing to establishment of domestic and foreign aerodynamic standards and investigate correlation between optimal cross-section and aerodynamic effects of TBM railway tunnels.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.37-47
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• 2010