• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.97-107
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• 2010

A forest project for the sequestration of carbon dioxide helps to reduce the concerntration of greenhouse gas in atmosphere and provides various co-benefits. A lot of forestry-based carbon offset programs have been developing for the purpose of CSR(Corporate Social Responsibility), voluntary GHG emission reduction, and regulatory context etc. in worldwide. We studied major characteristics - project type and criteria, additionality, credits, permanence, carbon accounting and monitoring, co-benefit - of advanced forest carbon offset programs. Also, we tried to comprehend the direction and basic elements to design a domestic program.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2012

Forests as carbon sinks and sources, play an important role in mitigating global climate change. Nonpermanence problem of forest carbon offset projects should be addressed practically and properly for obtaining credible forest carbon credits. This study aims to analyze major non-permanence approaches and their applicability for Korean forest carbon offset projects. Introduction of the buffer system, one of the most generally used non-permanence approaches, should be considered first for domestic forest carbon offset schemes. From the research survey, experts preferred the buffer system to other approaches such as forest certification, conservation easement, and longer conservation period. Standard development including a buffer system with a risk assessment tool is required to assure project participation and permanence of carbon credits.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.11-20
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• 2015

Abstract Monitoring is the most critical element in implementing "forest carbon offset project" to enhance the visibility of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) in North Korea. This study is intended to explore monitoring potential in terms of forest carbon offset project using satellite image for Baekdu mountain of North Korea. The permanent record of standard satellite remote sensing system demonstrated its capability of presenting area-wide visual evidences of monitoring conditions in Mt. Baekdu mountain of North Korea (site suitability, carbon stock by forest biomass growth, carbon emission by forest biomass loss, deforestation and degradation, environmental, social and economic impact specified in the Carbon Sequestration Law). It doesn't seem very difficult to comply with monitoring requirements for "the forest carbon offset project" due to the probative value of satellite data. Therefore, it could be considerable or realistic approach to utilize CSR based forest carbon offset project as a point of reform and open-door in North Korea. It is anticipated that this research output could be used as a valuable reference for Korea-based enterprises to ensure monitoring potentials using satellite image in exploring forest carbon offset project sites in North Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.3
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• pp.440-452
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• 2021

This study identified and evaluated conditions for continued participation of private forest owners in forest carbon offset programs. The probability of continuing forest carbon offset projects, which delays greenhouse gas emissions by extending harvesting periods, increases with increasing price of carbon offset credits, public recognition of forest value, and education level. Willingness to Accept (WTA) was estimated using a Multiple Bounded Dichotomous Choice Question, which was 17,039 KRW/tCO₂ for extending age to 60 years, and 23,070 KRW/tCO₂ for 100 years. The following findings aim to promote participation and supply of carbon offset programs in private forests according to the study outcomes. First, introducing policies supporting private forest owners bearing opportunity costs for avoiding greenhouse gas emissions by postponing timber harvest is needed. Second, educational programs for private forest owners whose awareness of and interests in the public value of forest is necessary. Third, although having participated from the beginning of the offset program, finding ways to lead continuous participation of forest owners who are less likely to accept WTA is also necessary.

• Environmental engineer
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• s.328
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• pp.42-49
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• 2013

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.1
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• pp.137-146
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• 2014

We have developed the Forest Carbon Sink Index on afforestation and reforestation activities, a regulation stated in article 26 of the 'Law on the maintenance and enhancement of carbon sink (Carbon Sink Law)', which took effect on March, 2013. According to the legal purpose to evaluate the performance of individual forest carbon offset projects and to compare each other at a certain point, values of the forest carbon sink index were calculated by the scoring method. Three criteria were established based on the Carbon Sink Law: 'Carbon' (real greenhouse gas reduction), 'Human' (socio-economic effect) and 'Nature' (environmental effect). Continuously, 9 indicators from the three criteria were selected by top-down approach; the adequacy of each criteria and indicators were reviewed through on-line Delphi survey; and finally weighted value of each criteria and indicators were assigned. To reflect the characteristics of the domestic forest carbon offset projects, which focus on corporate social responsibility-typed projects, we applied the score weighting method to minimize gaps among criteria and ones among indicators. After applying our newly developed forest carbon sink index to five domestic forest carbon offset projects, we could confirm that the criteria of 'Human' and 'Nature', which criteria are in relatively low weight, can play a role as an actual incentive to reduce negative socio-economic and environmental impacts. Based on performance evaluation of the five forest carbon offset project by the forest carbon sink index, the best or good performance project developers could be rewarded, and further the performance evaluation would work as an incentive to stimulate the involvement of domestic project developers in the field of forest carbon offset project.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.439-445
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• 2014

In this study, we developed a dynamic stand yield model to estimate the baseline carbon stock, which is essentially required for a forest carbon offset project based on forest management. For developing the yield model, the data was acquired from the databases of the $5^{th}$ National Forest Inventory. The model was validated by comparing its estimations with field measurements that were conducted from 4 study sites (14 plots with thinning treatments) located in Hong-chun, Hoeng-sung, Yang-yang Daechi and Yang-yang Jungja. The difference between the estimations and the field measurements was less than 5%. Using the dynamic stand yield model, we estimated the changes in stand yield volume and carbon stocks for each species according to the baseline scenarios. As the results, we found that baseline carbon stock was the highest at Quercus acutissima stand (83.01tC/ha), while the lowest at Pinus rigida stand (32.17tC/ha) and Pinus densiflora stand of central region (39.09tC/ha). Hence, a project provider could get more carbon emission credits from an improved forest management project when considering the project with Pinus rigida stand or Pinus densiflora stand (central region). The baseline carbon stock and the dynamic stand yield model developed from this study would be useful for designing carbon offset projects based on improved forest management.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.1
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• pp.165-176
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• 2022

To raise awareness of carbon reduction in climate change, the Korea Forest Service has developed and adopted a forest carbon offset program, which aims to reduce carbon levels based on forest management. However, to maintain the forest carbon offset program, challenges such as the lack of a forest monitoring system to manage and maintain the program, must be faced. In this context, we investigated the limitations of conducting forest carbon offset programs using a number of interview techniques, including in-depth interview and questionnaire survey methods. The questionnaire surveys were developed based on the results of a literature review along with a preinterview and in-depth survey of the people in charge of the forest carbon offset program. The Irving Seidman technique was adopted for the in-depth interviews. Additionally, descriptive and frequency analyses were conducted to identify the characteristics of perception. Lastly, logistic regression was used to identify the limiting factors that affect the willingness to perform forest carbon offset monitoring activity. Results showed that the project managers or people in charge of the forest carbon offset program lacked expertise in forest carbon offset programs, which negatively affected their willingness to perform monitoring activity. Additionally, the study revealed a number of limiting factors that hindered the monitoring of forest carbon offset projects. Improving understanding using the approaches presented in this study may contribute to increasing the benefits associated with the forest carbon offset program in South Korea.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.463-488
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• 2015

A more detailed design of offset system is needed according to the emission trading system started in 2015. This study aims to estimate the supply of potential offset that can be secured by expanding high-efficiency household electric appliances. The target commodities for analysis are three different householding electric appliances: TV, washing machine, electric fan, refrigerator and air conditioner. By using the ARDL model, we estimated the coefficients of diffusion of these high-efficiency appliances from 2016 to 2022. Then, the potential supply of offset was drawn by calculating the amount of electricity saving by efficiency improvement and by applying the rates of carbon exchange. Supposing that the electricity savings rates of high-efficiency appliances are each 10% and 20%, the accumulated carbon decrement in 2022 was respectively $361,899CO_2t$ and $723,797CO_2t$. The appliance that showed the biggest carbon decrement was air conditioner, and the second biggest was refrigerator and the next was TV, followed by washing machine, electric fan.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.115-131
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• 2011

Out of all the possible actions that can be taken to respond to greenhouse gas reduction, including development of greenhouse gas reduction technology, infrastructure, actions to improve energy saving and efficiency, and offset with carbon emission reductions (CERs), this study shall focus on the investment on CERs. This study will take a look at risks involved with investing in CERs such as UN registration refusal risk and CERs price fluctuation, and will design risk management model which shall be verified. The goal of this paper is to provide optimized CERs investment strategies for different types of investors, such as general trading companies seeking for investment opportunities and financial companies with plans for green products development and investment by preparation for carbon market. It is expected that the global competitiveness of domestic financial companies shall be improved by taking actions on carbon market instead of previous passive response to climate change and that Korea, the number two Carbon Emissions supplier and number one derivatives market in terms of volume, shall be able to lead the worldwide carbon market.