• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2007

The effects of amylopectin and hydrocolloid (locust bean gum and guar gum) content on wheat flour dough and noodle properties were investigated. As the amount of amylopectin increased, the water absorption rate (farinograph), the tension (tension test), the gel stability (freeze-thawing treatment), and the springiness and the cohesiveness (TPA) increased, but the pasting temperature (RVA), the lightness and yellowness (color measurement), and the hardness (TPA) tended to decrease. In sensory evaluations, the scores for cohesiveness, springiness, and acceptability of cooked noodle increased as the proportion of amylopectin increased. The proper combination of amylose/amylopectin ratio and hydrocolloids improved the freeze-thaw stability and the sensory acceptability of wheat flour dough and noodle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.426-432
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• 2005

To develop a low-temperature and long-term fermented Baechu kimchi, kimchi was prepared according to a recipe of specific ratio with major and minor ingredients and adjusted its final salinity to 3.7%. Baechu kimchi fermented at $15{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ 24 hours and transferred them into in a refrigerator only for kimchi, and then continued to ferment at $-1{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 30 weeks to make a low-temperature and long-term fermented kimchi. The initial cutting force of 8.45kgf dropped gradually and reached to 5.19kgf after 30 weeks of fermentation. In compression force the gumminess, hardness and chewiness of Baechu kimchi showed a great decrease during the fermentation, but the springiness and adhesiveness increased in slight. Correlation coefficient between the chewiness and gumminess was the highest(r=0.879). In spite of sensory evaluation scores of the appearance and texture were the highest on 0 day of fermentation, the saltiness was evaluated the worst to eat. Scores for sourness and carbonated flavor were the best during 18 to 22 weeks of fermentation, and overall acceptability was the best after 14 weeks of fermentation. Very high correlation coefficients were revealed between the sourness and carbonated flavor(r=0.813) and between the sourness and off-flavor(r=0.805). According to these results we concluded that the best low-temperature and long-term fermented Baechu kimchi prepared with 3.7% salinity and fermented at $15{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours and then transferred into a kimchi refrigerator at $-1{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, and completed the fermentation for 18 weeks.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine physical properties of the addition of green tea powder on bread flour and dough rheology of white pan bread. Three levels(0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% ) of each green tea powder with bread flour were tested for their effects in dough mixing using rapid disco analyzer, alveogram and farinogram. Addition of green tea powder tended to reduce initial pasting temperature and increase peak viscosity, break down and set back. L(extensibility) and G(swelling index) value in alveogram showed decrement with increasing green tea powder. These meant that the volume of white pan bread would show same tendency. The use of green tea powder increased consistency and water absorption of the bread flour but decreased development time, salability and degree of softening on farinogram. White pan bread with green tea powder had higher value of hardness and springness than without it. Sensory evaluation determined that the white pan bread with 0.5% green tea powder had the highest score.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.557-561
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• 2002

The changes in some chemical and physical properties of fresh or rancid soybean oil by the treatment with sweet potato, potato, burdock, and carrot were investigated. The results of the study were as follows: The specific gravity of the soybean oil increased by heating and decreased by the addition of sweet potato, burdock and carrot into the oil. The chromaticity of soybean oil increased by heating and treatment with above vegetables having antioxidant activity. To investigate the antioxidant effects of above vegetables during heating, anisidine value (AV) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) electron donating ability were measured. The AV of oil decreased by heating with sweet potato in fresh or rancid oil. The DPPH value decreased by heating with sweet potato and carrot, of which the antioxidant activity were similar to that of 0.02 ∼ 0.05 mg of dl-${\alpha}$ -tocopherol.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.1 s.84
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• pp.149-157
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the property of a new Korean stainless steel wire(Jinsung Ind.) comparing with other foreign Products. Five types of stainless steel wires (Standard, Resilient, HI-T of Unitek, Stainless steel of Ormco and Jinsung Ind.) in 0.016x0.022 and 0.019x0.02 were tested to observe for Composition analysis, size difference, tensile properties, flexure bending property, tortion property, surface hardness and surface topography by means of SEM. The findings suggest that: 1. In maximum tensile strength of tensile properties, Unitek Hi-T showed the greatest value, followed by Unitek Resilient, Jinsung Stainless Steel, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Standard in 0.016x0.022, and Unitek Hi-T showed highest value, followed by Jinsung Stainless Steel, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Resilient, Unitek Standard in 0.019x 0.025. 2. In elongation rate, Unitek Standard showed the greatest value, fellowed by Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Hi-T, Unitek Resilient, Jinsung Stainless Steel in 0.016x0.022, and Unitek Hi-T showed the highest value, followed by Unitek Standard, Ormco Stainless Steel, Jinsung Stainless Steel, Unitek Resilient in 0.019x0.025. 3. In modulus of elasticity, Jinsung Stainless Steel showed the greatest value, followed by Unitek Hi-T, Unitek Resilient, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Standard in 0.016x0.022, and Unitek Resilient showed the highest value followed by Jinsung Stainless Steel, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Hi-T, Unitek Standard in 0.019x0.025. 4. In bending fatigue test, Jinsung Stainless Steel showed the greatest fracture resistance, followed by Unitek Hi-T, Unitek Standard, Unitek Resilient, Ormco Stainless Steel in 0.016x0.022, and Unitek Hi-T showed the greatest fracture resistance followed by Jinsung Stainless Steel, Unitek Resilient, Unitek Standard, Ormco Stainless Steel in 0.019x0.025. 5. In twist test, Unitek Resilient showed the greatest fracture resistance, followed by Jinsung Stainless Steel, Unitek Hi-7, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Standard in 0.016x0.022, and Jinsung showed the greatest fracture resistance, followed by Unitek Resilient, Unitek Standard, Ormco Stainless Steel, Unitek Hi-T. 6. In surface topography, every products showed indentation and pitting. Jinsung stainless steel wire showed long thin indentation and relatively smooth surface. Unitek wires showed indentation and pitting and Ormco wire showed a lot of irregular pittings.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.412-421
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• 2006

Objective: The result of finite element analysis depends on material properties, structural expression, density of element, and boundar or loading conditions. To represent proper elastic behavior, a finite element model was made using Hounsfield unit (HU) values in CT images. Methods: A 13 year 6 month old male was used as the subject. A 3 dimensional visualizing program, Mimics, was used to build a 3D object from the DICOM file which was acquired from the CT images. Model 1 was established by giving 24 material properties according to HU. Model 2 was constructed by the conventional method which provides 2 material properties. Protraction force of 500g was applied at a 45 degree downward angle from Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane. Results: Model 1 showed a more flexible response on the first premolar region which had more forward and downward movement of the maxillary anterior segment. Maxilla was bent on the sagittal plane and frontal plane. Model 2 revealed less movement in all directions. It moved downward on the anterior part and upward on the posterior part, which is clockwise rotation of the maxilla. Conclusion: These results signify that different outcomes of finite element analysis can occur according to the given material properties and it is recommended to use HU values for more accurate results.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.11A no.5
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• pp.383-390
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• 2004

This paper propose a method that controls facial expression of 3D avatar by having the user select a sequence of facial expressions in the space of facial expressions. And we setup its system. The space of expression is created from about 2400 frames consist of motion captured data of facial expressions. To represent the state of each expression, we use the distance matrix that represents the distances between pairs of feature points on the face. The set of distance matrices is used as the space of expressions. But this space is not such a space where one state can go to another state via the straight trajectory between them. We derive trajectories between two states from the captured set of expressions in an approximate manner. First, two states are regarded adjacent if the distance between their distance matrices is below a given threshold. Any two states are considered to have a trajectory between them If there is a sequence of adjacent states between them. It is assumed . that one states goes to another state via the shortest trajectory between them. The shortest trajectories are found by dynamic programming. The space of facial expressions, as the set of distance matrices, is multidimensional. Facial expression of 3D avatar Is controled in real time as the user navigates the space. To help this process, we visualized the space of expressions in 2D space by using the multidimensional scaling(MDS). To see how effective this system is, we had users control facial expressions of 3D avatar by using the system. As a result of that, users estimate that system is very useful to control facial expression of 3D avatar in real-time.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.100-117
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• 2020

National Treasure no. 101, the stupa of State Preceptor Jigwang from the Beopcheonsa Temple Site in Wonju has been transferred from place to place and reassembled several times since it was built. In particular, overall dismantling and repair was carried out in 1957 to restore parts damaged by bombing during the Korean War. Documented information on the repair process and materials used at that time does not exist. However, various types of metal materials used for this stupa have been identified during conservation work. Besides clamps anchor bolts, 9mm-thick circular rebars were mainly used for joining the parts of this stupa, while circular rebars and wires of various thicknesses were used for joining the parts with mortar restoration materials. Although deformed bars are typically used for stone pagodas classified as architectural structures, smooth circular rebars were used in this case. In terms of restoration using mortar, material shapes were transformed, bound alternately, and twisted irregularly to improve bonding strength and coherence in order to insert restoration materials and to bolster structural weaknesses. In addition, metallographic analysis showed the material to be hypo-eutectoid steel with low carbon content. Many non-metallic inclusions in the shape of drops of different sizes were included, which do not affect the whole elemental composition due to the very small quantities involved. Qualitative and EPMA analysis of Mn and S, which were not identified by SEM-EDS area analysis, established an even distribution of MnS in crystal grains of the microstructure, regardless of the shape of the samples. It is presumed that secondary homogenization and softening might have been conducted after manufacturing to facilitate the working process. Furthermore, in consideration of properties indicating that the thinner the steel is, the less carbon content contained and the greater the elasticity and elongation, it is judged that restoration work was ordered.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.4 s.179
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• pp.369-384
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• 2006

Korean Peninsula, located on the southeastern part of Eurasian plate, belongs to the intraplate region. The characteristics of intraplate earthquake show the low and rare seismicity and the sparse and irregular distribution of epicenters comparing to interplate earthquake. To evaluate the exact seismic activity in intraplate region, long-term seismic data including historical earthquake data should be archived. Fortunately the long-term historical earthquake records about 2,000 years are available in Korea Peninsula. By the analysis of this historical and instrumental earthquake data, seismic activity was very high in 16-18 centuries and is more active at the Yellow sea area than East sea area. Comparing to the high seismic activity of the north-eastern China in 16-18 centuries, it is inferred that seismic activity in two regions shows close relationship. Also general trend of epicenter distribution shows the SE-NW direction. In Korea Peninsula, the first seismic station was installed at Incheon in 1905 and 5 additional seismic stations were installed till 1943. There was no seismic station from 1945 to 1962, but a World Wide Standardized Seismograph was installed at Seoul in 1963. In 1990, Korean Meteorological Adminstration(KMA) had established centralized modem seismic network in real-time, consisted of 12 stations. After that time, many institutes tried to expand their own seismic networks in Korea Peninsula. Now KMA operates 35 velocity-type seismic stations and 75 accelerometers and Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources operates 32 and 16 stations, respectively. Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety and Korea Electric Power Research Institute operate 4 and 13 stations, consisted of velocity-type and accelerometer. In and around the Korean Peninsula, 27 intraplate earthquake mechanisms since 1936 were analyzed to understand the regional stress orientation and tectonics. These earthquakes are largest ones in this century and may represent the characteristics of earthquake in this region. Focal mechanism of these earthquakes show predominant strike-slip faulting with small amount of thrust components. The average P-axis is almost horizontal ENE-WSW. In north-eastern China, strike-slip faulting is dominant and nearly horizontal average P-axis in ENE-WSW is very similar with the Korean Peninsula. On the other hand, in the eastern part of East Sea, thrust faulting is dominant and average P-axis is horizontal with ESE-WNW. This indicate that not only the subducting Pacific Plate in east but also the indenting Indian Plate controls earthquake mechanism in the far east of the Eurasian Plate. Crustal velocity model is very important to determine the hypocenters of the local earthquakes. But the crust model in and around Korean Peninsula is not clear till now, because the sufficient seismic data could not accumulated. To solve this problem, reflection and refraction seismic survey and seismic wave analysis method were simultaneously applied to two long cross-section traversing the southern Korean Peninsula since 2002. This survey should be continuously conducted.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.201-209
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• 1996

Background : Auto-PEEP which develops when expiratory lung emptying is not finished until the beginning of next inspiration is frequently found in patients on mechanical ventilation. Its presence imposes increased risk of barotrauma and hypotension, as well as increased work of breathing (WOB) by adding inspiratory threshold load and/or adversely affecting to inspiratory trigger sensitivity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship of auto-PEEP with WOB and to evaluate the effect of PEEP applied by ventilator (external PEEP) on WOB in patients with auto-PEEP. Method : 15 patients, who required mechanical ventilation for management of acute respiratory failure, were studied. First, the differences in WOB and other indices of respiratory mechanics were examined between 7 patients with auto-PEEP and 8 patients without auto-PEEP. Then, we applied the 3 cm $H_2O$ of external PEEP to patients with auto-PEEP and evaluated its effects on lung mechanics as well as WOB. Indices of respiratory mechanics including tidal volume ($V_T$), repiratory rate, minute ventilation ($V_E$), peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), $T_I/T_{TOT}$, auto-PEEP, dynamic compliance of lung (Cdyn), expiratory airway resistance (RAWe), mean airway resistance (RAWm), $p_{0.1}$, work of breathing performed by patient (WOB), and pressure-time product (PTP) were obtained by CP-100 Pulmonary Monitor (Bicore, USA). The values were expressed as mean $\pm$ SEM (standard error of mean). Results : 1) Comparison of WOB and other indices of respiratory mechanics in patients with and without auto-PEEP : There was significant increase in WOB ($l.71{\pm}0.24$ vs $0.50{\pm}0.19\;J/L$, p=0.007), PTP ($317{\pm}70$ vs $98{\pm}36\;cm$ $H_2O{\cdot}sec/min$, p=0.023), RAWe ($35.6{\pm}5.7$ vs $18.2{\pm}2.3\;cm$ H2O/L/sec, p=0.023), RAWm ($28.8{\pm}2.5$ vs $11.9{\pm}2.0cm$ H2O/L/sec, p=0.001) and $P_{0.1}$ ($6.2{\pm}1.0$ vs 2.9+0.6 cm H2O, p=0.021) in patients with auto-PEEP compared to patients without auto-PEEP. The differences of other indices including $V_T$, PEFR, $V_E$ and $T_I/T_{TOT}$ showed no significance. 2) Effect of 3 cm $H_2O$ external PEEP on respiratory mechanics in patients with auto-PEEP : When 3 cm $H_2O$ of external PEEP was applied, there were significant decrease in WOB ($1.71{\pm}0.24$ vs $1.20{\pm}0.21\;J/L$, p=0.021) and PTP ($317{\pm}70$ vs $231{\pm}55\;cm$ $H_2O{\cdot}sec/min$, p=0.038). RAWm showed a tendency to decrease ($28.8{\pm}2.5$ vs $23.9{\pm}2.1\;cm$ $H_2O$, p=0.051). But PIP was increased with application of 3 cm $H_2O$ of external PEEP ($16{\pm}2$ vs $22{\pm}3\;cm$ $H_2O$, p=0.008). $V_T$, $V_E$, PEFR, $T_I/T_{TOT}$ and Cdyn did not change significantly. Conclusion : The presence of auto-PEEP in mechanically ventilated patients was accompanied with increased WOB performed by patient, and this WOB was decreased by 3 cm $H_2O$ of externally applied PEEP. But, with 3 cm $H_2O$ of external PEEP, increased PIP was noted, implying the importance of close monitoring of the airway pressure during application of external PEEP.