• Title/Summary/Keyword: 탄성비

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Stress distribution following face mask application using different finite element models according to Hounsfield unit values in CT images (CT상의 HU 수치에 따른 상악골 전방견인 효과의 유한요소 분석)

  • Chung, Dong-Hwa
    • The korean journal of orthodontics
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    • v.36 no.6
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    • pp.412-421
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    • 2006
  • Objective: The result of finite element analysis depends on material properties, structural expression, density of element, and boundar or loading conditions. To represent proper elastic behavior, a finite element model was made using Hounsfield unit (HU) values in CT images. Methods: A 13 year 6 month old male was used as the subject. A 3 dimensional visualizing program, Mimics, was used to build a 3D object from the DICOM file which was acquired from the CT images. Model 1 was established by giving 24 material properties according to HU. Model 2 was constructed by the conventional method which provides 2 material properties. Protraction force of 500g was applied at a 45 degree downward angle from Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane. Results: Model 1 showed a more flexible response on the first premolar region which had more forward and downward movement of the maxillary anterior segment. Maxilla was bent on the sagittal plane and frontal plane. Model 2 revealed less movement in all directions. It moved downward on the anterior part and upward on the posterior part, which is clockwise rotation of the maxilla. Conclusion: These results signify that different outcomes of finite element analysis can occur according to the given material properties and it is recommended to use HU values for more accurate results.

Electricity Demand in the Korean Households-A Technology/Sustainable Option- (우리 나라 가정부문 전력수요에 관한 연구-기술개발/지속적 개발 시나리오)

  • 박희천
    • Journal of Technology Innovation
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.1-57
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    • 1994
  • 본 고는 지속적 개발 론에 입각한 적극적인 에너지수요 관리정책을 추진한다는 전제하에 2001년과 2006년의 우리 나라 가정부문 전력수요를 전망하고자 한다. 본 고는 지속적 개발 시나리오를 추정함에 있어서 기존의 계량모형보다 일종의 공학적 모형인 공정분석(process analysis)을 선호한다. 계량모형이 주로 과거 수요의 소득 및 가격 탄성 치를 바탕으로 미래의 수요를 예측하는데 비하여 공정분석모형은 기술발전에 따른 미래의 효율변화(향상)를 비교적 잘 반영할 수 있기 때문이다. 본 고는 덴마크공과대학교 Norgard 교수팀이 개발한 모형을 도입하여 분석모형(수식 (6))을 전력수요 = 기기 수 $\times$ 전력서비스$\times$ 전력집약도와 같이 설정하고 이를 사용하여 냉장고, 텔레비전, 조명 기기, 난방기기 등과 같은 전력사용 기기 별로 2001년과 2006년이 전력수요를 전망하였다. 본 고는 전력수요를 전력사용 기기의 사용용량(300리터 용량의 냉장고 등)과 사용시간을 나타내는 전력서비스와 전력 서비스당 필요 전력사용량을 나타내는 전력집약도로 나누어 구분하고 있는 모형을 이용함으로써 소득향상효과와 함께 기술발전에 따른 효율개선효과를 분석할 수 있다. 1) 생활수준 향상에 따라 전력서비스는 지금과 같이 증가한다, 2) 현실적으로 가능한 범위 내에서 전력사용 기기에 대한 최저 에너지 효율 제를 실시한다, 3) 현재 사용중인 기기 들은 원칙적으로 수명이 다한 후 고효율 기기 들로 자연 교체한다, 4) 최저 에너지 효율 제를 제외한 다른 제도 및 정책개선, 사용자의 에너지소비형태 개선에 따른 절전 잠재 량을 고려하지 않는다 등의 가정 하에 전력수요를 추정한 결과 1992년에 796 GWh(100)이었던 우리 나라 가정부문 전력수요는 2001년과 2006년에 29,237 GWh(134)와 33,118 GWh(152)로 각각 34%와 52%증가할 것으로 나타났다. 이 경우 1992년부터 2006년까지 가정용 전력수요 증가율은 연평균 3%로 추정된다. 기기의 서비스(가구수$\times$기기의 보급 율$\times$기기의 전력서비스)가 소득향상에 따라 증가하는데도 불구하고 전력수요의 증가율이 GDP(같은 기간 동안 연평균 증가율 5.7%)보다 매우 낮은 것은 기기의 대형화와 기기의 보급을 증가에 따른 전력의 추가수요가 기기의 에너지효율 개선으로 대부분 상쇄될 것이기 때문이다. 향후 10년 내에 기기에 따라 전력사용량을 25%~50%정도까지 줄일 수 있을 것으로 분석된다. 기술발전에 따른 기기의 에너지효율 개선효과는 본 고의 2006년도 가정용 전력수요의 전망치 33,118 GWh가 기존방식에 의한 한전의 전망치 61,155 GWh의 54%수준밖에 되지 않는데 서도 잘 나타나고 있다. 한편 본 고는 경제성장과 환경보존을 동시에 달성할 수 있는 지속적 개발의 실천방안으로서 에너지 수요관리를 논하고자 한다. 고효율 기기의 개발과 조기도입을 촉진시키는 에너지 수요관리 통하여 우리는 에너지효율을 대폭 개선시키며 대기오염 배출량도 대폭 줄일 수 있다. 본 고는 에너지 공급관리(공급확충)위주에서 에너지 수요관리위주로서의 에너지정책 전환은 불가피하다고 판단한다. 에너지 공급시스템보다 에너지 수요시스템위주로 전체 에너지시스템을 획기적으로 개선시키기 위해서는 최저 에너지효율제의 광범위한 실시와 함께 고효율 기기의 개발과 보급에 필요한 유인책의 도입, 고효율 기기와 에너지의 효율적 이용에 대한 정보 등이 필요시 되고 있다. 우리 나라의 경우 현재의 산업구조와 기술수준을 고려하여 에너지 효율의 기준을 미국보다 다소 낮게 설정한다면 최저 에너지효율제의 도입이 문제가 되지 않을 것으로 판단된다. 본 고는 고효율 기기의 개발과 조기도입을 지원하기 위한 가칭 대기환경보존 및 에너지 수요관리기금의 창설을 제안한다. 전력부문의 경우 기금은 1. 탄소세, 2. 전력소비에 대한 수요 관리 세의 도입 혹은 3. 한국전력공사 전력판매수입의 일정 분으로 조성될 수 있을 것으로 본다. 예를 들어 선진국들이 탄소세를 예정대로 도입한다는 전제하에 우리 나라가 2000년을 기준으로 탄소 톤당 8달러(석유 배럴 당 85센트)의 탄소세를 도입한다면 연간 7억 2,000만 달러(약5,760억 원)규모의 기금을 조성할 수 있다. 이 중 연간 2,000억 원 정도를 고효율 기기의 개발과 조기도입에 지원한다면 우리 나라 에너지 시스템 효율은 대폭 개선될 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

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A Study of the Material Properties of Steel Used to Repair the Stupa of State Preceptor Jigwang from Beopcheonsa Temple, Wonju in 1957 (1957년 원주 법천사지 지광국사탑 수리에 사용된 철물(鐵物)의 재료학적 특성 연구)

  • You, Harim;Lee, Jaesung;Lee, Taejong;Park, Heejeoung
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.53 no.4
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    • pp.100-117
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    • 2020
  • National Treasure no. 101, the stupa of State Preceptor Jigwang from the Beopcheonsa Temple Site in Wonju has been transferred from place to place and reassembled several times since it was built. In particular, overall dismantling and repair was carried out in 1957 to restore parts damaged by bombing during the Korean War. Documented information on the repair process and materials used at that time does not exist. However, various types of metal materials used for this stupa have been identified during conservation work. Besides clamps anchor bolts, 9mm-thick circular rebars were mainly used for joining the parts of this stupa, while circular rebars and wires of various thicknesses were used for joining the parts with mortar restoration materials. Although deformed bars are typically used for stone pagodas classified as architectural structures, smooth circular rebars were used in this case. In terms of restoration using mortar, material shapes were transformed, bound alternately, and twisted irregularly to improve bonding strength and coherence in order to insert restoration materials and to bolster structural weaknesses. In addition, metallographic analysis showed the material to be hypo-eutectoid steel with low carbon content. Many non-metallic inclusions in the shape of drops of different sizes were included, which do not affect the whole elemental composition due to the very small quantities involved. Qualitative and EPMA analysis of Mn and S, which were not identified by SEM-EDS area analysis, established an even distribution of MnS in crystal grains of the microstructure, regardless of the shape of the samples. It is presumed that secondary homogenization and softening might have been conducted after manufacturing to facilitate the working process. Furthermore, in consideration of properties indicating that the thinner the steel is, the less carbon content contained and the greater the elasticity and elongation, it is judged that restoration work was ordered.

Brittle rock property and damage index assessment for predicting brittle failure in underground opening (지하공동의 취성파괴 예측을 위한 암석물성 및 손상지수 평가)

  • Lee, Kang-Hyun;Bang, Joon-Ho;Kim, Jin-Ha;Kim, Sang-Ho;Lee, In-Mo
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.327-351
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    • 2009
  • Laboratory tests are performed in this paper to investigate the brittle failure characteristics of over-stressed rocks taken in deep depth. Also, numerical simulation performed using that the so-called CWFS(Cohesion Weakening Frictional Strengthening) model is known to predict brittle failure phenomenon reasonably well. The most typical rock types of Korean peninsula - granite and gneiss - were used for testing. Results of uniaxial compression tests showed that the crack initiation stress was about 41 % to 42% of the uniaxial compressive strength regardless of rock types, where as, the crack damage stress of granite was about 75%, and that of gneiss was about 97%. Through the damage-controlled test, strength parameters of each rock were obtained as a function of damage degree. After the peak, the crack damage stress and the maximum stress were decreased, The cohesion was decreased and the friction angle was increased with increase of rock damage. Before reaching the peak, the elastic modulus was slightly increased, while decreased after the peak. Poisson's ratio was increased as the damage of rock proceeds. Comparison of uniaxial compression tests and damage-controlled tests shows the crack initiation stress estimated from the damage-controlled test fluctuated within the range of crack initiation stress obtained from the uniaxial compression test; the crack damage stress was less than that estimated from the uniaxial compression test. In order to predict the critical depth that brittle failure occurs, numerical simulations using the CWFS model were performed for an example site. Material parameters obtained from the laboratory tests mentioned above were used for CWFS simulation. Comparison between the critical depth predicted from the numerical simulation using the CWFS model and that predicted by using the damage index proposed by Martin et al.(l999), showed that critical depth cannot be reasonably predicted by the currently used damage index except for circular tunnels. A modified damage index was proposed by the author which takes the shape of tunnels other than circular into account.

Environmental Pollution in Korea and Its Control (우리나라의 환경오염 현황과 그 대책)

  • 윤명조
    • Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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    • 1972.03a
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    • pp.5-6
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    • 1972
  • Noise and air pollution, which accompany the development of industry and the increase of population, contribute to the deterioration of urban environment. The air pollution level of Seoul has gradually increased and the city residents are suffering from a high pollution of noise. If no measures were taken against pollution, the amount of emission of pollutant into air would be 36.7 thousand tons per year per square kilometer in 1975, three times more than that of 1970, and it would be the same level as that of United States in 1968. The main sources of air pollution in Seoul are the exhaust has from vehicles and the combustion of bunker-C oil for heating purpose. Thus, it is urgent that an exhaust gas cleaner should be instaled to every car and the fuel substituted by less sulfur-contained-oil to prevent the pollution. Transportation noise (vehicular noise and train noise) is the main component of urban noise problem. The average noise level in downtown area is about 75㏈ with maximum of 85㏈ and the vehicular homing was checked 100㏈ up and down. Therefore, the reduction of the number of bus-stop the strict regulation of homing in downtown area and a better maintenance of car should be an effective measures against noise pollution in urban areas. Within the distance of 200 metres from railroad, the train noise exceeds the limit specified by the pollution control law in Korea. Especially, the level of noise and steam-whistle of train as measured by the ISO evaluation can adversely affect the community activities of residents. To prevent environmental destruction, many developed countries have taken more positive action against worsening pollution and such an action is now urgently required in this country.

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Effects of Boliing, Steaming, and Chemical Treatment on Solid Wood Bending of Quercus acutissima Carr. and Pinus densiflora S. et. Z. (자비(煮沸), 증자(蒸煮) 및 약제처리(藥劑處理)가 상수리나무와 소나무의 휨가공성(加工性)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • So, Won-Tek
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.19-62
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    • 1985
  • This study was performed to investigate: (i) the bending processing properties of silk worm oak (Quercus acutissima Carr.) and Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) by boiling and steaming treatments; (ii) the effects of interrelated factors - sapwood and heartwood, annual ring placement, softening temperature and time, moisture content. and wood defects on bending processing properties; (iii) the changing rates of bending radii after release from a tension strap, and (iv) the improving methods of bending process by treatment with chemicals. The size of specimens tested was $15{\times}15{\times}350mm$ for boiling and steaming treatments and $5{\times}10{\times}200mm$ for treatments with chemicals. The specimens were green for boiling treatments and dried to 15 percent for steaming treatments. The specimens for treatments with chemicals were soaked in saturated urea solution, 35 percent formaldehyde solution, 25 percent polyethylene glycol -400 solution, and 25 percent ammonium hydroxide solution for 5 days and immediately followed the bending process, respectively. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The internal temperature of silk worm oak and Korean red pine by boiling and steaming time was raised slowly to $30^{\circ}C$ but rapidly from $30^{\circ}C$ to $80-90^{\circ}C$ and then slowly from $80-90^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$. 2. The softening time required to the final temperature was directly proportional to the thickness of specimen. The time required from $25^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$ for 15mm-squared specimen was 9.6-11.2 minutes in silk worm oak and 7.6-8.1 minutes in Korean red pine. 3. The moisture content (M.C.) of specimen by steaming time was increased rapidly first 4 minutes in the both species, and moderately from 4 to 20 minutes and then slowly and constantly in silk worm oak, and moderately from 4 to 15 minutes and then slowly and constantly in Korean red pine. The M.C. of 15mm-squared specimen in 50 minutes of steaming was increased to 18.0 percent in the oak and 22.4 percent in the pine from the initial conditioned M.C. of 15 percent The rate of moisture adsorption measured was therefore faster in the pine than in the oak. 4. The mechanical properties of the both species were decreased significantly with the increase of boiling rime. The decrement by the boiling treatment for 60 minutes was measured to 36.6-45.0 percent in compressive strength, 12.5-17.5 percent in tensile strength, 31.6-40.9 percent in modulus of rupture, and 23.3-34.6 percent in modulus of elasticity. 5. The minimum bending radius (M.B.R.) of sapwood and heartwood was 60-80 mm and 90 mm in silk worm oak, and 260 - 300 mm and 280 - 300 mm in Korean red pine, respectively. Therefore, the both species showed better bending processing properties in sapwood than in heartwood. 6. The M.B.R. of edge-grained and flat-grained specimen in suk worm oak was 60-80 mm, but the M.B.R. in Korean red pine was 240-280 mm and 260-360 mm, respectively. Comparing the M.B.R. of edge-grained with flat-grained specimen, in the pine the edge-grained showed better bending processing property than the flat-grained. 7. The bending processing properties of the both species were improved by the rising of softening temperature from $40^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$. The minimum softening temperature for bending was $90^{\circ}C$ in silk worm oak and $80^{\circ}C$ in Korean red pine, and the dependency of softening temperature for bending was therefore higher in the oak than in the pine. 8. The bending processing properties of the both species were improved by the increase of softening time as well as temperature, but even after the internal temperature of specimen reaching to the final temperature, somewhat prolonged softening was required to obtain the best plastic conditions. The minimum softening time for bending of 15 mm-squared silk worm oak and Korean red pine specimen was 15 and 10 minutes in the boiling treatment, and 30 and 20 minutes in the steaming treatment, respectively. 9. The optimum M.C. for bending of silk worm oak was 20 percent, and the M.C. above fiber saturation point rather degraded the bending processing property, whereas the optimum M.C. of Korean red pine needed to be above 30 percent. 10. The bending works in the optimum conditions obtained as seen in Table 24 showed that the M.B.R. of silk worm oak and Korean red pine was 80 mm and 240 mm in the boiling treatment, and 50 mm and 280 mm in the steaming treatment, respectively. Therefore, the bending processing property of the oak was better in the steaming than in the boiling treatment, but that of the pine better in the boiling than in the steaming treatment. 11. In the bending without a tension strap, the radio r/t of the minimum bending radius t to the thickness t of silk worm oak and Korean red pine specimen amounted to 16.0 and 21.3 in the boiling treatment, and 17.3 and 24.0 in the steaming treatment, respectively. But in the bending with a tension strap, the r/t of the oak and the pine specimen decreased to 5.3 and 16.0 in t he boiling treatment, and 3.3 and 18.7 in the steaming treatment, respectively. Therefore, the bending processing properties of the both species were significantly improved by the strap. 12. The effect of pin knot on the degradation of bending processing property was very severe in silk worm oak by side, e.g. 90 percent of the oak specimens with pin knot on the concave side were ruptured when bent to a 100 mm radius but only 10 percent of the other specimens with pin knot on the convex side were ruptured. 13. The changing rate in the bending radius of specimen bent to a 300 mm radius after 30 days of exposure to room temperature conditions was measured to 4.0-10.3 percent in the boiling treatment and 13,0-15.0 percent in the steaming treatment. Therefore, the degree of spring back after release was higher in the steaming than in the boiling treatment. And the changing rate of moisture-proofing treated specimen by expoxy resin coating was only -1.0.0 percent. 14. Formaldehyde, 35 percent solution, and 25 percent polyethylene glycol-400 solution found no effect on the plasticization of the both species, but saturated urea solution and 25 percent ammonium hydroxide solution found significant effect in comparison to non-treated specimen. But the effect of the treatment with chemicals alone was inferior to that of the steaming treatment, and the steaming treatment after the treatment with chemicals improved 10-24 percent over the bending processing property of steam-bent specimen. 15. Three plasticity coefficients - load-strain coefficient, strain coefficient, and energy coefficient - were evaluated to be appropriate for the index of bending processing property because the coefficients had highly significant correlation with the bending radius. The fitness of the coefficients as the index was good at load-strain coefficient, energy coefficient, and strain coefficient, in order.

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