• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.645-652
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• 2015

In underwater, such as fish farm and sea, turbidity is increased by water droplets and various suspended, therefore light attenuation occurs depending on the depth also caused by the scattering effect of light float. In this paper, in order to improve the visibility of underwater images obtained from these aquatic environment, we propose a visibility enhancement method using a haze removal method based on dark channel prior and a trained color transform model. In order to train a color transform model, we used underwater pattern images captured from Pohang and Yeosu, and to measure the performance of the proposed method, we carried out experiment of visibility enhancement using underwater images collected from Yeosu, Geomundo and Philippines. The results show that the proposed method can improve the visibility of underwater images of various locations.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.119-126
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• 2010

The software reliability growth model(SRGM) has been developed in order to estimate such reliability measures as remaining fault number, failure rate and reliability for the developing stage software. Almost of them assumed that the faults detected during testing were eventually removed. Namely, they have studied SRGM based on the assumption that the faults detected during testing were perfectly removed. The fault removing efficiency, however, is imperfect and it is widely known as so in general. It is very difficult to remove detected fault perfectly because the fault detecting is not easy and new error may be introduced during debugging and correcting. Therefore, We want to study imperfect software testing effort for the logistic testing effort which is thought to be the most adequate in this paper.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.263-271
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• 2009

This study evaluated the flocs forming characteristics in the mixing zone to increase the coagulation effect in the drinking water plant. As a measuring tool of formed flocs, on-line particle dispersion analyzer (iPDA) was used in Y drinking water plant. To evaluate the forming flocs, many parameters such as poly amine, coagulant dosing amount, raw water turbidity, and pH was applied in this study. During the periods of field test, poly aluminium chloride (PACl) as a coagulant was used. With the increase of the raw water turbidities, poly amine was also added as one of aids for increasing in coagulation efficiency. The turbidity and pH of raw water was ranged from 7 to 9 and from 25 to 140 NTU, respectively. The increasing of raw water turbidity brought the bigger floc sizes accordingly. From a regression analysis, $R^2$ value was 0.8040 as a function of T, raw water turbidity. Floc size index (FSI) was obtained from a correlation equation as follows; FSI = 0.9388logT - 0.3214 Also, polyamine gave the bigger flocs the moment it is added to the coagulated water in the rapid mixing zone. One of parameters influencing the floc sizes was the addition of powdered active carbon(PAC) in the mixing zone. In case of higher turbidity of raw water, $R^2$ value was 0.9050 in the parameters of [PACl] and [PAC]; FSI = $0.0407[T]^{0.324}[PACI]^{0.769}[PAC]^{0.178}$ On-line floc monitor was beneficial to evaluate the flocs sizes depending on the many parameters consisting raw water properties, bring the profitable basic data to control the mixing zone more effectively.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.21-28
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on removal efficiencies of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in MBR-RO process for treating synthetic sewage. In MBR process, turbidity was less than average 2 NTU and average removal efficiency showed more than 99% during the operation period(MBR 105 day). As a result of HRT variation, average removal efficiencies of $COD_{Cr}$ on HRT 6, 12, 18 and 24hour were about 72.4, 84, 88.6 and 92.5%, respectively. The $NH_4{^+}-N$ removal efficiency was about 60.2 85.5, 91.3 and 92.2%, respectively. T-N and T-P removal efficiencies increased from 53.7 and 56.8 to 82.5 and 86.4%, respectively as the HRT increased from 6 hour to 24 hour. In RO process, average removal efficiencies of color and $COD_{Cr}$ in RO permeate were about 99.9% and 96.8%, respectively. Also, removal efficiencies of T-N, $NH_4{^+}-N$, $NO_3{^-}-N$ and T-P were all above average 90%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.120-131
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• 2011

A pilot-scale experiment of floodplain filtration with a filtration depth of 3.6m was performed employing flood/rest type raw-water supply system in an effort to find ways to improve river water quality by additional treatments of discharged effluent from sewage treatment plant. Soil samples were taken from 3 sites including Gumi, Daegu and Gimhae along the Nakdong river. Reductions of infiltration rates following increases in operating time was investigated in each soil sample, along with the analysis of removal efficiencies of various pollutants according to different depths and infiltration rates. The results show incremental development of clogging on the soil surface with increases in operation time, and illustrate exponential decrease in the infiltration rate. The time required for the removal of the clog from the soil surface was longer than 2 weeks for all soil samples analyzed. The stable infiltration rates for soils were 5 m/day for Gumi and for Daegu and Gimhae was 1 m/day. In unsaturated soils dissolved oxygen levels increased following the increase of filtration depth, suggesting that alternating application of flood and rest for raw-water supply effectively keeps the soil environment aerobic. For all soils, the nature of pollutant removal depending on the depth of filtration remained the same regardless of the infiltration rate. Most of the BOD and turbidity were removed within 1.2 m, about 30% of COD was removed within 3.6m and was expected to be removed further with increases in filtration depth. Nitrification occurred near the surface of all soils; however there was no significant removal of nitrogen in the filtration depths tested in this study. Although removal rate of phosphorus was low for Gumi's soil, it was high enough for other soils, suggesting that the method developed in this study could significantly improve river water quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.103-115
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• 2000

The formation of brown-colored precipitates is one of the serious problems frequently encountered in the development and supply of groundwater in Korea, because by it the water exceeds the drinking water standard in terms of color. taste. turbidity and dissolved iron concentration and of often results in scaling problem within the water supplying system. In groundwaters from the Pajoo area, brown precipitates are typically formed in a few hours after pumping-out. In this paper we examine the process of the brown precipitates' formation using the equilibrium thermodynamic and kinetic approaches, in order to understand the origin and geochemical pathway of the generation of turbidity in groundwater. The results of this study are used to suggest not only the proper pumping technique to minimize the formation of precipitates but also the optimal design of water treatment methods to improve the water quality. The bed-rock groundwater in the Pajoo area belongs to the Ca-$HCO_3$type that was evolved through water/rock (gneiss) interaction. Based on SEM-EDS and XRD analyses, the precipitates are identified as an amorphous, Fe-bearing oxides or hydroxides. By the use of multi-step filtration with pore sizes of 6, 4, 1, 0.45 and 0.2 $\mu\textrm{m}$, the precipitates mostly fall in the colloidal size (1 to 0.45 $\mu\textrm{m}$) but are concentrated (about 81%) in the range of 1 to 6 $\mu\textrm{m}$in teams of mass (weight) distribution. Large amounts of dissolved iron were possibly originated from dissolution of clinochlore in cataclasite which contains high amounts of Fe (up to 3 wt.%). The calculation of saturation index (using a computer code PHREEQC), as well as the examination of pH-Eh stability relations, also indicate that the final precipitates are Fe-oxy-hydroxide that is formed by the change of water chemistry (mainly, oxidation) due to the exposure to oxygen during the pumping-out of Fe(II)-bearing, reduced groundwater. After pumping-out, the groundwater shows the progressive decreases of pH, DO and alkalinity with elapsed time. However, turbidity increases and then decreases with time. The decrease of dissolved Fe concentration as a function of elapsed time after pumping-out is expressed as a regression equation Fe(II)=10.l exp(-0.0009t). The oxidation reaction due to the influx of free oxygen during the pumping and storage of groundwater results in the formation of brown precipitates, which is dependent on time, $Po_2$and pH. In order to obtain drinkable water quality, therefore, the precipitates should be removed by filtering after the stepwise storage and aeration in tanks with sufficient volume for sufficient time. Particle size distribution data also suggest that step-wise filtration would be cost-effective. To minimize the scaling within wells, the continued (if possible) pumping within the optimum pumping rate is recommended because this technique will be most effective for minimizing the mixing between deep Fe(II)-rich water and shallow $O_2$-rich water. The simultaneous pumping of shallow $O_2$-rich water in different wells is also recommended.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.751-756
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• 1998

Effects of remote hydrogen plasma cleaning process parameters on the removal of Fe impurities on Si surfaces and the Fe removal mechanism were investigated. Fe removal efficiency is enhanced with decreasing the plasma exposure time and increasing the rf-power. The optimum plasma exposure time and rf-power are 1 min and 100W. respectively, in the range below 10 min and 100W. Fe removal efficiency is better under lower pressures than higher pressures, and the optimum $\textrm{H}_2$ flow rate was found to be 20 and 60sccm, respectively, under a low and a high pressure. The post-RHP(remote hydrogen plasma) annealing enhanced metallic contaminants removal efficiency, and the highest efficiency was achieved at $600^{\circ}C$. According to the AFM analysis results Si surface roughness was improved by 30-50%, which seems to be due to the removal of particles by the plasma cleaning. Also. Fe impurities removal mechanisms by remote hydrogen plasma are discussed.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 2006

This study was carried to survey the removal characteristics of BPA using coagulation process by PAC and PAHCS. BPA removal for PAC and PAHCS was 20.4 with 8.7 Al mg/L and 6.8 Al mg/L, respectively. Removal of BPA was lower than $UV_{254}$ and DOC but removal characteristics were similar. BPA removal for PAC and PAHCS was most high in pH 6.5 and 7.0 respectively. The time for removal by mixing time was 40 min in PAC and 30 min in PAHCS. When powdered activated carbon 50 mg/L was added in coagulation process, a high remove of BPA (61%) was noticed. Specially BPA was highly increase powdered activated carbon 5 mg/L alone. These results will be appliable in the conventional water treatment plants for improvement of water treatment system.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.76.1-76.1
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• 2010

Furnace를 이용한 $POCl_3$ 확산 공정은 실리콘 태양전지 제작과정에서 일반적으로 이용되는 에미터 층 형성 공정이다. 하지만, 확산 공정을 통해 P-N Junction을 형성할 경우 전면과 후면의 contact현상이 발생하게 되고 이를 제거하기 위해 Edge isolation 공정을 거치게 된다. 최근에는 레이저로 V 모양의 홈을 형성하는 방법이 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 p-type 실리콘 웨이퍼 기판에 insulating barrier를 형성하여 edge isolation 공정을 없앤 Non-edge isolation공정을 제시한다. Non p-type 실리콘 웨이퍼에 insulating barrier를 형성한다. Insulating barrier가 형성된 BOE용액과 KOH에서의 견딤성 실험을 진행 하였다. 이후, p-type 단결정 실리콘 태양전지의 확산 공정을 진행하여 Non edge isolation 공정을 진행한 경우와 laser를 이용한 edge isolation 공정을 진행한 태양전지를 제작하여 특성을 비교하였다.

• 전기의세계
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.27-31
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• 1968

최근 각종 회전전기의 설계제작에 있어서 그경제성과 신뢰성을 높이고저 가능한 한고속화 내지는 단일화 경향에 있다. 예로써 1,500MV급 주발전기라면 8MW라는 려자전력이 필요하므로 이를 종래의 직결직류려자기방식으로서는 정류조건에서 제한을 받게된다. 고로이러한 난문제의 해결책으로서 직류여자기의 감속, 별치의 M-G Set, 또는 이중전기자법등이 고찰되고 있으나 역시 과담한 경제문제를 수반하게 된다. 또한 각종산업의 발달에 따라 요구되는 부하특성과 가혹한 환경조건에서 운전되어야할 경우가 증가되고 있다. 즉 염소Gas, 아유산 Gas, 인화유기 또는 공해상등을 막론한 주위조건에서 방식방폭의 안정성과 소형경량화의 경제성등을 설계의 주요목적으로 본다. 이것은 회전전기의 고정자와 회전자간에 전달되는 전기적 Energy가 회전기계의 가장 약점인 탁동부분을 통과하기 때문이다. 여기에서 탁동부를 제거할 수단으로 Brushless 려자방식이 고안되었으며 오래전부터 그 Idea가 창안되어 있었으나 최근 갑자기 극소용량급에서 초대용량급에 이르기까지 Brushless화 되었음은 재료과학에서 본 자기증중기 또는 반도체공학의 발달이 크게 영향하였다. 필자는 여기에 발전기를 중심으로 Brushless 려자방식의 종류와 문제점을 검토하여 금후 발전될 전망에 대하여 간단히 논한다.