• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.300-314
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• 2023

The quality of the products was investigated by analyzing fluorine content, pH, preservatives and tar colors in 31 dentifrice products (6 items for children) and 15 mouthwash products (2 items for children) marketed. It was intended to provide correct information to consumers by checking whether the standards and product indications match. As a result of measuring the fluoride concentration, 26 dentifrice and 15 mouthwash products contained from 48 to 1,472 ppm and from 85 to 225 ppm, respectively. Fluorine detection rates of dentifrice and mouthwash products were 83.9 and 83.3 %, respectively showing similar levels. Of the 41 fluoride-detected dentifrice and mouthwash products, 40 were 90.7~109.8 % of the displayed amount and suitable for the fluorine content standard of 90.0 to 110.0 %, but one dentifrice was found to be inappropriate at 36.3 % of the content indicated on the product. The pH of the dentifrice was 5.1~9.4, and the mouthwash was 4.2~6.2, which met all standards. As a result of simultaneous analysis of the concentration of six preservatives, benzoic acid was detected the most in 15 cases with a 30.6 % detection rate, sorbic acid was detected in 9 cases (detection rate of 18.4 %), and all four types of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, butyl p-hydroxybenzoate were not detected. As a result of analyzing the concentration of 10 types of tar colors, six types including red40, yellow4, yellow5, yellow203, green3, and blue1 were detected in a total of 9 cases (2 dentifrices and 7 mouthwashes) with blue1 being the most frequently detected. Detected fluorine concentration, added preservatives and tar colors were consistent with the product markings and it was well written on product packaging. The detected preservatives and tar colors were at a safe level due to low risk compared to Acceptable Daily Intake.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.73-76
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• 2005

Center for Food Standard Evaluation, Korea Food and Drug AdministrationThis study was performed to compare analytical methods of nine synthetic food colors and six food color lakes in Korea, Japan, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee of Food Additives (JECFA), and USA. The experimental protocol of this study consists of three parts: titration method with titanium chloride, gravimetric and spectrophotometric method. To measure the total contents of food colors, Korea and Japan used titration method with titanium chloride, USA used the average value of titration method with titanium chloride equipped with Kipp generator and spectrophotometric method. Also, JECFA used titration method with titanium chloride equipped with KiPP generator. However, All the low organizations used gravimetric method to measure the total content of coloring matter on Food Red No.3. Although all organizations use various methods for analysis of coloring matters, total contents of coloring matter on food colors tested fell into the standard showing $85.08-96.40\%$ in synthetic food colors and $10.00-36.86\%$ in food color lakes.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2013

Lip make-up products can be easily taken into body with food. For this reason, those products are requires to meet lots of qualifications compared with other cosmetic products. In addition, concerns about safety on synthesized tar pigments is constantly issued. Thus, demand of natural pigments is gradually increased and many kinds of natural pigments have been developed. However, there are some problems when natural pigments are applied to cometic products instead of synthetic ones. There is a reason that most of natural pigments consist of hydrophilic materials of sort of anthocyanin, but the existing lip make-up products is anhydrous oil dispersion type without water consisting oil and wax. Therefore, when watersoluble natural pigments are applied to anhydrous lip make-up products, color expression is lower and phase separation occurs due to the instability of the product. In addition, natural pigments have disadvantages that they can easily change by pH, heat and sunlight. There are troubles of stability because it is not easy to adjust for these factors in case of anhydrous forms. Aim of study is to develop lip make-up products which have not only safe to human but being high in expression of color by using natural pigments and securing stability of colorant as natural pigments are offered to polyol in oil emulsion. Then, lip make-up products which have heavy moisture while having not dryness that is created when the moisture evaporates are developed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1155-1161
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• 2006

The characteristics of photocatalytic degradation of tar colorants such as brilliant blue FCF(BBF) and tartrazine(TTZ) with zinc oxide suspension was studied in a batch reactor under irradiation of ultra-violet ray. Photocatalytic degradation of TTZ with ZnO was more higher than that of BBF, and was Increased with dosage of ZnO below 5g, but was nearly affected with initial pH of two tar colorants aqueous solution. Ammonium persulfate was more effective oxidant than potassium bromate which slightly increased the degradation of BBF, but not increased the degradation of TTZ. The photocatalytic degradation rates of BBF and TTZ were pseudo-first order with rate constants of 0.0066, 0.0092 and $0.015min^{-1}$ for BBF, 0.042, 0.017 and $0.110min^{-1}$ for TTZ at the dosage of 1, 2 and 5g ZnO, respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 1998

The mutagenicity of three external colorants, lake red CBA (D&C Red No.9, R-9), rhodamine B stearate (D&C Red No.37, R-37) and permanent orange (D&C Orange No.17, O-17) was evaluated. In this study, the genetic toxicity of the these dyes was examined by in vitro chromosome aberration test in cultured mammalian cells, in vivo micronucleus test in ddY mice, and somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster. Three dyes did not induce mutagenicity in chromosome aberration test and micronucleus test. But Red No.9 and Red No. 37 showed slight increase of abnormal wing spots in Drosophila melanogaster.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 2006

In order to provide fundamental data of food circulation policy, we performed monitoring the safety of the imported food which was circulating through Gwangju from March to October, 2005. Acid and peroxide value which are barometers for evaluation of the quality of lipid were investigated in 130 samples of imported oil treatment food. Not-permitted tar pigment and artificial sweetner were investigated in 139 candies by TLC and HPLC. The content of sulfur dioxide in 129 samples of dried fishery products and dried fruits was investigated by Monier-Williams method. In 130 samples of imported oil treatment food, 9 samples (6.9%) were incongruent with acid value, 6 samples (4.6%) with peroxide value and 4 samples (3.1%) with acid value simultaneously with peroxide value. In 139 imported candies, not-permitted artificial sweetner were found in 2 samples (1.4%). In 129 samples in which sulfur oxide was analyzed,4 samples (3.1%) were incongruent. Finally, in total 398 samples in which this study was analyzed, 25 samples (6.3%) were incongruent.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.233-238
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• 2008

To evaluate biochemical safety of gejang distributed in Korea, 33 samples were collected and analyzed for indicator microorganisms, pathogen, parasite, pH, volatile basic nitrogen(VBN), salinity, 3-MCPD, histamine, and synthetic food colors. Total plate counts of gejang were the range of 3 to 7 log cfu/g and coliform were the range of ND to 4 log cfu/g. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was detected from 4 samples, and Escherichia coli(1 log cfu/g) and copepoda were detected from 1 sample among those. pH and VBN value of samples were the range of 6.69 to 8.10 and 21.99 to 94.55 mg%, respectively. The ranges of salinity concentration for ganjang chamgejang, ganjang ggokgejang, and ganjang dolgejang were $11.6{\sim}32.6%,\;2.8{\sim}20.5%$, and $11.6{\sim}13.3%$, respectively. But, the range of salinity concentration of yangnum gejang was $2.6{\sim}9.4%$, which was lower than ganjang gejang. Besides, 3-MCPD, histamine and synthetic food colors were not detected. From the results, most of gejang was appropriate for Korea national standard for food regulation, but still biological hygiene control for raw materials, processing, and distribution should be improved.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.989-996
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• 2022

Some flowers have high sensual appealability due to their unique shapes, colors, smells, and tastes. Such edible flowers receive social attention as a noble ingredient of functional teas. In this study, methanol extracts of 23 commercial flower teas (CFTs) were prepared, and their color differences were compared. No tar color pigments were detected in the 23 CFT. The average content of total polyphenol of the 23 CFTs was 80.2±50.92 mg/g and the extracts of jin-dal-rae (Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz), mae-hwa (Prunus mume), mae-mil (Fagopyrum esculentum), mok-ryun (Magnolia kobus), and sal-gu (Prunus armeniaca var. ansu Maxim) flowers showed total polyphenol contents greater than 150 mg/g. The average content of total sugar of the 23 CFTs was 187.4±166.5 mg/g and the extracts of chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile), kuk-hwa (Chrysanthemum morifolium), dong-baek (Camellia japonica L.), and won-chu-ri (Hemerocallis fulva) flowers showed total sugar contents greater than 400 mg/g. Among the 23 CFTs, the extract of jang-mi (Rosa hybrida hortorum) flower has prominent anti-thrombosis activity, and the extracts of dal-ma-ji (Oenothera lamarckiana), dong-baek, hibiscus (Hibiscus syriacus), and mae-mil flowers showed strong inhibitions against thrombin and blood coagulation factors. Also, the extracts of jang-mi, kum-jan-hwa (Tagetes erecta L.), mae-mil, mok-ryun dong-baek, and jin-dal-rae flower showed strong radical scavenging activities against DPPH, ABTS, and nitrite and reducing power. Our results suggest that the flowers of jang-mi, mae-mil, and dong-baek can be developed as promising anti-thrombosis treatments.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.812-816
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• 2017

Although amaranth, a red-colored tar dye, is usually used in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics, its bioavailability and intestinal absorption have not previously been investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics properties and intestinal permeability of amaranth in rats following the intravenous and oral administration of this dye. Amaranth rapidly disappeared from the plasma following the intravenous injection, with a half-life of 38.8 minutes. However, the plasma concentration of amaranth was increased to 400 minutes following the oral administration of amaranth, and the absorption time and bioavailability of amaranth were calculated to be 356 minutes and 55.6%, respectively. This suggests that once amaranth exists in the gut, this dye may be efficiently and effectively absorbed. Consistent with this result, the intestinal permeability of amaranth was comparable to atenolol, a marker compound of moderate permeability, and to one-third of caffeine's intestinal permeability (a highly permeable compound). In conclusion, a significantly long absorption time and substantial intestinal absorption of amaranth was observed following the oral administration of amaranth at a dose of 300 mg/kg in rats, despite the rapid elimination of this dye from the plasma. These results may suggest the necessity of a careful and limited use of amaranth dye when it is added to food, lip-care cosmetics, and orally administered pharmaceutics.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.459-465
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• 2010

A simple and efficient analytical method for the simultaneous determination of seven tar color additives was developed using ion pair high performance liquid chromatography. The conditions for HPLC analysis were as follows: column, ${\mu}$-Bondapak C18 (10 ${\mu}m$, 300 ${\times}$ 3.9 mm i.d.); gradient mobile phase, 0.025 mol/L ammonium acetate (containing 0.01 mol/L tetrabutylammonium bromide)-acetonitrile-methanol (65:25:10) as a mobile for fraction A and 0.025 mol/L ammonium acetate (containing 0.01 mol/L tetrabutylammonium bromide)-acetonitrilemethanol (40:50:10) as a mobile for fraction B; flow rate, 1.0 mL/ min; detection wavelength, 254/520/620 nm. We could attain to the detection limits as 0.01~0.05 ${\mu}$g/mL (254 nm) and 0.005~0.01 ${\mu}$g/mL (520 nm) for six red tar color additives, and 0.05 ${\mu}$g/mL (254 nm) and 0.002 ${\mu}$g/mL (620 nm) for Fast green FCF. This analytical method was applicable to determine the tar color additives contained in several commercial cold syrups.