• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.248-256
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• 2009

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if human PDL cells can produce osteoclastogenic mRNA and examine how compressive stress affects the expression of osteoclastogenic mRNA in human PDL cells. Methods: Human PDL cells were obtained from biscupids extracted for orthodontic treatment. The compressive force was adjusted by increasing the number of cover glasses. PDL cells were subjected to a compressive force of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 or $4.0\;g/cm^2$ for 0.5, 1.5, 6, 24 or 48 hours. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed to examine levels of M-CSF, IL-$1{\beta}$, RANKL, OPG mRNA expression. Results: Human PDL cells could produce M-CSF mRNA. Human PDL cells under compressive stress showed increased M-CSF, IL-$1{\beta}$ and RANKL mRNAs expression in a force (up to $2\;g/cm^2$) and time-dependent manner. However, OPG mRNA expression was constant regardless of the level and duration of stress. Conclusions: Continuous compressive stress induced the mRNA expression of osteoclastogenic cytokines including M-CSF, RANKL, IL-$1{\beta}$ in PDL cells. Together with an unchanged OPG mRNA level, these results suggest that compressive stress-induced osteoclastogenesis in vivo is partly controlled by M-CSF, RANKL and IL-$1{\beta}$ expression in PDL cells.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.583-599
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• 2000

조직유도재생술 과정에 사용된 차폐막의 술 후 오염 혹은 시술부위의 감염으로 조직재생유도가 제대로 이루어지지 않는 경우가 많이 있다. 테트라싸이클린은 넓은 범위의 치주 원인균에 효과적이고, 중성구 교원분해효소를 억제 함으로써 결합조직파괴를 억제하기 때문에 전신적 혹은 국소적으로 치주질환 치료에 널리 이용되어져왔다. 이번 연구의 목적은 비글견에 실험적으로 치주염을 유발시킨 후 테트라싸이클린 함유 차폐막을 이용하여 조직유도재생술을 하고서 테트라싸이클린의 유리반응을 관찰하는 것과 테트라싸이클린에 의한 항염, 항균효과를 알아보는 것이다. 실험 2-3개월 전에 비글견의 구강에서 치조골 결손부를 형성하여 치주염을 유발시켰다. 결손부 형성 2-3개월 후 실험군으로 테트라싸이클린 함유 차폐막으로 조직유도재생술을 하였고, 대조군으로 테트라 싸이클린이 함유되지 않은 차폐막으로 조직유도재생술을 하였고, 음성대조군으로 치은판막술만을 하였다. 시술 전과 시술 후 1, 2, 4주 간격으로 치은지수, 치태지수, 치은열구액의 양 및 혐기성 세균과 호기성 세균의 군락수를 측정하였다. 술 후, 1, 3, 5, 7, 및 14일 간격으로 유리된 테트라싸이클린의 농도를 측정하였다. 테트라싸이클린 함유 차폐막은 임상적 치은지수는 술 후 2, 4주째, 치태지수는 1, 2, 4주째 유의하게 감소하였다.(p<0.05) 1주에서 혐기성 및 호기성 세균집락수는 테트라싸이클린 함유 차폐막을 사용한 군이 약물이 함유되지 않은 차폐막보다 유의성있게 적었다.(p<0.001) 테트라싸이클린 함유 차폐막은 처음 1일은 높은 농도로 유리되었고 그 후 1주일 동안 일정하게 MIC 이상으로 유리되었다. 하지만 14일째는 유리가 관찰되지 않았다. 본 연구 결과, 테트라싸이클린 함유 생분해성 차폐막은 1주이상 약제가 MIC 이상 유리되었고, 유리된 테트라싸이클린에 의한 항염, 항균작용이 있어 치주조직 재생유도술시에 초기 치유가 잘 진행되도록 하는 효과가 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.659-678
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• 1998

In the present study, oligonucleotide probes based on 16S rRNA were taken to investigate the diversity of oral spirochetes without culture method. This is the first study that revealed oral spirochetes of both presently cultivable and uncultured oral spirochetes in Korean adult periodontitis patients. Subgingival plaque samples were taken from diseased sites(probing depth ${\geq}6\;mm$, experimental group, n=116) and healthy sites(probing depth${\leq}3mm$, control 1 group, n=28) in 29 patients with adult periodontitis, and from 20 periodontally healthy subjects(probing depth${\leq}3mm$, control 2 group, n=100). Following being examined under phase-contrast microscope, all samples were submitted to dot-blot hybridization after polymerase chain reacton with eubacterial primers. 5 species-specific probes(TVIN, TDEN, TMAL, TSOC, and TPEC) and 7 group-specific probes(TRE I, TRE II, TRE III, TRE IV, TRE V, TRE VI, and TRE VII) were used one by one for the identification of both cultivable and so far uncultivable oral spirochetes. All probes were labeled with digoxigenin(DIG)-ddUTP and detected by chemilumininescence. The following results were obtained. 1. Under phase-contrast microscope, 91.37% and 14.28% of oral spirochetes were observed in the experimental and control 1 groups, respectively. None of oral spirochetes were observed in control 2 group. 2. With universal probe, 98.27%, 46.42%, and 22.0% of oral spirochetes were observed in experimental, control 1, and control 2 groups, respectively. 3. With specific probe, 95.68%, 35.71%, and 19.0% of oral spirochetes were observed in experimental, control 1, and control 2 groups, respectively. 4. With species-specific probes, T. socranskii were recovered in a high percentage of sites(81.89%) examined, followed by T. maltophilum(50.0%), T. vincentii(36.20%), T. denticola(13.79%), respectively. With group- specific probes, TRE IV was recovered in a high percentage of sites(85.34%) examined, followed by TRE II(77.58%), TRE I(56.89%), TRE III(25.86%), TRE VI(5.17%), and TRE V(2.58%), respectively. 5. T. vincentii were only observed in the diseased sites, not in the healthy sites. 6. Neither T. pectinovorum nor group VII oral spirochetes were observed in any sites. The findings warrant further investgations of the recovered spirochetes to elucidate the possible associations of oral spirochetal prevalence in race and types of periodontitis, pathogenesis of T. vincentii and the possible distributional change of oral spirochetes before and after treatments.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.116-124
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• 2008

Statement of the problem: Implant systems result in gaps and cavities between implant and abutment that can act as a trap for bacteria and thus possibly cause inflammatory reactions in the peri-implant soft tissues. Purpose: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, related to implant-abutment interface microleakage. Material and methods: Samples were taken from 27 subjects with sterilized paper points and were transported in $1{\times}PBS$. The detection of periodontopathogens were performed by polymerase chain reaction with species-specific primers based on 16S rDNA. Results: Our data showed that the detection rate of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia in implant fixture was 59% and 82% in patients respectively. Detection rate of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia in implant crevice was 44% and 82% in patients. Detection rate of P. gingivalis and P. intermedias in tongue was 82% and 82% in patients. Conclusion: Current implant systems cannot safely prevent microbial leakage and bacterial colonization of the inner part of the implant.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.6 s.89
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• pp.589-600
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• 2001

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has the local tissue regulating actions. In bone, IGF-I increases the replication of osteoblastic lineage, probably preosteoblasts, and enhances osteoblastic collagen synthesis and matrix composition rates. The purpose of this study was to investigate the local regulatory effect of IGF-I on periodontium totally, both in an autocrine and paracrine manner. To examine the effect of IGF-I directly on osteoblast (OB) of test rats, and indirectlv on OB via periodontal ligament fibroblast (PDLF), and the effect of gingival fibroblast (GF) on OB via cellular paracrine manner for the understanding of humoral action of adjacent tissue, GF and PDLF were obtained from male Sprague-Dawley rats of six to eight weeks of age. OB was obtained iron frontal and parietal calvarial bone of Sprague-Dawley 21day-old-fetus. After each tell was Incubated 24 hours, for collecting conditioned medium, different concentrations of IGF-I (1,10,100 ng/ml,1ml/well) was adding in the GF, PDLF cells, and the supernatant from these cultures was put into the primary OB culture with $1{\times}10^4$cell/ml/well. The experimental group was divided into six groups control OB, IGF-I treated OB, OB culture with conditioned medium from PDLF, OB culture with conditioned medium from IGF-I treated PDLF, OB culture with conditioned medium from GF, OB culture with conditioned medium from IGF-I treated GF. After final IGF-I treatment, OB was Incubated for 24 hours, and alkaline phosphatase activity assay, BMP expression, cell proliferation measurement using MTT assay, total protein measurement, Collagen synthesis assay using western blot, and examination of bone nodule synthesis were done. Alkaline phosphatase expressions were increased in the group of PDLF-IGF-I supernatant treatment. Direct IGF-I treatment with concentrations of 100ng/m1 showed increased viable tell number measured by MTT assay. And IGF-I treatment did not increase total protein amount. The entire experimental group showed BMP2, 4 expression in western blot, and there was no significant difference between control and experimental groups. These results suggested that supernatant from PDLF effects on increasing cellular activities of OB regardless of IGF-I, and at high concentration, IGF-I increases OB tell proliferation.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.335-347
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• 2000

치주질환의 진행에 따른 치주조직파괴에 있어 치주조직내 다양한 세포외기질성분을 분해하는 matrix metalloproteinase-3(MMP-3)는 염증반응에 관여하는 세포들로부터 분비된 interleukin-$1{\beta}$(IL-$1{\beta}$)에 의해 유도될 수 있다. 이전 연구에서 치주인대세포에서의 MMP-3 생성이 tetracycline 및 tetracycline 유도체에 의하여 억제될 수 있음이 보고되었다. 이 연구의 목적은 metronidazole 및 doxycycline-HCl을 적용한 후 치은섬유아세포에 IL $1{\beta}$를 적용하여 MMP-3의 생성을 유도한 후 이들 약물들이 치은섬유아세포의 MMP-3 생성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위한 것이다. 건강한 성인으로부터 치주질환이 이환되지않은 상악 제2대구치 후방의 건강한 치은결합 조직을 절취하여 치은섬유아세포를 배양한 후 다양한 농도의 metronidazole (10-$200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) 및 doxycyline-HCl(10-$200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$)을 각각 적용하여 1시간 배양하고 proMMP-3의 활성화를 유도하기 위하여 25ng/ml의 IL-$1{\beta}$을 투여한 후 24시간 배양하여 배양된 세포의 상층 배양액을 추출하고 proMMP-3 ELISA kit를 이용하여 비색정량하였다. 비색정량을 통하여 얻어진 자료들은 독립 t-test와 일원분산분석(ANOVA) 및 사후검정으로 Duncan test를 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Metronidazole 경우 10-$200{\mu}g/ml$의 모든 농도군에서 proMMP-3의 활성도가 억제되었다(p<0.05). 2. Doxycycline-HCl의 경우 $100{\mu}g/ml$ 이하의 농도군에서는 proMMP-3의 활성도가 억제되었으나(p<0.05), $200{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서는 proMMP-3의 활성도가 상승되었다(p<0.05). 3. Metronidazole과 doxycycline-HCl의 대조군에 대한 각 실험농도군의 proMMP-3 생성의 감소비율 비교시 모든 농도군에서 metronidazole이 doxycycline-HCl보다 더 높은 감소율을 보였다. 이상과 같은 결과는 metronidazole(10-$200{\mu}g/ml$)이 doxycycline-HCl($100{\mu}g/ml$ 이하) 보다 더 광범위한 혈중농도에서 IL-$1{\beta}$의한 인체치은섬유아세포내 MMP-3의 활성도를 효과적으로 억제할 수 있음을 시사하였다.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.457-468
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• 2006

It is widely known that individuals with mental retardation (MR) and Down's syndrome (DS) often develop early onset periodontal diseases. In this study, the prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in MR persons and DS patients was compared with normal persons. Plaque index and gingival index were measured. Five periodontopathic bacteria, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum were surveyed in subgingival plaque samples by the polymerase chain reaction. Results : 1. Plaque index and gingival index were higher in MR persons group and DS patients group than normal persons group (p<0.05). 2. The prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in normal persons group were lower than that of MR persons group and DS. Significant differences were observed in the prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. denticola and A. actinomycetemcomitans(P<0.05). 3. Prevalence of P. gingivalis(5.9%) at age 8-10 was lower than other ages in normal persons group, and its prevalence increased with age Prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. denticola and A. actinomycetemcomitans at MR persons group and DS patients group were higher than those of same ages of normal persons group. 4. Plaque index was associated with T. denticola and gingival index was associated with T. denticola and A. actinomycetemcomitans(P<0.05). These results suggested that plaque index, gingival index and prevalence of periodontopathic pathogens, especially P. gingivalis, T. denticola and A actinomycetemcomitans in DS patients group and MR persons group are higher than those of normal persons group.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.378-385
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• 1998

Chloramphenicol주사에 의한 좌골신경손상을 유발한 후 Prednisolone을 이용한 약물처치군, 전침군 및 전침과 약물을 병용한 군에서 각각 회복속도를 비교하였다. 정상보행 횟수, pinching을 통한 감각신경의 통감반응,그리고 병리조직소견 등을 죠사한 결과를 요약 하면 다음과 같다. Enrofloxacin, cefazolin, cephalexin, penicillin 등의 좌골신경주위 주사게 서는 신경마비가 관찰되지 않았으나 chloramphenicol을 주사할 경우에는 좌골신경손상으로 인한 편측성 후지마비가 유발되어 knuckling 반응을 보였다. Chloramphenicol을 투여한후 좌골신경손상에 대한 각 처치에서 정상보행 횟수는 8-12주까지는 침술처치군이 약간 중가하 였으나, 처리군간 유의성은 관찰되지 않았다. 실험기간동안 chloramphenicol 에 의한 신경손 상에 대한 각 처치군별 병리조직 소견은 호전양상이 관찰되지 아니하였다.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.303-312
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between periodontal disease, number of remaining teeth with high-sensitivity C-Reactive protein in Korean adults aged 40 and older. Methods: The study used the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-3), 2015. The study sample consisted of 3,883 aged 40 years or older who had completed the health survey and the health examination. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the odds ratios of high-sensitivity C-Reactive protein by periodontal disease and number of remaining teeth, adjusting for demographic characteristics, chronic diseases and oral health behavior-related variables. Results: When the demographic and chronic diseases were adjusted, the risk of high-sensitivity C-Reactive protein (hs-CRP) average 1.23 mg/L or higher was 1.36 times higher in patients with periodontal disease between the ages of 40 and 49, but it was not significant (OR=1.36; 95% CI=0.82-2.23). In addition, in the group of 0~23 remaining teeth aged 40~49 years, the risk of higher than the average 1.23 mg/L of high-sensitivity C-Reactive protein was 2.03 times higher (OR=2.03; 95% CI=1.10-3.74), and 1.49 times higher in 60~69 years (OR=1.07; 95% CI=1.04-2.76). Conclusions: This study found that periodontal disease and tooth loss in Korean adults aged 40 and older was significantly associated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.5 s.58
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• pp.581-590
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• 1996

Bone resorptiion was predominate in compression site, bone formation in tension site of periodontal ligament during tooth movement. The biologic response at compressiion site was different from tension site. Thus the CGHP immuno-positive nerve fiber will respond differently to mechanical force according to the area( compression or tension site). The purpose of this study was to investigate this response of CGRP immune-positive nerve fiber in the periodontal ligament according to the duration of applied force and the area (compression or tension site) during experimental tooth movement. The experimental animals were 7 week old male rat (approximately 200 gm). The orthodontic force was applied mesially to the right maxillary molar using the Ni-Ti coil spring during 12hours, 1, 3, 7, and 120days. Immunohistochemical staining using antibody against CGRP was performed after sacrifice. The results were as follows. The CGRP immune-positive nerve bundle showed reduced immunoreactivity and nerve fibers reduced in density after application of orthodontic force for 12 hours and 1day. The CGRP immune-positive nerve fibers showed many thin branches at the apical periodontal ligament after application of force for 3 days as compared with normal. The tension site in the apical periodontal ligament showed more branches than the compression site. In 7 day group, the CGRP immune-positive nerve fibers increased in terms of the number and had many thin branches in the apical periodontal ligament. The tension site had more branches than the compression site. In 12 day group, the CGRP immune-positive nerve fibers showed similar distribution to normal control at compression site of apical periodontal ligament, but the fibers at the tension site increased in number. The CGRP immuno-positive nerve fibers showed more increased at tension site than compression site after application of orthodontic force. Therefore it seems to have some relation to the bone remodeling besides the local inflammatory process.