• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.325-330
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• 2022

While swimming is a very popular competitive sports activity, swimming injuries are unique due to the repetitive nature of the swimming stroke and demanding training programs that can result in upper limb overuse. Therefore, the primary objective of this review was to analyze swimmers' injury areas, injury types by stroke type, and swimming rehabilitation, as well as to discuss safety management for improving swimming performance. In this study, the injuries incurred in swimming events were discussed in the order of upper limb injuries (neck, shoulder, arm, and wrist), lower limb injuries (knee and ankle), and waist injuries. An analysis by stroke type found that shoulder injuries occurred most often with freestyle, backstroke, and butterfly strokes, followed by rotator cuff injury, impingement syndrome, and SLAP (superior labral tear from anterior to posterior) lesions. Knee injuries were associated with the breaststroke, whereas spinal cord injuries occurred with the breaststroke and butterfly stroke. Finally, back injuries were associated with the butterfly stroke. During the freestyle stroke, the shoulder undergoes repetitive overhead movement; hence, shoulder and musculoskeletal pain are the most common and well-documented complaints of swimmers. For safety management, coaches and instructors must ensure that athletes do sufficient warm-up and cool-down exercises to avoid injuries. In case of an injury, they should be familiar with first aid measures so that secondary damage can be prevented with its quick application. In addition, coaches and instructors need to be trained in injury prevention and treatment so that they can provide appropriate rehabilitation treatment for athletes. Although swimming-related injuries cannot be completely eliminated, to reduce them to a minimum, leaders need the knowledge to apply scientific and systematic training principles and methods individualized for each athlete.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.600-612
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is concerned with an investigation of the actual condition of traumatic injuries of teeth and supporting structures in children to set up possible criteria for prevention and treatment of injured teeth. The materials consisted of the clinical records of 431 traumatically injured teeth of 212 children, accumulated during two years from the first of April in 1998 to the end of March in 2000, supplied from the Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, Chonbuk National University Hospital. The incidence of injuries in boys was extremely high for permanent teeth, twice as high as in girls. Accidents to primary teeth were most common from 1 to 2 years of age and to permanent teeth were most from 8 to 9 years of age. The most common cause of trauma was a fall for both primary and permanent teeth, followed by collision. The anterior teeth in maxilla was most frequently affected by trauma in both the primary and permanent teeth. The most common type of trauma were loosening for the primary teeth, followed by luxation types which included the intrusion, displacement and extrusion and complete avulsion types. For the permanent teeth, the most common type of trauma were tooth fracture. The most common trauma of soft tissue was laceration of upper lip, lower lip and gingiva of maxilla Concerning treatment at the first visit, primary teeth with only loosening and concussion were not usually treated. Permanent teeth were often treated by crown restorations for crown fractures and by endodontic procedures for pulpal exposure. Though we could elucidate actual condition of traumatic injuries of teeth in children, we should make a follow-up survey to ensure the prognosis of injured teeth and establish the most desirable criteria for traumatized teeth in children.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.403-408
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• 2015

A text-based communication system has been developed with a communication function on AIS and display and input function on ECDIS as a way to complement voice communication. It features no linguistic error and is not affected by VHF restrictions on use and noise. The text communication system is designed to use messages for clear intentions and further improves convenience of users by using various UI through software. It works without additional hardware installation and modification and can transmit a sentence by selecting only via Message Banner Interface without keyboard input and furthermore has a advantage to enhance processing speed through its own message coding and decoding. It is determined as the most useful alternative to reduce language limitations and recognition errors of the user and solve the problem of various voice communications on VHF. In addition, it will help to prevent collisions between ships with decrease in VHF use, accurate communication and request of cooperation based on text at heavy traffic areas.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.232-239
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• 2018

Our study aims to provide a guideline of deer-proof fence heights to prevent roadkill of water deer (Hydropotes inermis), the most frequently killed by a vehicle collision, in South Korea. With 27 water deer in deer ecology center of the National Institute of Ecology, we measured the ability of water deer to jump gradually higher fences from 0.5cm by 10cm until the deterrence rate reached 100%. Ourresultrevealed that the deterrence rate became 96.7% at the fence height of 1.5m and the rate reached 100% at the 1.8m. We believe that our result provides the fundamental information to prepare a standard of deer-proof fence height. This evidence-based standard will contribute to improving the guideline for wildlife crossing construction and management, established by Ministry of Environment Korea.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.153-171
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• 2011

The welfare system and the direction of the welfare policy have been unable to escape greatly from the frame of the past against the facts that the external environments of the national economy of the world including Korea have been changing in quick and rapid speed. Such results have caused the issues related with the welfare, economy and society ended in the ideological collision in connection with the goals of the policy, the right agreement between the policies lacked, and the intervention and conflict between the interest group concerning the policy continued. Social policy of Korea in the past had the level of complementing the parts which could not be solved through the growth. Employment creation had been achieved continuously backed up by the high rate of growth. And the low aging level, the young population structure, and the high rate of childbirth had been the structures that made such achievement possible. New economic, social and welfare environment at home and abroad has been requesting new change in welfare policy. Goal of the economic and social policy is to construct the safe economic and social system. And what has been requested has been the formation of the economic and social policy orienting the welfare nation in form of social investment and welfare expansion. Also the direction in strengthening the welfare system of Korea shall have the balance between the protection and activation strength with the necessity of converting to the prevention welfare from the post welfare. Also the public part, market, the 3rd sector and the share of the role of an individual shall be achieved. And what is needed is the achievement of the transfer from the paradigm of residual welfare to the universal welfare. And such improvements of the welfare system will be able to elevate the possible continuity of the system in long term basis through the improvement of the welfare system.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.318-325
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• 2015

Korea has very strong shipbuilding industry in the world, so many new ships are constructed in Korean shipyards. These built vessels are carrying out sea trial at sea before delivering to shipowner, and sea trial ships cause navigation risk to other passing vessels to accomplish sea trial tests as quick turning, zigzag maneuvering and crash astern etc. in traffic congestion conditions. It occurred more than 1 collision accident related sea trial for recent 5 years. It has been increased about 30% of risk because of navigation of sea trial vessel by marine traffic flow simulation. This paper analyzed marine traffic density surveyed by AIS data for 7 days, and investigated position of marine accidents for 5 years in Korean coastal waterway, it established the sea trial prohibition areas as 10/100 level of total marine traffic volume, which is considered no danger for ship operator. This analyzed maritime safety law for setting of the prohibition waters to propose the basic legal system. It makes contribution to marine pollution prevention by setting of the sea trial prohibition water to improve the ship's navigation safety.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.615-623
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• 2020

In order to prevent the dangers of major marine accidents, it is very important to be aware of in advance through marine incidents in the background of Heinrich's law, formulated by the safety pioneer who is credited with focusing on workplace safety with emphasis on the human element. At least 11 cases of collision accidents occurred in the Busan VTS area from January 1st to December 31st, 2019, and 24 cases of VTS marine incidents were reported during the same period. According to Heinrich's law, there could be many more potentially risky situations besides the 24 reported cases. In this study, the criteria for VTS marine incidents were established through advanced research and a survey of VTS operators, and analysis of 24 cases of VTS marine incidents in the Busan VTS area. Traffic surveys were conducted for three days to identify potentially hazardous situations. According to the survey, there were 216 cases of VTS marine incidents, and within a year, it is estimated there could be about 26,280 cases. Even if conditions such as "missing VHF communication feedback" which is an important cause of marine incidents, are not reflected, there are many potential risks in the VTS area. Thus, it is vital to strengthen the VTS marine incident reporting system.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.563-571
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• 2020

The purpose of a utility tunnel is to prevent repeated excavation as well as disasters and calamity. Domestic utility tunnels have been built in new town development plans. Currently, it is difficult to establish a utility tunnel due to a conflict of opinions by organization and financing. In this paper, research was conducted based on systematic procedures to suggest ways of improving the activation of utility tunnels in new cities and existing cities. First, a survey was conducted on the laws and status of utility tunnels, and problems were derived based on the review and analysis of the status. Finally, a method suggesting improvement measures to solve problems was applied. Based on the related laws and problems, the status of the development project was analyzed to select the installation scale in the utility tunnel, and the appropriate scale was reviewed through economic feasibility analysis of the installation scale under 2 million square meters. Considering the new city and the existing city, it was proposed to support administrative expenses to reduce the burden on additional installation areas and occupied institutions in a utility tunnel. In addition, improvement plans were presented for the details of the master plan for reviewing the installation regional of the utility tunnel. This paper will help officials to work smoothly when planning and installing utility tunnels in the future.

• Strategy21
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• s.45
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• pp.5-32
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• 2019

The paper introduces US Indo-Pacific Strategy and discusses its meanings and implications for international security and our strategy. It tries to look at the Indo-Pacific strategy(IPS) through the lenses of international political theories. The paper provides three important observations. First, the US Indo-Pacific strategy is a declaration of the national identity of the US as an Indo-Pacific nation. The paper argues that the IPS reflects the US leadership that would facilitate the formation of, so called, the Indo-Pacific community. In arguing these points, the paper notes that the IPS has rich elements of constructivist approaches including norms and national identity. Second, the paper observes that the IPS report serves as an effective deterrent strategy. The IPS does not call out China as an enemy. But, it tries to deter against a range of actors including China by warning that whoever violates the rules-based order in the region would have consequences. Third, the paper maintains that the IPS is an effort by the US to mitigate the risk of a great power war between the US (an established power) and China (a challenging power) because the IPS articulates the United States's willingness to work with China as long as it plays by the rules. There will be challenges to the US and other countries in the region including South Korea particularly because of economic interdependence. However, the paper argues that the IPS stands for an optimistic sign of the future security in the Indo-Pacific region because it is a manifestation of the US for its national will to defend the status quo characterized as Pax Americana which has been maintained since the end of the Second World War. It also argues that South Korea also can, and should make the most of this opportunity by enhancing our capacity in national defense.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.497-503
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• 2018

Passenger ships and training ships have a common feature in that they serve many passengers. Thus, safe navigation is very important. During normal sailing, a ship may turn using various types of steering, including maneuvers to avoid collisions with dangerous target. When a ship turns, a heeling angle occurs. If trouble arises during sailing, a dangerous heeling angle may result or a capsizing accident. In this study, the heeling angle during turning was measured through experimentation with two training ships similar to passenger ships. These findings were compared with theoretical formulas for heeling angle when turning. We confirmed that the limit of the maximum heeling angle estimation using heeling angle formula when turning presented in IMO stability criteria. In addition, it was confirmed that the maximum estimated heeling angle can be reached by applying the result calculated in the theoretical formula 1.4 times when turning right and 1.1 times when turning left to reflect sailing speed when of rudder hard over. It is expected that this study will provide basis data for establishing safe operation standards for the prevention of dangerous heeling angles when turning.