• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.49-54
• /
• 2000

Background: Echocardiography is rapidly establishing itself as the primary diagnostic technique for investigation of children with heart diseases, and referrals are increasing to the pediatric cardiology clinic for investigation. However, because there is a lack of analyzed data on the patients referred to the pediatric cardiology clinics, we have proceeded to compare and analyze their characteristics to provide basic data base. Methods: From Oct. 1, 1998 to Jul. 10, 1999, total 443 cases referred to the pediatric cardiology clinic of Yeungnam University Hospital were studied retrospectively by medical records, chest X-ray, EKG and echocardiography, etc. Results: The results were as follows. 1. The proportion of male was 61.0%(261 cases) and that of female was 39.0%(67 cases). The ratio of male to female was 1.6:1. The proportion infants less than 1 year-old was 62.6% (26R cases) of all patients. 2. Cardiac murmur was present in 248 cases(57.9%), which was the most common case of referral ed to the pediatric cardiology clinic. The impression at referral was more congenital heart disease(70.6%) than acquired heart disease(17.8%) and arrhythmia01.6%). 3. The final diagnosis was as follows : congenital heart disease was present in 212 cases(49.5%), acquired heart disease, 59 cases(13.9%); arrhythmia. 13 cases(3.0%); normal heart. 144 cases(33.6%). Conclusion: Among the patients referred to pediatric cardiology clinic, 33.6%(144 cases) had normal hearts and why these patients were referred may be possibly due to more dependence on echocardiography than on auscultation instruction. Therefore, clinical and auscultatory skill should be emphasized to minimize dependence on expensive echocardiography for evaluation of pediatric heart disease.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.197-209
• /
• 2018

Recently, many start-up failures occur as the number of attempts to start a business increases in a social atmosphere that encourages start-up. In particular, young entrepreneurs have a lower survival rate than general entrepreneurs because young entrepreneurs are challenging just with a simple idea to overcome the difficulties of employment while lacking prior knowledge and experience of business. Therefore, the reason for the failure of start-up is lack of preparation for start-up and lack of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this study is to develop a measurement tool to build a basic framework for entrepreneurship development and start - up preparation activities for young people. To develop an entrepreneurship measurement tool, researchers developed a preliminary question through qualitative research methods such as literature research, focus group interview, and expert verification. After that, researchers surveyed 102 entrepreneurs using quantitative research method and to verify the construct validity of the measurement tool, the final entrepreneurship measurement tool was completed through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The entrepreneurship measurement tool developed through this research process consists of 7 components and 15 measurement items. First, in the step of 'confirming entrepreneurial intention', two items of 'self-analytic competence', three items of 'ability of establishing start-up philosophy'are contained. Second, in the step of 'drawing up a start-up model', two items are contained in each category such as, 'ability of eliciting entrepreneurial idea,' 'ability of analyzing idea validity,' 'competence of planning a venture start-up model'. Third, in the step of 'planning the venture start-up,' two items are contained in each category such as, 'business-plan presentation competency,' 'ability of implementing organizational system.'. The measurement tool of entrepreneurship is meaningful as it could help young entrepreneur find out their lacking competence in preparing their start-ups and strengthen necessary competences by measuring their own entrepreneurship. Rather in the entrepreneurship education, basic data that can diagnose the entrepreneurship of young entrepreneurs is provided.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.296-301
• /
• 2009

In order to investigate the effect of different yeasts (La Parisienne (LP), Y18-2, Y54-3, Y90-2, Y90-9 and Y272-7) from nuruks on the quality of Glutinous rice wines, physicochemical properties and volatile flavor components were evaluated. Glutinous rice wines prepared with different yeasts were analyzed for ethanol, pH, total acid, amino acid, soluble solid, coloring degree, UV absorbance, reducing sugar, organic acid, free sugar and volatile compounds. After fermentation for 17 days, the ethanol contents ranged from 13.40 to 14.50%, while the total acid levels were from 0.33 to 0.44%. The amino acid contents in six samples ranged from 0.13 to 0.18%, while soluble solid contents ranged from 12.1 to $14.7^{\circ}Bx$. The glutinous rice wine prepared with LP showed the highest level of coloring degree, soluble solid and reducing sugar among six samples. Organic acid contents of the glutinous rice wine prepared with LP had the highest levels of lactic acid and acetic acid, while the glutinous rice wine prepared with Y90-9 had the highest level of succinic acid. In all glutinous rice wines tested, the most abundant free sugars were glucose followed by maltose. Volatile flavor components in the glutinous rice wines were identified by using GC-MSD. Nineteen esters, ten alcohols, eight acids, one aldehyde and one miscellaneous compound were identified in the glutinous rice wines. Using relative peak area, it was found that other than ethyl alcohol, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester was the major component, predominantly found in the range of 2.73-10.41%. Phenylethyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate and tetradecanoic acid ethyl ester were some of the major volatile components present through the fermentation, respectively. Overall, it was shown that different yeast strains from nuruks greatly affected chemical and volatile characteristics of the glutinous rice wines.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.317-325
• /
• 1994

The accuracy of dipyridamole stress/rest $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI myocardial imaging for detection of ischemia depends on reproducible image interpretation. To evaluate the reproducibility of visual assessment, agreement in interpretation among two independent observers, blind-ed to clinical data, was evaluated in SPECT images of 131 patients (94 males, 38 females; mean age $58{\pm}7yr$) with suspected coronary artery disease who underwent both dipyridamole stress/rest $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI myocardial SPECT and coronary angiography. The left ventricle was divided into twenty-nine segments in stress and rest SPECT images and each segment was visually graded according to a five-point scale (segmental score : 0=normal, 1=equivocal, 2=mild decrease, 3=severe decrease and 4=absent uptake). Overall concordance of segmental scoring between the two observers was 80%. The Pear-son's correlation coefficient (r) of the segmental scores for stress and rest images were 0.67 and 0.65, respectively, while the difference in score between the two images showed a correlation of 0.45 (all p<0.001). Agreement between two observers in final SPECT diagnosis as absence or presence of disease was 93%. The degree of agreement in segmental scoring showed no difference between patients with or without agreement as to the presence of disease. Therefore it appeared that cases with inconcordant diagnosis between the 2 observers were mainly due to a difference in individual threshold for interpretating the significance of a particular decreased uptake area rather than to a difference in perceiving the degree of the hypoactivity Thus, establishment of individual optimum thresholds in visual interpretation of myocardial SPECT may be helpful to improve reproducibility and accuracy of scan diagnosis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.69-74
• /
• 2010

Black garlic has recently received significant attention due to its various health functional properties, and there has been an increase in demand for its use as a functional food. This study was performed to determine the optimum concentration for the fermentation of black garlic yakju. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the fermented black garlic yakju was examined. The alcohol content in the black garlic yakju significantly increased for 6 days and the pH gradually increased as the concentration of black garlic increased. The reducing sugar content at each black garlic concentration was maximal when it was fermented for 24 hours, and then rapidly decreased at longer fermentation periods. The main organic acids were lactic, citric, malic and oxalic acid. Also, the lactic acid content increased as the concentration of the black garlic increased where as the content of other organic acids decreased. The total polyphenol content, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity of black garlic yakju increased as the concentration of black garlic increased. The sensory characteristics of fermented black garlic yakju were evaluated in terms of color, flavor, taste and overall acceptability, and the highest overall acceptability value was obtained for yakju containing a black garlic concentration of 1-3%. Therefore, the optimum concentration of black garlic was determined to be 1% for the production of high quality black garlic yakju.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.79-91
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine how much secondary school home economics teachers paid attention to performance assessment, to what extent and in which way they carried it out and how much support was given to that. It's basically meant to help provide more systematic support for performance assessment. The instrument used in this study was an Interest-Based Reform Adoption Model developed by Hall. Hord and et. al. at Texas University Research & Development Center for Teacher Education. and the subjects in this study were home economics teachers from 95 secondary schools in Gyeonggi province. After a survey was conducted by mail. the responses from 157 teachers were chosen for analysis. For data handling. SPSS/WIN program was utilized, and statistical data on mean. standard deviation and percentage were obtained. In addition. t-test and ANOVA were employed. The major findings of this study were as follows: First. as for their type of interest in performance assessment. influential type(35.0%) was most common. followed by confident type (29.3%). indifferent type(20.4%) and task type(15.3%). Second, regarding their implementation. every teacher carried out performance assessment. The largest group of the teachers fulfilled it as part of routine daily schedule(60 teachers. 38.2%). which could be called the level 4. The second largest group tried to integrate performance assessment to education programs(53 teachers. 33.8%). which could be called the level 5. The third largest group implemented it without making careful preparations for that(26 teachers. 16.6%). which could be called the level 3. and the fourth largest group tried to reinvent it(11 teachers. 7.0%), which could be called the level 6. The fifth largest group was in the middle of researching it(5 teachers, 3.2%). which could be called the level 1. And the sixth largest group was in the course of making preparations for that(2 teachers. 1.3%) . which could be named the level 2. Third. concerning how much they found themselves to be supported about performance assessment. they eave three or less marks to that. which showed that they weren't supported sufficiently There was little gap among them in their concern for performance assessment and its implementation levels. and this fact suggested that there wasn't satisfactory backup for their performance assessment.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.116-129
• /
• 2013

Objectives: This study was performed to identify the associations of social capital with suicidal thoughts and attempts in Korean communities with poor health. Methods: We used the data from community health interviews conducted at 40 administrative sections (dong, eup, or myeon) with high mortality from August to October in 2010, 2011, and 2012 as part of the Health Plus Happiness Plus Projects in Gyeongsangnam-do Province. The 8,800 study subjects composed of 220 adults systematically sampled from each administrative section were asked if they had thought about suicide or had attempted suicide within 1 year. The social participation was measured with 'participation in formal and/or informal group' and trust using responses to three questions about trust of others. Results: The prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempt within 1 year were 10.4% and 0.8%, respectively. The logistic regression analysis revealed that those who participated in only informal groups, or had highest trust level reported less suicidal ideation, or attempt after adjusting for socio-demographic factors (sex, age, marital status, occupation, and food affordability), self-rated health, and health behaviors (smoking, alcohol drinking, and exercise). Conclusions: This study suggested social capital such as social participation and trust was associated with less suicide ideation and attempt. More studies are warranted for the association of social capital with suicidal behavior.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.103 no.1
• /
• pp.129-136
• /
• 2014

This study aims to investigate the effect of frequency of using forest environment on workers' stress. Workers in medical and counseling industry, which is recently known to require heavy emotional burden and thus cause a lot of stress and burnout syndrome, participated in the study. We classified 370 subjects, who were working at medical and counseling service institutions in Seoul metropolitan area, into two groups according to frequency of using forest environment by conducting a screening survey. 69 subjects submitted written consent and were recruited for either forest therapy program or control-group test; the "high" group (n=27) at the high frequency of using forest environment and the "low" group (n=42) at the low level. We measured the level of stress by using psychosocial indicators such as Worker's Stress Response Inventory (WSRI), Recovery Experience Questionnaire (REQ), and Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and biological ones such as heart rate variability (HRV), cortisol, and Natural Killer cell (NK cell). The results suggested that the level of stress differed by frequency. The "high" group showed significantly low scores in the depression and work sub-scale and the total score of WSRI, emotional exhaustion, professional efficacy and total score of MBI-GS, and high scores in the total score of REQ. Similar tendencies were observed in the most of other indicators of psychosocial measures. Regarding the biological indicators, the "high" group showed the highest SDNN, RMSSD and TP measures of HRV and NK Cell activity and the low cortisol, although the statistical power did not reach the significant level. Our results suggest that the subjects who use forest environment frequently show favorable stress level both psychologically and biologically.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.439-448
• /
• 2002

Pulmonary artery banding (PAB) in the functional univentricular heart (UVH) is a palliative procedure for staging toward the Fontan procedure; however, it is known to be a risk factor. Material and method： The records of all 37 patients with functional UVHs who underwent surgical palliation using PAB between September 1989 and August 1999 were reviewed retrospectively. We investigated the aortic arch obstruction, the development and progression of subaortic stenosis after PAB, and risk factor of mortality according to surgical method. Result： In 37 neonates and infants with single ventricular physiology, aortic arch obstruction was combined in 7. There were 6 early deaths (16.2%) after PAB and 3 late deaths (8.1%) after Fontan operation. The actuarial overall survival including early mortality at 3 and 5 years were 80.7$\pm$6.6%, 72.2$\pm$8.2% respectively. Among 31 patients who survived PAB, 27 patients (87.1 %) could become candidates for Fontan operation； 22 patients (71.0%) completed Fontan operation with 3 deaths and 5 were waiting bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt(BCPS) or Fontan operation (follow-up mean 4.5 year, minimal 2 year). Subaortic stenosis developed in 8 patients after PAB (8/29, 27.6%)； 3 cases in the patients without arch anomaly (3/22, 13.6%) and 5 in those with arch anomaly (5/7, 71.4%). The subaortic stenosis was managed with Damus-Kaye-Stansel procedure (DKS) in 6 patients without operative mortality and conal septum resection in 2 without long-term survivor. Analysis of risk factors established that aortic arch obstruction was strongly associated with subaortic stenosis (p＜0.001). The only risk factor of late mortality was Fontan procedure without staged palliation by BCPS (p=0.001). Conclusion： PAB is effective as an initial palliative step in functional UVH. And the high risk group of patients with aortic obstruction can undergo effective short-term PAB as an initial palliative step, with subsequent DKS for subaortic stenosis. This strategy, initial PAB and careful surveillance, and early relief of subaortic stenosis can maintain acceptable anatomy and hemodynamics for later Fontan procedures.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.17 no.12
• /
• pp.1660-1668
• /
• 2007

The non-ionic surfactant (NIS) Tween 80 was evaluated for its ability to influence invitro cumulative gas production, dry matter digestibility, cellulolytic enzyme activities, anaerobic microbial growth rates, and adhesion to substrates by mixed rumen microorganisms on rice straw, alfalfa hay, cellulose filter paper and tall fescue hay. The addition of NIS Tween 80 at a level of 0.05% increased significantly (P<0.05) in vitro DM digestibility, cumulative gas production, microbial growth rate and cellulolytic enzyme activity from all of substrates used in this study. In vitro cumulative gas production from the NIS-treated substrates; rice straw, alfalfa hay, filter paper and tall fescue hay was significantly (P<0.05) improved by 274.8, 235.2, 231.1 and 719.5% compared with the control, when substrates were incubated for 48 hr in vitro. The addition of 0.05% NIS Tween 80 to cultures growing on alfalfa hay resulted in a significant increase in CMCase (38.1%), xylanase (121.4%), Avicelase (not changed) and amylase (38.2%) activities after 36 h incubation. These results indicated that the addition of 0.05% Tween 80 could greatly stimulate the release of some kinds of cellulolytic enzymes without decreasing cell growth rate in contrast to trends reported with aerobic microorganism. Our SEM observation showed that NIS Tween. 80 did not influence the microbial adhesion to substrates used in the study. Present data clearly show that improved gas production, DM digestibility and cellulolytic enzyme activity by Tween 80 is not due to increased bacterial adhesion on the substrates.