• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of bread containing Houttuynia cordata Thunb. powder (HTP; in ratios of 0, 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0% of the total flour). We found that addition of HTP decreased the pH of dough, whereas the pH of bread remained unchanged. HTP caused no significant change in dough volume during fermentation. Baking loss did not show significant difference between HTP containing bread and control. However, we found changes in bread volume with the most pronounced decrease observed in bread containing 0.1% HTP. Lightness and redness of the inner crumb were decreased by the addition of HTP, whereas yellowness was increased. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging activity and total polyphenol contents were increased significantly by the addition of HTP. The overall acceptability of bread containing 0.5% HTP was better than that of control.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.510-516
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• 1991

To improve the stability of frozen yeast raised dough for doughnuts, amounts of sugar, sodium steroyl lactylate(SSL) and $KBrO_{3}$ to be added to the premix were optimized, using the fractional factorial design with 3 variables and 3 levels, by a RSM computer program. The optimum sugar, SSL and$KBrO_{3}$ levels to be added to the premix were 2%, 0.3% and 25 ppm for a desired doughnut volume, and 2%, 0.4% and 10 ppm for a desired doughnut texture, and 2%, 0.4% and 20 ppm, respectively, for an overall optimum quality of doughnuts. The frozen stored yeast raised dough prepared without floor time resulted in better doughnut volume and texture than that with floor time. The yeast raised dough prepared with the formula for overall optimum quality, was formed to ‘plain ring’ type doughnuts and stored at $-18^{\circ}C$ for 5 weeks. Volume and texture of fried doughnuts were comparable to those of control for 2 weeks of storage, and then deteriorated noticeablly from 3 weeks of storage.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 2000

In this study, the data used for the models were a set of 56 geologic estimates of long-term fault slip rates. The hest models were those in which mantle drag was convergent on the Transverse Ranges in the San Andreas fault system, and faults had a low friction (${\mu}$= 0.3). It is clearly important to decide whether these cases of low strength are local anomalies or whether they are representative. Furthermore, it would be helpful to determine fault strength in as many tectonic settings as possible. Analysis of data was considered by unsuspected sources of pore pressure, or even to question the relevance of the friction law. To contribute to the solution of this problem, three attempts were tried to apply finite element method that would permit computational experiments with different hypothesized fault rheologies. The computed model has an assumed rheology and plate tectonic boundary conditions, and produces predictions of present surface velocity, strain rate, and stress. The results of model will be acceptably close to reality in its predictions of mean fault slip rates, stress directions and geodetic data. This study suggests some implications of the thermoelastic characteristics to interpret the relationship with very low strength of San Andreas fault system.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.86-92
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• 2012

A characteristic study of chlorine dioxide generation by the electrolysis system was performed after chlorite ($ClO_2^-$) is adsorbed from sodium chlorite by a polymer ion exchange resin. A strongly basic anion exchange resin was used and a Ti plate coated with Ru and Ir was used as an electrode. Various parameters such as reaction stirring velocity, reaction temperature, chlorine dioxide product concentration, ion exchange resin content and product maker type for the adsorption quantity in the chlorite adsorption of ion exchange resin were investigated and found the ion exchange resin with the maximum adsorption quantity. A generation trend of chlorine dioxide was observed by the electrolysis system and optimum conditions on the desired value were found using response surface design of DOE (Design of Experiments). The strongly basic anion exchange resin with the maximum adsorption quantity was SAR-20 (TRILITE Gel type II) and the adsorption quantity was around 110 mg/IER (g). Observed generation optimum conditions of chlorine dioxide were constant-current (electrode area base; $A/dm^2$) and flow rate of $N_2$ gas (4.7 L/min) at the desired value of sterilization (900~1000 ppm, 1 h).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.341-346
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• 2013

The disappearance of seaweed flora in some rocky areas, which is known as algal whitening, barren ground, coralline flats, or deforested areas, is associated with some species of coralline algae. To determine the biological characteristics of a representative species of crustose coralline alga, the 18S rDNA gene was sequenced to identify the genus Lithophyllum. According to its morphological and distributional characteristics, it was deduced to be L. yessoense. Viability was measured using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and showed high viability from December to February. Culture conditions of $16^{\circ}C$, a 16 hr light, 8 hr dark cycle, and 30 ${\mu}E/m^2/s$ light intensity were optimal for maintaining the viability of the alga for up to five days. Included in the fatty acids was 9.7% ${\omega}$-3 eicosapentaenoic acid. An electron microscopy scan of the surface structure revealed round craters about 3.6 ${\mu}m$ in diameter, which were covered with rough, irregular, and angular polygon-shaped structures about 1.0 to 3.7 ${\mu}m$ in size. Based on the composition and structure found in our study, biomimetic coralline alga might become an environmentally friendly antifouling material against the attachment of soft foulants.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 1982

Chungkook-jang Koji was fermented with rice straw at $40^{\circ}C\;and\;50^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours. The changes of proximate composition, pH, titrable acidity, nitrogen compounds, protease activity and free-amino acids during the fermentation were investigated. Moisture, lipid and protein contents remained essentially unchanged during the fermentation. The pH was gradually increased from 6.4 to 7.46 and 7.82 at $40^{\circ}C\;and\;50^{\circ}C$, respectively, after 72 hour fermentation. Amino type and water soluble nitrogen increased as fermentation progressed. however, the former slightly decreased after 60 hour fermentation. Chungkook-jang fermented at $40^{\circ}C$ showed somewhat higher protease activity than $50^{\circ}C$. However, protease activity at both fermentation temperatures showed the same trend; that is, it increased until 48 hour fermentation and thereafter decrease. Free amino acid content of Chung-kook-jang after 72 hour fermentation at $40^{\circ}C$ was 6 times greater than that of the steamed soybean, while it was 2.5 times greater at $50^{\circ}C$. Based on these results. it seems that the optimum fermentation conditions for Chungkook-jang were $40^{\circ}C$ and 72 hours.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.142-153
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• 2016

In crime scene investigation, fingerprint identification is regarded to be one of the most important techniques for personal identification. However, objective and unbiased evaluation methods that would compare the fingerprints with diverse available and developing methods are currently lacking. To develop an objective and quantitative method to improve fingerprint evaluation, a preliminary study was performed to extract useful research information from the analysis with densitometric image analysis (CP Atlas 2.0) and the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) for the developed fingerprints on porous surfaces. First, inked fingerprints obtained by varying pressure (kg.f) and pressing time (sec.) to find optimal conditions for obtaining fingerprint samples were analyzed, because they could provide fingerprints of a relatively uniform quality. The extracted number of minutiae from the analysis with AFIS was compared with the calculated areas of friction ridge peaks from the image analysis. Inked fingerprints with a pressing pressure of 1.0 kg.f for 5 seconds provided the most visually clear fingerprints, the highest number of minutiae points, and the largest average area of the peaks of the friction ridge. In addition, the images of the developed latent fingerprints on thermal paper with the iodine fuming method were analyzed. Fingerprinting condition of 1.0 kg.f/5 sec was also found to be optimal when generating highest minutiae number and the largest average area of peaks of ridges. Additionally, when the concentration of ninhydrin solution (0.5 % vs. 5 %) was used to compare the developed latent fingerprints on print paper, the best fingerprinting condition was 2.0 kg.f/5 sec and 5 % of ninhydrin concentration. It was confirmed that the larger the average area of the peaks generated by the image analysis, the higher the number of minutiae points was found. With additional tests for fingerprint evaluation using the densitometric image analysis, this method can prove to be a new quantitative and objective assessment method for fingerprint development.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.258-265
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• 2009

To develop environmentally friendly constructed wetlands(CWs) for treating domestic sewage which was produced in farming and fishing village, the efficiency of water treatment at different ventilation systems in the vertical bed, depths of horizontal bed, and sewage loads was investigated. In the vertical bed, BOD and COD by duplex ventilation system were lower than those by single ventilation system. But T-N and T-P concentrations by both ventilation systems in the vertical bed were little different. In the horizontal bed, BOD, COD, T-N and T-P in 1.0 m and 1.3 m depths were little different. To reduce the CWs' area and to improve the pollutant removal efficiencies, the optimum depth of horizontal bed was 1.3 m. In single and duplex ventilation CWs, the removal rate of BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P decreased slightly with the sewage load increases. In same sewage load conditions, the removal rates of BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P by duplex ventilation CWs were higher than those by single ventilation CWs. In summary, to effectively treat domestic sewage from farming and fishing village, the optimum constructed wetlands would be the duplex ventilation CWs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1186-1191
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• 2006

Removal efficiency of As(III) through oxidation and adsorption in column reactors was investigated at different ratios of manganese-coated sand(MCS) and iron-coated sand(ICS) : MCS-alone, ICS-alone and both of ICS and MCS. The breakthrough of arsenic immediately occurred from a column reactor with MCS-alone. However, most of the arsenic present in the effluent was identified as As(V) due to the oxidation of As(III) by MCS. While five-times delayed breakthrough of arsenic was observed from a column reactor with ICS-alone. At a complete breakthrough of arsenic, the removed As(III) was 36.1 mg with 1 kg ICS. To find an optimum ratio of ICS and MCS in the column packed with both ICS and MCS, the removal efficiency of As(III) was investigated at three different ratios of ICS/MCS with a fixed amount of ICS. The breakthrough time of arsenic was quite similar in the different ratios ICS/MCS. However, much slower breakthrough of arsenic was observed as the ratio of ICS/MCS decreased. As the ratio of ICS/MCS decreased the concentration of As(III) in the effluent decreased and then showed below 50 ppb at an equal amount of ICS and MCS, suggesting more efficient oxidation of As(III) by greater amount of MCS. When a complete breakthrough of arsenic occurred, the removed total arsenic with an equal amount of ICS and MCS was 68.5 mg with 1 kg of filter material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1346-1355
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of black jujube and Zizyphus jujube extracts during lactic acid fermentation. Both extracts were fermented using Lactobacillus fermentum YL-3. As a result, viable cell number rapidly increased until 24 hours, after which it gradually decreased. Before lactic acid fermentation, the $IC_{50}$ of black jujube, which was 0.014 mg/mL, was lower than that of Zizyphus jujube. Further, black jujube showed stronger antioxidant activity (374.21 mg AA eq/g) than Zizyphus jujube. Contents of total polyphenolics in both extracts were 15.46 mg/g and 13.61 mg/g, respectively, whereas contents of total flavonoids were 374.21 ${\mu}g/g$ and 64.25 ${\mu}g/g$. After lactic acid fermentation, there was no significant increase in DPPH or ABTS free radical scavenging activity. Total polyphenolic content of Zizyphus jujube decreased to 12.39 mg/g upon fermentation, whereas flavonoid content significantly increased to 291.58 ${\mu}g/g$. Further, polyphenolic and flavonoid contents of black jujube increased from 15.46 mg/g to 17.46 mg/g and from 374.21 ${\mu}g/g$ to 1,135.29 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively. These results demonstrate that 9-Times Steamed and Dried increased functional components. Especially, lactic acid fermented black jujube showed remarkably high antioxidant activity. These results confirm the potential use of lactic acid fermented black jujube as a valuable resource for the development of functional foods.