• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.255-269
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• 2011

The purpose of study has to analyze with non destructive method for researching the tool that could be measured with the status of record written on Hanji speedily. Because the original record should be destructed for analyzing with previous method in the case of the paper record, it was to develop the tool based on non destructive method for overcoming such limit. The study was used with FT NIR (Fourier transform NIR) for analyzing the Hanji for being written and preserved. The FT NIR spectrometer that of NIR spectrometer has the better performance of precision and accuracy than dispersive NIR spectrometer was used. Also the wavelength of FT-NIR was measured with 12,500 to 4,000 $cm^{-1}$, and the integrating sphere as diffuse reflectance type was used for analyzing Hanji. The moisture and acidity (pH) of chemical factors as quality evaluated factor of Hanji was studied for the correlation of NIR spectrum. And then The NIR spectrum was pretreated for showing the coefficients of optimum correlation. MSC and First derivative of Savitzky - Golay was used as pretreated method, and the coefficients of optimum correlation were shown by PLSR(Partial least square regression). And the coefficients of optimum correlation were calculated by PLSR(Partial least square regression). The correlation coefficients of acidity had 0.92 on NIR spectra without pretreatment. Also the SEP of acidity was 0.24. And then The NIR spectra with pretreatment would have more good correlation coefficients ($R^2=0.98$) and more good SEP(=019) on acidity. Therefore the data of correlation coefficients ($R^2$) and SEP with pretreatment was shown to be superior. And NIR spectra data of first derivative had best linearity on the correlation coefficients ($R^2=0.99$) and also SEP(=0.45) was superior. Therefore the correlation coefficients and SEP of first derivative had better than those of NIR spectra of no pretreatment. As such result, it was possible to evaluate the record status of Hanji speedily with integrated sphere and NIR analyzer as non destructive method.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2006

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been increasingly used as a rapid, accurate method of evaluating some chemical compositions in forages. Analysis of forage quality by NIRS usually involves dry ground samples. Costs might be reduced if samples could be analyzed without drying or grinding. The objective of this study was to investigate effect of sample preparations and spectral math treatments on prediction ability of chemical composition for corn silage by NIRS. A population of 112 corn silage representing a wide range in chemical parameters were used in this investigation. Samples of com silage were scanned at 2nm intervals over the wavelength range 400-2500nm and the optical data recorded as log l/Reflectance(log l/R) and scanned in overt-dried grinding(ODG), liquid nitrogen grinding(LNG) or intact fresh(IF) condition. Samples were analysed for neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF), acid detergent lignin(ADL), crude protein(CP) and crude ash content were expressed on a dry-matter(DM) basis. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using modified partial least squares(MPLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with four spectral math treatments to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of cross validation(SECV). The results of this study show that NIRS predicted the chemical parameters with very high degree of accuracy(the correlation coefficient of cross validation$(R^2cv)$ range from $0.70{\sim}0.95$) in ODG. The optimum equations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of prediction(SEP). The Optimum sample preparation methods and spectral math treatment were for ADF, the ODG method using 2,10,5 math treatment(SEP = 0.99, $R^2v=0.93$), and for CP, the ODG method using 1,4,4 math treatment(SEP = 0.29. $R^2v=0.91$).

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.278-284
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• 2014

Water temperature due to climate change can be estimated using the air temperature because the air and water temperatures are closely related and the water temperatures have been widely used as the indicators of the environmental and ecological changes. It is highly necessary to estimate the frequency distribution of the air and water temperatures, for the climate change derives the change of the coastal water temperatures. In this study, the distribution function of the air temperatures is estimated by using the long-term coastal air temperature data sets in Korea. The candidate distribution function is the bi-modal distribution function used in the previous studies, such as Cho et al.(2003) on tidal elevation data and Jeong et al.(2013) on the coastal water temperature data. The parameters of the function are optimally estimated based on the least square method. It shows that the optimal parameters are highly correlated to the basic statistical informations, such as mean, standard deviation, and skewness coefficient. The RMS error of the parameter estimation using statistical information ranges is about 5 %. In addition, the bimodal distribution fits good to the overall frequency pattern of the air temperature. However, it can be regarded as the limitations that the distribution shows some mismatch with the rapid decreasing pattern in the high-temperature region and the some small peaks.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2014

To reveal shear-wave velocities ($v_s$) and site characterization of Wonju, Korea, Rayleigh waves were recorded at 78 sites of lower altitude using 12 to 24 4.5-Hz vertical geophones for 20 days during the period of February to September 2013. Dispersion curves of the Rayleigh waves obtained by the extended spatial autocorrelation method were inverted using the damped least-squares method to derive $v_s$ models. From these 1-D models, the average $v_s$ to a depth of 30 m ($v_s30$), $v_s$ of weathered rocks, depths to these basement rocks, and average $v_s$ of the overburden layer were derived to be $16.3{\pm}0.7m$, $576{\pm}8m/s$, $290{\pm}7m/s$, and $418{\pm}13m/s$, respectively, in the 95% confidence range. To determine adequate proxies for $v_s30$, we computed correlation coefficients of $v_s30$ with topographic slope (r = 0.46) and elevation (r = 0.43). An empirical linear relationship is presented as a combination of individually estimated $v_s30$ with weighting factors of 0.45, 0.45, and 0.1 for topographic slope, elevation, and mapped lithology, respectively. Due to a weak correlation between $v_s30$ obtained from inversion of dispersion curves and the proxy-based estimation (r = 0.50), however, the relatively large error range should be considered for applications of this relationship.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.29-42
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• 2003

The KSR-3 magnetometers consist of the fluxgate magnetometer (MAG/AIM) for acquiring the rocket flight attitude information, and the search-coil magnetometer (MAG/SIM) for the observation of the Earth's magnetic fluctuations. The position (latitude, longitude, and height) and flight condition (the transformation angle) of the rocket is measured after the data based on these two magnetometers are compared with IGRF The gap in the vector of magnetic field between the position of the launching point and an impact point is taken into account in data reduction. Angular variation of pitch, yaw, and roll can be researched when the data is applied to the coordinate system of the rocket.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.19 no.4 s.74
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• pp.407-418
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• 2006

In this paper, an efficient yet accurate stress analysis based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is presented. The transverse shear strain energy is modified via the mixed variational theorem, so that the shear correction factors are automatically involved in the formulation. In the mixed variational formulation, the transverse stresses are taken to be functions subject to variations. The transverse shear stresses based on an efficient higher order plate theory (EHOPT, Cho and Parmerter, 1993) are utilized and modified, while the transverse normal stress is assumed to be the third-order polynomial of thickness coordinates, which satisfies both zero transverse shear stresses and prescribed surface fractions in top and bottom surfaces. On the other hand, the displacements are assumed to be those of the FSDT Resulting strain energy expressions are referred to as an EFSDTM3D that stands for an enhanced first-order shear deformation theory based on the mixed formulation for three dimensional elasticity, The developed EFSDTM3D preserves the computational advantage of the classical FSDT while allowing for important local through-the-thickness variations of displacements and stresses through the recovery procedure that is based on the least square minimization of in-plane stresses. Comparisons of displacements and stresses of both laminated and sandwich plates using the present theory are made with the classical FSDT, three-dimensional exact solutions, and available data in the literature.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.54-62
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• 1993

The crystal shnture of dehydrated fully Cd2+-exchanged zeolite A evacuated at 2 × 10-6 Torr and 650℃ (a:12.189(2) A) and of its iodine sorption corrplex (a:12.168(2)A) have been netsmlmn by single uystal x-ray diffraction techliques in the cubic space group hkTn at 21(1)℃. The strutures were refined to final error indices, Ri:0.057 and R2 =0.063 with 186 reflections and Rl:0.082 and R2:0.085 with 181 reflections, respectively, for which 1>3σ(In both structure, six lie at two distinguished threefold axes of unit cell ten the crystal structure of an iodine sorption complex of Cd6-A four Cd2+ ions are recessed 0.69(1) A into the large cavity to complex each with from the (111) plane of 0(3), whereas two Cd2+ ions recessed 0.68(1) A into the sodalite unit Awximately 4.0 l3ions per nit cell are sorbed. Each bridge between a Cd2+ ion and 8-ring oxygens ((I-I-I)= 117(1) ˚ and 0(1)-I(1)-I(2)=172(1)). The near linear I-I-0 angle and its interatomic distance (I-0=3.57(3) A) are indicative of a weak charge transfer interacticn between the frarrework oxygen and iodine. The existence of In3 inside the large cavity indicates that the If ions and H ions may be produced by reaction of In vapor with water molecules which maybe associated with Cd2+ ions in partially dehydrated Cd6-A In3- ions may be produced by the combination of I- and I2.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.9-22
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• 1992

Two crystal structures of bromine sorption complexes of vacuum dehydrated Cd(ll)-exchanged zeolite A have been determined by single-crystal xray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Pm3m at 21(1) ℃. Both crystals were ion exchanged in flowing streams of exchange solution In which mole ratio of Cd(NO3)2 and Cd(OOCCH3)B was 1:1 with a total concentration of 0.05 M. First crystal was dehydrated at 450℃ and 2 ×10-6 Torr for two days. Second crystal was dehydrated at 650℃ and 2 ×10-6 Torr for two days. Both crystals were then treated with 160 Torr for two days. Second crystal was dehydrated at 650℃ and 2 × 10-6 Torr for two days. Both crystals were then treated with 160 Torr of zeolitically dried bromine vapor at 24℃. Full-matrix least-squares refinements of toe first crystal(a: 12.250(1) A )· and the second crystal(a: 12.204(2) A ) have contecoed to final error indices, Rl:0.075 and Ra:0.079 with 212 reflections, and Rl : 0.089 and Ra = 0.078 with 128 reflections, respectively, for which I >3σ(I). Crystallographic analyses of both crystals show that six Cd2+ ions are located on two different threefold axes of unit cell associated with 6-ring oxygens. Each 4.5 Cd2+ ion is recessed ca.0. 441 A Into the large cavity to complex either with Brsor with Br3from the (111) plane of 0(3), whereas each 1.5 Cd2+ ions recessed ca. 0.678 A into we sodalite unit. Approximately 1.5 Br5-and 1.5 Br3-ions are sorbed per unit cell. Each Brsion interacts and stabilized by complexing with two Cd2+ ions and framework oxide ions, while each Br3ion interacts with one Cd2+ ion and framework oxide ions. Because of residual water molecules the following reactions may be occurred inside of zeolite cavity:

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.474-482
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• 1996

Two crystal structures of the vacuum dehydrated $Ag^+$-exchanged zeolite X have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd3 at 21(1)$^{\circ}C$ (a=24.922(1)${\AA}$ and a=24.901(1)${\AA}$, respectively). Each crystal was ion exchanged in flowing streams of aqueous $AgNO_3$ for three days. The first crystal was dehydrated at 300$^{\circ}C$ and $2{\times}10^{-6$torr for two days. The second crystal was similarly dehydrated at 350$^{\circ}C$. Their structures were refined to the final error indices, $R_1=0.095\;and\;R_2=0.092$ with 227 reflections, and $R_1=0.096\;and\;R_2=0.087$ with 334 reflections, respectively, for which I > 3${\sigma}$(I). In the first crystal, Ag species are found at five different crystallographic sites: sixteen $Ag^+$ ions fill the site I, the center of the double 6-ring, thirty-two Ag0 atoms fill the I' site in the sodalite cavities opposite double six-rings, seventeen $Ag^+$ ions lie at the 32-fold site II' inside the sodalite cavity at the single six-oxygen ring in the supercage, fifteen Ag+ ions lie at the 32-fold site II, in the supercage, and the remaining twelve $Ag^+$ ions lie at site III' in the supercage at a little off two-fold axes. In the second crystal, all Ag species are located similarly as crystal 1; 16 at site I, 28 at site I', 16 at site II, 16 at site II', 6 at site III and 6 at site III'. Total 88 silver species were found per unit cell. The remaining four Ag atoms were migrated out of the zeolite framework to form small silver crystallites on the surface of the zeolite single crystal. In the first structure, the numbers of Ag atoms per unit cell are approximately 32.0 and these may form tetrahedral $Ag_4$ clusters at the centers of the sodalite cavities. The probable four-atom cluster is stabilized by coordination to two $Ag^+$ ions. The Ag-Ag distance in the cluster, ca. 3.05 ${\AA}$, is a little longer than 2.89 ${\AA}$, Ag-Ag distance in silver metal. At least two six-ring $Ag^+$ ions on sodalite cavity (site II') must necessarily approach this cluster and this cluster may be viewed as a distorted octahedral silver cluster, (Ag6)2+.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 1995

The crystal structure of dehydrated, partially Co(II)-exchanged zeolite X, stoichiometry Co2+Na+-X (Co41+Na10Si100Al92O384) per unit cell, has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data gathered by counter methods. The structure was solved and refined in the cubic space group Fd3:α=24.544(1)Å at 21(1)℃. The crystal was prepared by ion exchange in a flowing stream using a solution 0.025 M each in Co(NO3)2 and Co(O2CCH3)2. The crystal was then dehydrated at 380℃ and 2×10-6 Torr for two days. The structure was refined to the final error indices, R1=0.059 and R2=0.046 with 211 reflections for which I > 3σ(I). Co2+ ions and Na+ ions are located at the four different crystallographic sites. Co2+ ions are located at two different sites of high occupancies. Sixteen Co2+ ions are located at the center of the double six-ring (site I; Co-O = 2.21(1)Å, O-Co-O = 90.0(4)°) and twenty-five Co2+ ions are located at site II in the supercage. Twenty-five Co2+ ions are recessed 0.09Å into the supercage from its three oxygen plane (Co-O = 2.05(1)Å, O-Co-O = 119.8(7)°). Na+ ions are located at two different sites of occupandies. Seven Na+ ions are located at site II in the supercage (Na-O = 2.29(1)Å, O-Na-O = 102(1)°). Three Na+ ions are statistically distribyted over site III, a 48-fold equipoint in the supercages on twofold axes (Na-O = 2.59(10)Å, O-Na-O = 69.0(3)°). Seven Na+ ions are recessed 1.02Å into the supercage from the three oxygen plane. It appears that Co2+ ions prefer sites I and II in order, and that Na+ ions occupy the remaining sites, II and III.