• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.79 no.5
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• pp.247-253
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to summarize the results of a survey for physicians with specialties other than radiology about imaging studies of patients referred from other institutions. The survey was promoted through individual contacts or social network service and physicians who voluntarily responded to the survey were the subjects of the study. The questionnaire consisted of 11 questions about basic information and referrals about medical imaging. A total of 160 physicians from 30 specialties participated in the survey and 95.6% of the respondents worked in tertiary care center or general hospital. Patients were frequently referred with outside medical images. The most frequently referred imaging modalities were computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. However, radiological reports from outside institutions were rarely referred. Most physicians thought that reinterpretation for outside imaging is necessary to acquire a secondary opinion. In conclusion, considering that outside radiological reports are frequently missing and there are high demands on reinterpretation for outside imaging, guidelines for referral of radiological reports with medical imaging, basic elements of radiological reports, and reinterpretation need to be developed.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.353-362
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• 2021

Ecklonia stolonifera, which belongs to the family Laminariaceae, is an edible perennial brown marine alga that is widely distributed, and is rich in polyphenols, including dieckol. Here, we investigated the radical scavenging activities of E. stolonifera extract (ESE) using various in vitro models. We further evaluated the effect of ESE on the cholesterol secretion inhibition activity in HepG2 cells, as well as the hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. Our results showed that the total phenol, total flavonoid, and dieckol contents of ESE were 9.64±0.04 mg GAE/g, 2.72±0.08 mg RE/g and 27.42±0.66 mg/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of ESE increased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the ESE inhibited cholesterol secretion from HepG2 cells with anti-HMG-CoA reductase activity. These results suggested that ESE possesses antioxidant and anti-cholesterol activities, and can therefore be used as a preclinical bioresource for development of health functional foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.639-647
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• 2022

This study analyzed the job characteristics of radiological technologists in charge of ultrasound examinations in the Yeongnam region. The measuring tool used in the study was a questionnaire, and the subjects were radiological technologists in charge of ultrasound examination at medical institutions located in the Yeongnam region from August 01 to November 30, 2021. In consideration of the COVID-19 situation, statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS/PC Ver 18.0 program using e-mail and SNS in a non-face-to-face manner with 158 questionnaires. As a result of analyzing the job characteristics of the radiological technologists in charge of ultrasound examination, the job satisfaction was 3.24±0.61. In the effect of job characteristic factors on job satisfaction, professional position, self-esteem, and trust relationship formation were found to be higher than the average of 3.0. However, as the dissatisfaction factor, compensation and appropriateness of work were cited. Therefore, in order to improve the job characteristics and satisfaction level of radiological technologists in charge of ultrasound examinations, it is necessary to do their best to improve the appropriate work environment of medical institutions and to continuously secure professionalism of radiological technologists in charge of ultrasound examinations.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2022

This study will evaluate the effect of fermented Morinda citrifolia L. extracts and its marker compounds to provide baseline data for utilizing Morinda citrifolia L. as functional health products. Morinda citrifolia L. and six marker compounds were processed on RAW 246.7 macrophage to test for XTT Cytotoxicity, measure Nitric Oxide and Cyokine formation, and analyze the expression of immune marker genes. Furthermore, LPS and fermented red ginseng extract, a common functional ingredient, are used as positive controls. Our results showed that fermented Morinda citrifolia L and six bioactive compounds did not have any cytotoxic effect in all treatment concentrations and groups. Among six bioactive compounds, SCP and ASE confirmed the formation of NO. In addition, the ASE treatment group showed increased formation of IL-6 and IL-1β and the expression of iNOS and TNF-α. Also, fermented Morinda citrifolia L extract activated the macrophage by enhancing the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, and the expression of COX2 compared to Morinda citrifolia L. extracts. The result of the study showed that Fermented Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) and marker compound enhance the innate immunity activity and suggested that the bioactive compound could be applied as a marker compound. Thus, Fermented Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) could be used as functional food material to develop immunity-enhancing products, and highly functional marker compounds can be utilized as the effective components.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.4C
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• pp.213-220
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• 2008

A study on cemented sand reinforced with short fibers was carried out to improve its unconfined compressive strength and brittle behavior. Nak-dong River sand was mixed with Portland cement and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers. A PVA fiber widely used for concrete reinforcement is randomly distributed into cemented sand. Nak-dong River sand, cement and fibers with optimum water content were compacted in 5 layers and then cured for 7 days. The effect of fiber reinforcement rather than cementation was emphasized by using a small amount of cement. Weakly cemented sand with a cement/sand ratio less than 8% was fiber-reinforced with different fiber ratios and tested for unconfined compression tests. The effect of fiber ratio and cement ratio on unconfined compressive strength was investigated. Fiber-reinforced cemented sand with 2% cement ratio showed up to six times strength to non-reinforced cemented sand. Because of ductile behavior of fiber-reinforced specimens, an axial strain at peak stress of specimens with 2% cement ratio increases up to 7% as a fiber ratio increases. The effect of 1% fiber addition into 2% cemented sand on friction angle and cohesion was analyzed separately. When the fiber reinforcement is related to friction angle increase, the 8% of applied stress transferred to 1% fibers within specimens.

• Korean Journal of Health Psychology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 2009

This paper deals with fundamental questions how we should understand and approach the gambling addiction problems optimally. We attempted to define the nature of gambling behaviors first and to understand gambling addiction as an extreme class of behaviors on a behavioral continuum. This frame of reference would allow researchers to diagnose, classify, and evaluate gambling problems clearly, and to estimate prevalence rate and incidence rate more accurately from a perspective of behavioral sciences. Also, we emphasized to get out of a dichotomy in classifying gambling behaviors(i.e., either pathological or non-pathological). In addition, we introduced multi-agent and multi-level approaches to understanding gambling problems. With these approaches, each of the agents pertinent to the gambling problems can take its own responsibility and collaborate with other agents to solve the problems together. Also it is a proper time to develop a new scale overcoming the limitations of existing scales. So we presented several cautions in developing new scales for evaluating gambling problems. Lastly, in building a gambling policy, the estimation of prevalence and incidence rate is an important issue. So we suggested various ways for accurate estimation of prevalence and incidence rates reflecting the nature of gambling problems.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.427-432
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• 2006

The possibility of citron seed oil for use as food resources of fats was tested by analyzing the composition of fatty acid and oxidative stability. Oil yield from citron seed was 55.4% in without roasting and 56.8% with roasting. Total mineral content in citron seed without and with roasting were 2,820.33 mg/kg, 1,702.55 mg/kg, respectively. For all citron seed oils tested, the potassium content was found to be the highest among four kinds of minerals detected in this study. Further, major fatty acids detected in the citron seed oils were linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. Their relative contents with respect to total fatty acid contents were 77.12% in without roasting and 67.67% in with roasting. This result indicated that roasting the citron seed decreased the acid contents. However, POV (peroxide value) and acid value of citron seed oils were in,.eased significantly with increasing the storage days and heating time. In details, POV was $84.17{\pm}1.68meq/kg$ in without roasting and $76.46{\pm}1.19meq/kg$ with roasting, after 28 days. Acid value was $9.52{\pm}0.27mg\;KOH/g,\;8.35{\pm}0.09mg\;KOH/g$, respectively, After the 48 hours heating at $180^{\circ}C$, POV of citron seed oils was increased by 3.8 times, irrespective of roasting. Yet, acid value increased dramatically 8.3 in without and 6.4 times with roasting, exhibiting its dependence on roasting. During storage time, oxidative stability of citron seed oils was higher than heating.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.400-408
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• 2006

Nutritional components of 4 kinds of red seaweeds, Meristotheca papulosa, Chondrus ocellatus, Gracilaria verrucosa, Gigartina tenella, were investigated to elucidate their functionality. Antioxidant activity and nitrite scavenging activity were analyzed from 70% ethanol extracted from these red seaweeds. Large difference in ash contents was found to exhibit among all samples analyzed in this study; $9.8{\pm}0.2g/100g$ for Gracilaria verrucosa and Gigartina tenella for $17.8{\pm}0.6g/100g$. While its crude fiber content was almost the same as those in other sample within a range between $2.0{\pm}0.4g/100g$ and $6.0{\pm}0.7g/100g$. Phenolic compounds content of Gracilaria verrucosa was also the highest as $78.4{\pm}1.0mg/g$, while the total flavonoids contents of Chondrus ocellatus and Gracilaria verrucosa were $14.9{\pm}0.5mg/g$ and $13.9{\pm}0.8mg/g$, respectively. These amounts were two folds higher than Meristotheca papulosa and Gigartina tenella. The total content of minerals was the highest in Meristotheca papulosa(12,107.7 mg/kg). The amount of glutamic acid was relatively high despite of small variation in measured levels of composition amino acid ($49.1{\sim}125.6mg/g$) for most samples investigated. SOD-like ability was significantly increased with increasing sample concentration, but its activity was lower. Gigartina tenella with highest electron donation ability exhibited increases in activity as $53.96{\pm}0.98%$ in concentration of 250 ${\mu}g/ml$ and $70.52{\pm}1.09%$ in 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In case of concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$, particularly, the level of hydroxy radical scavenging activity were $57.87{\pm}1.70{\sim}62.07{\pm}0.87%$ which was significantly higher activity than ascorbic acid and BHT. Nitrite scavenging activity was the highest in Gracilaria verrucosa. Its activity was also increased from $24.04{\pm}1.9{\sim}27.52{\pm}0.82%$ in $100{\sim}500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration tp $34.81{\pm}1.36%$ in concentration of 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.303-314
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• 1989

The electrum-silver-sulfide mineralization of the Geojae island area was deposited in three stages (I, II, and carbonate) of quartz and calcite veins that crosscut Late Cretaceous volcanic rocks and granodiorite(83 m.y.). Stages I and II were terminated by the onset of fractunng and breCCIation events. Fluid inclusion data suggest that the gold-sulfide-bearing stages I and II each evolved from an initial high temperature( near $370^{\circ}C$) to a later low temperature(near $200^{\circ}C$). Each of those stages represented a separate mineralizing system which cooled prior to the onset of the next stage. The relationship between homogenization temperature and salinity in stages I and II suggests a complex history of boiling, cooling and dilution. Evidence of boiling indicates a pressure of < 100 bars, corresponding to a depth of 500 to 1,250m assummg hthostatlc and hydrostatic pressure regimes, respectively. Fluid inclusion and mineralogical evidence suggest that the electrum-silver mineralization was deposited at a temperature of $220-260^{\circ}C$ from ore fluids with salinities between 1.9 and 8.1 equivalent wt.% NaCl. Total sulfur concentration is estimated to be $10^{-3}$ to $10^{-4}$ molal. The estimated $fs_2$ and $fo_2$ range from $10^{-11.8}$ to $10^{-14}$ atm and $10^{-35}$ to $10^{-36}$ atm, respectively. The chemical conditions indicate that the dominant sulfur species in the ore forming fluids was a reduced form($H_2S$). Rapid cooling and dilution of ore-forming fluids by mixing with less-evolved meteoric waters led to gold-silver deposition through the breakdown of the bisulfide complex($Au(HS)_2$) as the activity of $H_2S$ decreased.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2006

This study was designed to investigate the influence of Eosungcho (Houttuynia cordata Thunb) mixture on the plasma lipids of pigs. Experimental groups were divided into 3 groups: control group(0%), 5% and 10% Eosungcho feeding groups. Plasma concentration of total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester were significantly lower in the Eosungcho powder 5% and 10% feeding groups than control group. Plasma contents of HDL-cholesterol, cholesteryl ester ratio, triglyceride and phospholipid were significantly different between 10% Eosungcho feeding group and control group. Plasma concentration of LDL-cholesterol was significantly love in 10% Eosungcho feeding group($76.5{\pm}5.4mg/dL$) than in control group($86.5{\pm}5.6mg/dL$). Plasma concentration of VLDL and chylomicron were showed similar tendency to LDL-cholesterol. Also, blood sugar, GOT and GPT concentration were significantly lower in 10% Eosungcho feeding group than in control group. In control group, the ratio of saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid was 58.1 : 51.9, but in 5% and 10% Eosungcho feeding groups, those were 42.1 : 57.9 and 41.0 : 59.0, respectively. The component of main fatty acid was different between control group and Eosungcho feeding groups. In Eosungcho feeding groups, main unsaturated fatty acids were oleic acid(18:1) and linoleic acid(18:2). From the results, addition of Eosungcho powder might be effective in improving the plasma lipid components in pigs.