• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.560-565
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• 2010

Perchlorate ion ($ClO_4^-$) has been widely used as oxidizing agent in military weapon system such as rocket and missile fuel propellant. So it has been challenging to remove the pollutant of perchlorate ion. nanoscale zero valence iron (nZVI) particles are widely employing reduction catalyst for decomposition of perchlorate ion. nZVI particles has increasingly been utilized in groundwater purification and waste water treatment. But it have strong tendency of aggregation, rapid sedimentation and limited mobility. In this study, we focused on reduction of perchlorate ion using nZVI particles immobilized in alginate polymer bead for stabilization. The stabilized nZVI particles displayed much greater surface area, and much faster reaction rates of reduction of perchlorate ion. In this study, an efficient way to immobilize nZVI particles in a support material, alginate bead, was developed by using $Ca^{2+}$ as the cross-linking cations. The efficiency and reusability of the immobilized Fe-alginate beads on the reduction of perchlorate was tested at various temperature conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1995.05b
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• pp.921-927
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• 1995

수지충전식 전해재생조내에서 바나듐-철-Picolinate 착화물이 함유된 모의 LOMI 제염폐액의 재생거동에 대한 공정변수의 영향을 조사하였다. 전기투석에 의해 양이온종이 제염 폐액으로부터 제거되는 재생 분리효율에 대한 전류밀도, 제염폐액 공급유량 및 재생조내 수지층두께 등 공정변수의 영향은 바나듐이온이 가장 크게 받는다. 공정변수의 영향을 총괄 파라미터인 공정변수비 $\alpha$로 정의하여 나타낼 때 재생 분리효율 95%이상을 얻기 위해서는 $\alpha$가 0.2 이하로 유지되어야 한다. LOMI 제염폐액의 재생시 전기투석 flux는 공정변수비, $\alpha$값이 증가함에 따라 철이온이 바나듐이온에 비해 더욱 커지는 경향을 보였다. 재생종료 후 발생되는 음극폐액내 철 및 코발트 등 방사성이온종은 음극액의 초기 수소이온 농도를 조절하면 침전제의 첨가 얼이 음극반응에 의해 음극액의 pH를 산성에서 알카리성으로 바꿀 수 있어, 수산화물 형태의 침전물 입자로 만들어 쉽게 제거할 수 있다. 재생시 바나듐이온은 대부분 $V^{III}$(Pic)$_2$$^{+}$ 착화물형태로 전기투석된다. 음극액으로 formate용액을 사용하면 철 및 코발트 등 방사성이온종을 제거한 음극액은 농축된 LOMI제염제로 회수하여 필요시 산화가를 조정한 후 재생된 착화제와 혼합하여 제염제로 재사용할 수 있어, 더욱 효과적으로 제염폐액을 재생하는 향상된 재생방법이다.다.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.673-678
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• 2012

Using potentiodynamic and linear polarization method, the atmospheric effect on the corrosion of iron in borate buffer solution was investigated. The corrosion of iron was heavily influenced by the degree of oxygen concentration. The supply of reduction current was increased by the reduction of dissolved oxygen, and the corrosion potential of iron was shifted to the positive side. The $OH^-$ ion, which was produced through the reduction of either water or oxygen, significantly increased the $OH^-$ ion concentration inside of the electrical double layers of iron electrode, and facilitated the adsorption of $OH^-$ ion on the surface of the iron electrode. The adsorption of $OH^-$ ion on the iron electrode can be explained either by Langmuir isotherm or by Temkin logarithmic isotherm.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.249-259
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• 2009

The objective of this research was to find out the physical properties, such as dispersion and coagulation, of soil minerals depending on the types and concentrations of the cations in aqueous solution. Hwangto samples were obtained from 90 to 130 cm from surface at Jangdong-ri, Donggang-Myon, Naju, Chonnam Province. The clay fraction (< $2\;{\mu}m$) was separated by sedimentation method from the bulk soils. Both Hwangto and clay fractions, and the same samples after removal of amorphous and crystalline iron oxides were used in this experiment. The effect of 4 cations ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$) and their concentrations on settling speed and basal spacing of the minerals were observed to examine the physical properties of the soil and clay minerals. Hwangto mainly consisted of quartz, and the clay fractions consisted of kaolinite, illite, and vermiculite. The bulk soils contained 16.3 mg/kg of amorphous iron oxides and 436 mg/kg of crystalline iron oxides. Clay fractions were dispersed better than bulk soils due to their smaller particle size than that of the bulk samples in the aqueous solution. The bulk and clay samples were dispersed better when iron oxides were removed because of coating of minerals by the iron oxides. Clay minerals were settled faster as the charge and the concentration of cations added increased. The d-spacing of kaolinite and illite did not change when 4 types of cations were added. The d-spacing of vermiculite showed $14.04\;{\AA}$ when divalent cations were added while that of vermiculite showed $13.9\;{\AA}$ when monovalent cations were added. It may be attributed to the hydration radii of cations. This study indicated that both coating of iron oxides on minerals and types and concentrations of cations affect dispersion of minerals in solution and d-spacing of expanding clay minerals such as vermiculite.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.116-116
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• 2011

바이오 가스 플랜트의 혐기소화 공정에서 발생하는 바이오 가스는 중 유해가스인 황하수소($H_2S$)는 부식성 가스로 수천 PPM농도를 함유하여, 발전기나 가스보일러로 이용하는 경우에는 $H_2S$를 제거하는 탈황공정이 반드시 필요하다. 탈황방식에는 산화철 탈황(건식 탈황)과 생물 탈황이 현재 많이 사용되고 있어나 산화철 탈황은 산화철 pellet이 유화철에 변화하면 탈황능력이 저하되어 pellet을 교환해야 하며 많은 비용이 발생한다. 생물 탈황 방식은 유황산화세균의 서식활동조건(온도, 반응시간, 산소량)확보가 반드시 필요하여 높은 운전기술을 필요로 한다. 본 연구에서는 바이오가스 전처리 기술 중 활성탄 또는 약액을 이용한 기존의 탈황정제방식보다 흡착성능이 뛰어난 이온교환섬유를 이용하여, 황화수소($H_2S$)를 95% 이상 제거할 수 있는 고효율 섬유상 이온촉매 악취제거 시스템 개발을 수행하였다. 이온교환섬유는 방사선 조사를 이용하여 부직포에 라디칼을 인위적으로 형성시켜(그라프트 중합) 양이온 또는 양이온을 교환할 수 있도록 제조된 섬유상의 흡착제로, 이온교환 섬유의 화학적 이온교환과 물리적 흡착 및 탈착반응이 동시에 발생되고, 활성탄/실리카켈 보다 흡착능력이 2~4배 높다. 또한 이온섬유의 재생기능을 이용하여 장기적 다양한 악취($H_2S$, $NH_3$, 아민계, 메르갑탄류, 알데히드 등) 및 유해가스(VOCs, NOx, SOx) 등을 95% 이상 제거할 수 있다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.618-626
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• 2016

The influence of ferric ion ($Fe^{+3}$) on bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion for sewage sludge was explored at ambient temperature ($25^{\circ}C$). Before the addition of ferric ion, the removal of volatile solids (VS) was 65.9% and the specific methane production rate was 370 mL/L/d. After the addition of ferric ion (200 ppm) to feed sludge, the bioelectrochemical anaerobic digester was more stable in the state variables including pH, alkalinity, COD and VFAs, and the VS removal and specific methane production rate were increased to 69.8% and 396 mL/L/d, respectively. However, the methane content in biogas was slightly reduced by the addition of ferric ion, indicating that the activity of planktonic anaerobic bacteria (PAB) was more improved after the addition of ferric ion. The dominances of syntrophic bacteria (Cloacamonas) and hyrolytic bacteria (Saprospiraceae, Ottowia pentelensis) in the PAB were increased by the addition of ferric ion. The addition of ferric ion improved the performance of bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion for sewage sludge at ambient temperature.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.198-202
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• 2006

국내의 대표적인 지하수 오염물질인 trichloroethylene(TCE)을 반응벽체의 일종인 영가철을 이용하여 처리할 때 계면활성제가 미치는 영향을 다양한 계면활성제를 이용하여 조사하였다. 비이온성 계면활성제와 음이온성 계면활성제는 TCE의 탈염소화 반응속도는 감소시켰으나 양이온성 계면활성제는 임계미셀농도 (CMC) 미만에서는 반응속도를 증가시켰으나, CMC 이상의 농도에서는 반응속도를 감소시켰다. 양이온성 계면활성제는 TCE의 철 표면 흡착을 증가시켜, 철 표면에서 일어나는 TCE의 탈염소화 반응속도를 증가시키는 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 2022

In the process of long-term use of PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells), chemical degradation of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) occurs due to corrosion of stack elements and contamination of supply gas. In this study, we investigated whether chemically degraded MEA can be recovered by acid washing. The performance was measured and compared in a PEMFC cell after contamination with iron ions and washing with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution. The performance was reduced by about 25% by 0.5 ppm iron ion contamination, and 97.1% performance recovery was possible by washing of 0.15 M sulfuric acid. The membrane resistance was increased due to iron ion contamination of the polymer membrane, and the ionic conductivity was restored by washing the iron ions from the membrane while minimizing the loss of the electrode catalyst by washing with a low-concentration sulfuric acid aqueous solution. The possibility of solving the decrease in durability caused by chemical contamination of PEMFC MEA by the acid washing was confirmed.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.90-95
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• 2022

In the present work, biochar was prepared using Achyanthes japonica stem as a by-product of herbal medicine. In order to apply the prepared biochar to water treatment process, the adsorption characteristics of zinc and iron ions dissolved in water were investigated. When the experiments were performed for 2 h to remove 70 and 100 mg/L of zinc ions, the adsorption amounts of 32.3 and 31.0 mg/g were obtained, respectively. It was also found that the adsorption amount of Achyanthes japonica stem biochar for the removal process of zinc ion was three times higher than that of the activated carbon. In addition, when the experiments were performed for 2 h to treat 70 and 100 mg/L of iron ions, high adsorption amounts of 50.1 and 54.3 mg/g were achieved, respectively. In order to further enhance the removal efficiency of zinc and iron ions, a steam activation process was performed on the biochar of Achyanthes japonica stem. As a result, the removal efficiencies of 70 and 100 mg/L of zinc ions increased to 80 and 60%, respectively. Also, the removal efficiencies of 70 and 100 mg/L of iron ions were improved to 100 and 82%, respectively. In addition, when the biochar of Achyanthes japonica stem with a steam activation was compared with the untreated biochar of Achyanthes japonica stem, the specific surface area increased 37.3 times, and the total and macroporpous pore volumes were improved by 28.4 and 136 times, respectively. Therefore, the results can be used for economically and practically adsorbing zinc and iron ions contained in water.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2022

The smelting reduction of spent lithium-ion batteries results in metallic alloys containing Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Si. A process to separate metal ions from the sulfuric acid leaching solution of these metallic alloys has been reported. In this process, ionic liquids are employed to separate Fe(III) and Cu(II). In this study, D2EHPA and Cyanex 301 were employed to replace these ionic liquids. Fe(III) and Cu(II) from the sulfate solution were sequentially extracted using 0.5 M D2EHPA with three stages of cross-current and 0.3 M Cyanex 301. The stripping of Fe(III) and Cu(II) from the loaded phases was performed using 50% (v/v) and 60% (v/v) aqua regia solutions, respectively. The mass balance results from this process indicated that the recovery and purity percentages of the metals were greater than 99%.