• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.240-251
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• 2019

This study examined the manufacturing technology used for the flat iron axes excavated from Ulsan Hadae. Their microstructures were analyzed using metallurgical methods. In addition, a variety of manufacturing technologies were examined and compared using existing research materials on flat iron axes. As a result of analyzing ten flat iron axes, which were excavated in the order that they were laid out in a row in one of the wooden coffin tombs at Ulsan Hadae, Tomb No. 44, it was possible to classify the flat iron axe manufacturing technology and system into three types: 'pure iron - shape processing', 'pure iron - shape processing - carburizing', and 'pure iron - shape processing - carburizing - decarburizing.' All of the flat iron axes were produced by forging, and most of them were made by beating the pure iron into their shapes. In particular, a number of the flat iron axes were reinforced through a carburizing process after shaping the iron. This appears as steel products forming the basis of the steel industry at the time were commonly used as an intermediary material or currency. On the other hand, it was commonly found in all samples that the hardening was not performed after shaping or carburizing. Since the microstructure of the flat iron axes made of pure iron contained a large number of impure inclusions and the result of analyzing the components of the non-metal inclusions showed characteristics of slag which contains a mixture of glass phase and wustite, it is possible that low-temperature reduction was used in the refining process.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.367-378
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• 2013

Microstructures and nonmetallic inclusions of five forged iron axes and one cast iron axe were analyzed. The axes were excavated from the Proto-Three Kingdom Period site located in Yangchon, Gimpo. The forging objects were made of almost pure iron and low carbon steel, and only one among five were quenched after its figuration. Malleable cast iron structures showing on the casting suggest that the decarbonized casting method were applied. According to the results of nonmetallic inclusion analysis, the axes were produced by hammering the iron bloom which was attained with low-temperature -solid-reduction-method. Showing higher Fe content over $SiO_2$, it is assumed that the re-collecting rate of Fe was low because of the insufficient forging temperature and the impurities were included during the smelting process. It is assumed that the lime was used as a preparation because of detecting high Ca contents.

• The monthly packaging world
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• s.62
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• pp.162-168
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• 1998

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2004

To develope of the inexpensive anti-stain chemicals, it was conducted to investigate the inhibitory effectiveness of mycelial growth and anti-mold effectiveness against test fungi causing surface mold of wood, iron corrosivity and hygroscopicity of six fluoride-based chemicals made from industrial by- product.Among the six chemicals. RNF-3 and RNF-4 were the most effective with respect to a mycelial growth control and anti-mold effectiveness. For the wood treatment with these chemicals, the optimum concentration was about 2% and there was no difference in the effectiveness of chemicals between wood species. The wood treated with synthesized chemicals showed a relatively high iron corrosion rate for corrosive F component whereas, in the treatment with RNF-3 and RNF-4, there was no difference from the untreated wood when the concentration was less than 2%. The hygroscopic property of wood was not effected by treatment of these chemicals. To prove the feasibility for practical using of RNF-3 and RNF-4 chemicals, it is necessary to test of anti-mold effectiveness in the sawmill by field test.

• The Optical Journal
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• s.128
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• pp.42-50
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• 2010

광학세계에서는 지난해부터 일본 캐논의 연구개발부장을 지낸 송전철부(宋田哲夫)씨가 집필한 <광학부품의 사용법과 유의점>이란 책 내용을 연재하고 있다. 본 내용은 일본의 월간 OPTRONICS에서 1982년부터 30회에 걸쳐 연재된 바 있고, 연재한 내용만 묶어 한 권의 책으로 나온 이후 지금까지 많은 광학인들이 애독하고 있는 핸드북이다. 월간 OPTRONICS는 1990년에 책 내용을 세부에 걸쳐 수정함과 동시에 렌즈에 대한 기초를 보다 충실히 하고 비구면 렌즈 Rod 렌즈, 홀로그램, 고체 촬상디바이스, 회절광간섭방식 엔코더 등을 새롭게 첨가하여 보다 알찬 내용으로 보강하여 증보개정판을 내놓았다. 국내에서는 (주)그린광학에서 본 자료를 입수하여 시내자료로 활용하고 있을만큼 시대와 장소를 초월하여 아직도 광학산업현장에서 유용한 자료로 읽혀지고 있다. 비록 일부 내용들은 우리나라 산업현실과 다소 차이가 있는 부분도 있을 것이나 광학기술의 역사와 기반이 앞서있다고 생각되는 일본의 실질적인 기술관련 자료이기 때문에 국내 업체 관련분야에 종사하시는 분들에게 일독을 권해드리고 싶은 마음에 광학세계에서도 2009 년 7월호부터 연재를 하게 되었다. 전체 내용을 살펴보면, 제1부에는 대표적인 광학부품에 대한 설명, 제2부에는 그것들을 사용한 광학시스템과 그것들에 관한 기본적인 사항의 해설, 제3부에는 광학부품을 수입하는 경우의 측정방법과 그것들을 시스템으로 조립하는 경우의 조정방법 예 등을 소개했다. 기술내용은 응용범위가 넓다고 생각되는 구체적인 예를 기본으로 소개했다.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.231-245
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• 2007

The forged iron axe of the middle 3rd Century found in the No. 2 wood-framed tomb from the Hwangseongdong site, Gyeongju is rectangular on the plane level. The iron axe shines in met-allic luster, which is light grey with pale creamy tint. The result of X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the axe consists of magnetite and geothite, which can explain why the composition and texture of the original ore has been kept intact. There are fine-grained quartz, calcite, mica, magnetite, amphibole, unknown tungsten minerals, pyroxene and olivine inside the axe. Those must be the impurities that they failed to remove in the thermal treatment process. Generally, the iron axe consists mainly of pearlite texture coexisting ferrite and cementite, and show high carbon contents with homogeneous distribution. It can be interpreted the axe was carburized after the material was made to resemble pure iron. The decarbonization work didn't go well along the process marks. Crude ores of the iron axe are possible utilized by magnetite from the Ulsan mine on the basis of the occurrences and inclusions. It's estimated that the original ore was bloom produced in low-temperature reduction and formed around in $727^{\circ}C$, which is eutetic temperature.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.56
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• pp.147-180
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• 2000

This study has been investigated to use base research data of archaeology and conservation science for cultural properties about iron artifacts from Kimhae Yangdong-Ri tombs as metallurgical research. 1. Iron artifacts from Kimhae Yangdong-Ri tombs had be

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.263-275
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• 2014

It's shown how to proceed the study on Manufacturing techniques & Conservation to the Iron Pot from Cheonmachong Ancient Tomb(the 155th Tomb in Hwangnam-dong). In order to investigate manufacturing techniques of the Iron Pot, some parts of the relic were gathered. After mounting, polishing and etching on the relic, analyzing the metal microstructure was conducted. Also it's conducted a SEM-EDS analysis on the nonmetallic inclusion. White iron structure was observed in the metallurgical structure inspection, SEM-EDS analysis. It seems to be dried slowly at room temperature after casting, doesn't look as particular heat treatment to improve brittleness. It is estimated that it's as the handle seam side were verified about 3cm inch wide, 1.5 thick in center of body, so 2 separate half-completed products was cast with width-type mould. The manufacturing techniques Using white cast iron structure, width-type mould are observable to the Iron Pot excavated from Sikrichong Ancient Tomb & Hwangnamdaechong grand Ancient Tomb around those were constructed the same time. It's able to recognize that it's almost identical manufacturing techniques at that time. Conservation is generically following those are survey of pretreatment, foreign material removal, stabilization, restoration and color matching in the order. cleaning & drying were added to the process as occasion demands. The strengthening treatment were difficult with artifact's volume, low concentration Paraloid NAD-10 solution was spread two or three times with a brush, surface hardening also came up with 15wt% Paraloid NAD-10 solution after the conservation was complete. There were connection & restoration for the restoration to the damage after modeling forms that it's similar to damaged parts by using the Fiber Reinforced Plastic resins(POLYCOAT FH-245, mold laminated type). Throughout this research, capitalizing on accumulations of measurements about the production technique of Iron Pot in the time of the fifth and 6th centuries is no less important than the Iron artifact's conservation for a better study in the future.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.134-149
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• 2013

The Sudang-ri Site in Geumsan is considered the historic site where Baekje dominated the inland traffic route to Gaya through Geumsan and Jinan in the 5th Century. This study identified the production techniques of iron by conducting an analysis of metallographical microstructure of the artifacts such as an iron sword and an iron sickle that were excavated in Sudang-ri Site, Geumsan, one of the regions ruled by Baekje, and tried to figure out the characteristics and the technical systems of Baekje's ironmaking around the 5th Century by comparing them with other iron artifacts produced around the same time. The analysis showed that various production techniques were applied to the artifacts excavated in Sudang-ri Site, Geumsan. Depending on the production techniques, they can be divided largely into three methods: the simple shape-forging method, the steel manufacture method after forging, and the steel manufacture & heat-treatment method after forging. The iron sickle from the stone chamber tomb No. 1, which was produced only through forging, is mostly composed of soft ferrite at both edges of the blade and at the rear making the use of the weapon impractical. From this fact, it is presumed that they were produced as burial objects or ceremonial accessories for the person buried. The iron axe from the outer stone coffin tomb No. 1 and the iron swords and sickle from the outer stone coffin tomb No. 12, which were produced through the steel manufacture method after forging such as carburizing, did not go through the heat treatment such as quenching, but applied different production processes to each part. Therefore, it is deemed that they were produced as daily tools for cultivation rather than burial objects or ceremonial accessories. The production techniques following the forging process - carburizing and heat treatment - can be found on the iron swords from the outer stone coffin tomb No. 5 and the outer stone coffin tomb No. 12. The sturdy structure of the blade part and the durable structure of the rear processed with heat are deemed to have been produced as weaponry and used by the person buried. Based on the analysis of the iron artifacts excavated from Sudang-ri Site in Geumsan, the characteristics of iron production techniques were investigated by comparing them with the artifacts from Yongwon-ri Site in Cheonan, Bongseon-ri Site in Seocheon, and Bujang-ri Site in Seosan that were made around the same time as the cluster of Baekje tombs examined by the metallographical microstructure analysis of this study. For the iron artifacts analyzed here, the changes in the techniques were investigated using the iron swords common in all of the tombs. In the case of the iron swords, it was identified the heat treatment technique called tempering was applied from the 4th Century.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.37
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• pp.5-37
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• 2004

A wooden coffin has been given academic attention in Kaya(伽倻), due to the place the stage of Samhan society appropriately in the development of ancient korea history. Special attention must be paid on Dohang-Ri(道項里) woden coffin, since it is expected to explain the origin of Arakaya(阿羅伽倻) in the region of southen korea peninsula. Dohang-Ri wooden coffin is become generally knowen two types, and complete its unique feature in Chin-Han(辰韓) and Byun-Han(弁韓). Recently the fact that Dohang-Ri wooden coffin is discovered only in the king tombs of Chang Won Daho-Ri(昌原茶戶里) and it is remarkable of political connection between Kuya-Kuk (狗邪國) and Anya-Kuk(安邪國). Various ironware unearth of Dohang-Ri has seen similar to that from Daho-Ri, but it has not bronze mirror be maid Chines, symbol with dignity of social position in the ruling ciass. It seems that political unit of Daho-Ri is advanced sociaity and central force than Dohang-Ri in the Byun-Han. The later of two century, I have a think about wooden coffin changes the wooden chamble of Dohang-Ri and Daho-Ri that it go out of sight at AD.2 century. Becouse of possitive achaelogical sites has not confirm, it request radical interpretaion. I inference to accordingly to the it appearance connected of the wars between the eight country of southen regins in korea peninsula at the first half of AD.3 cencury. Exactly, the politial units of Dohang-Ri and Daho-Ri has concentration of trade in Racdong river(洛東江) and Nam river(南江) water system and that give form to coexistence system of economic and political mutuality.