• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.265-271
• /
• 1994

Differences in carotenoid composition in the integuments of wild and cultured chinese muddy loach Misgurnus mizolepis and muddy loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus were compared. Total carotenoid contents in the integuments of the wild and cultured chinese muddy loach were $4.76mg\%\;and\;3.43mg\%$, respectively. The important carotenoids in the integuments of the wild chinese muddy loach were lutein($30.5\%$), ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin($24.6\%$), ${\beta}$-carotene($20.6\%$) and cynthiaxanthin($11.7\%$). In addition, zeaxanthin($4.7\%$), tunaxanthin ($4.5\%$), and a-cryptoxanthin($1.0\%$) were present in small amounts. In the integuments of the cultured chinese muddy loach, lutein($35.4\%$), ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin($17.9\%$), cynthiaxanthin($16.0\%$) and ${\beta}$-carotene($12.7\%$) were present as important carotenoids. In addition, zeaxanthin($8.1\%$), tunaxanthin($5.0\%$), a-cryptoxanthin($0.9\%$) were found in small amounts. Total carotenoid contents in the integuments of the wild and cultured muddy loach were $4.00mg\%\;and\;2.99mg\%$, respectively. The important carotenoids in the integuments of the wild muddy loach were lutein($32.9\%$), ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin($18.8\%$), cynthiaxanthin($17.0\%$) and ${\beta}$-carotene($15.1\%$). In addition, zeaxanthin($6.5\%$), tunaxanthin($6.0\%$) and a-cryptoxanthin($1.5\%$) were found in small amounts. In the integuments of the cultured muddy loach, lutein($51.8\%$), cynthiaxanthin($19.9\%$) and ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin($10.8\%$) were observed as important carotenoids. In addition, ${\beta}$-carotene($5.0\%$), zeaxanthin($4.8\%$), tunaxanthin($4.5\%$) and a-cryptoxanthin($0.2\%$) were found in small amounts.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.414-419
• /
• 1995

${\beta}-carotene$ was extracted from freeze-dried carrot by supercritical carbon dioxide $(SC-CO_2)$ and mixtures of $CO_2$ doped with ethanol or methanol as a cosolvent at temperatures of 40 to $60^{\circ}C$ and pressures of 138 to 276 bar. Solubility of ${\beta}-carotene$ in $SC-CO_2$ increased with the increase of extraction pressure and the decrease of extraction temperature. The highest solubility observed was $4.90\;{\mu}g/g\;CO_2\;for\;{\alpha}-carotene\;and\;0.604\;{\mu}g/g\;CO_2$ for ${\alpha}-carotene\;at\;40^{\circ}C$ and 276 bar. Addition of ethanol increased the solubility being the largest increase of 82% using a mixture of $CO_2$ and 17.4% ethanol. $SC-CO_2$ extraction can be used to selectively obtain natural carotenoids, free of solvent residuals, which can be used as food additives.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.71-73
• /
• 2007

In order to produce color cocoon, 3 rd day 5 th instar silkworm was cultivated with dye mixed artificial diet. Silkworm fed by artificial diet mixed with gardenia pigment spun blue colored cocoon, by Orange II orange cocoon, by methyl orange yellowish cocoon, and by Acid blue R bluish cocoon. Cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight ratio of silkworm fed by colored artificial diet were lower than those of normal silkworm.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.30-36
• /
• 1975

The extraction efficiency of orange-yellow pigment from the Gardenia was greatly depended upon the extraction time, extraction temperature, volume of solvent used and fat contents of the Gardenia. From the experimental results, the amounts of extracted pigment (P) was proportional to the $log\;t^{\;1{\cdot}15}$ of extraction time$(t;\;0{\sim}60\;min.)$, the $log\;T^{3{\cdot}73}$ of extraction temperature$(T;\;5{\sim}60^{\circ}C)$, the $log\;S^{3{\cdot}7}$ of volume of solvent$(S;\;5{\sim}50\;ml)$, and the -4X of fat contexts of sample $(X;\;0{\sim}0.\;15)$ at $18^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes. Finally, the modified empirical equation was derived as follow; $P{\simeq}1.15\;log\;t+3.73\;log\;T+3.7\;log\;S-4X-6.4$ In addition to that, the most optimum conditions of pigment extraction were determined as 30 minutes of operation time, $40^{\circ}C$ of temperature. Deffated Gardenia was more productive than natural Gardenia in the pigment extraction.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.145-160
• /
• 2018

Members of Chlorociboria are soft-rot ascomycetes that produce blue-green pigment. We investigated the growth characteristics of two Korean species of Chlorociboria, eight strains of Chlorociboria aeruginascens and Chlorociboria poutoensis, under various culture conditions (solid media, temperature, pH) and screened them for extracellular enzyme activity. Although the growth rate was slow, all tested strains of Chlorociboria spp. grew well on potato dextrose agar (PDA; 16.3~42.6 mm after 60 days) or Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), but not on malt extract agar (MEA). Compared with C. aeruginascens strains, C. poutoensis strains exhibited higher expression of blue-green pigments on both PDA and SDA media. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth was $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$, and mycelial growth was lower at $30^{\circ}C$ than at $10^{\circ}C$. All strains tended to have increased mycelial growth as the incubation temperature increased in the range of 10 to $20^{\circ}C$. The optimal pH of potato dextrose broth (PDB) for mycelial growth varied according to the strain under static culture conditions. Maximum biomass production was obtained at pH 6.0 for NIFoS 579 ($114.3{\pm}5.1mg/60days$), but it maintained a stable pigment expression under a broad pH spectrum. The activities of both cellulase and laccase were observed in all tested strains of Chlorociboria spp. Enzyme activities of NIFoS 579 were remarkably higher than those of the other strains. From these results, we suggest that C. poutoensis NIFoS 579 is a potential candidate for use as a source of natural blue-green dye.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.331-339
• /
• 2022

Melanin is a pigment produced by melanocytes to protect the skin from external stimuli, mainly ultraviolet (UV) rays. However, abnormal and excessive production of melanin causes hyperpigmentation disorders, such as freckles, age spots, and discoloration. Natural cosmeceuticals are a new trend for treating or preventing hyperpigmentation due to fewer side effects and biocompatibility. In this context, the current study focused on Cnidium japonicum, a halophyte with several uses in folk medicine, to evaluate its potential as a skin-whitening agent. The effect of C. japonicum extract (CJE) on melanin production was analyzed in melanogenesis-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells. The results showed that CJE successfully inhibited the oxidation of tyrosine and L-DOPA by tyrosinase and subsequently decreased the production of the key enzymes responsible for melanin production: tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, and protein-2. This effect was confirmed by decreased intracellular and extracellular melanin levels in B16F10 melanoma cells after CJE treatment. Further experiments to elucidate the action mechanism revealed that CJE treatment suppressed melanin production by inhibiting the activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSKβ)/β-catenin and protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) pathways, which are the upstream activators of melanogenesis. In conclusion, the present study suggests that C. japonicum is a potential natural source of bioactive substances for the development of novel cosmeceuticals that can act against hyperpigmentation.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.411-419
• /
• 2022

Carotenoids are red, orange, and yellow fat-soluble pigments that exist in nature, and are known as physiologically active substances with various functions, such as provitamin A, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. Because of their physiological activity and color availability, carotenoids are widely used in the food, cosmetics, and aquaculture industries. Currently, most carotenoids used industrially use chemical synthesis because of their low production cost, but natural carotenoids are in the spotlight because of their safety and physiologically active effects. However, the production of carotenoids in plants and animals is limited for economic reasons. Carotenoids produced by bacteria have a good advantage in replacing carotenoids produced by chemical synthesis. Since carotenoids produced from bacteria have limited industrial applications due to low productivity, studies are continuously being conducted to increase the production of carotenoids by bacteria. Studies conducted to increase carotenoid production from bacteria include the activity of enzymes in the bacterial carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, the development of mutant strains using physical and chemical mutagens, increasing carotenoid productivity in strain construction through genetic engineering, carotenoid accumulation through stress induction, fermentation medium composition, culture conditions, co-culture with other strains, etc. The aim of this article was to review studies conducted to increase the productivity of carotenoids from bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.271-278
• /
• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of the natural and synthetic commercial pigments on the laying Performance, Pigmentation and fatty acid contents in e99 yolk of laying hens. The experimental diets were formulated to have isocalories and isonitrogen. In experiment I, the diet does not contain the com in which the xanthophylls are free, and in experiment II, the diet contained 54% of corn in which the level of xanthophylls are 19.34 ppm/kg (calculated levels). In the experiment 1, 480 ISA Brown laying hens were divided into eight groups. Each group has 60 birds fed the 0% of corn with 8 types of pigment levels for 4 weeks. in the experiment 2, 600 ISA Brown laying hens were divided into ten groups. Each group has 60 birds fed the 54% of com diet with 10 types of pigment levels for 4 weeks. Feed intake, e99 Production, egg weight and feed efficiency did not have significant difference in experiments I and II. Albumen height and haugh unit did not have significant difference in both experiments. In order to approach the yolk pigmentation to 12∼13 of Roche color fan, addition level of natural red pigment was 25∼30 ppm. In the case of synthetic red pigment, the level was 15∼20 ppm. In this experimental condition, the pigmenting effect of the synthetic pigment was better than that of the natural pigment. In the experiment 2, the pigmenting effect of mixing pigments were investigated between TM2 mixed with natural red pigment, and TM6 mixed with synthesis red pigment. The pigmenting effect of synthetic red pigment was greater than that of the natural red pigment. However, the pigmenting effect of natural pigment was greater than that of synthetic pigments when the levels of synthetic and natural red pigments in diet are higher in TM3 and TM8. The fatty acid content in yolk was not affected by pigment addition.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.167-173
• /
• 1998

Having silk dyed with some pigment extracted from the skin of an onion, examined the change of color by time and frequency of dyeing and a mordanted cloth, and the antibiosis of a dyed cloth and a mordanted cloth. The result of this were as follows ; 1. The pigment of an onion was easily extracted in the hot water of $40^{\circ}C$ and much more extracted as the temperature of water rises($70^{\circ}C$). 2. As a result of dyeing it by the change of time, 30minutes, 60minutes, 90minutes and the frequency of dyeing, once, twice, three times after filtering the extracted solution, the one dyed three times for 30minutes was the best. 3. The difference of color of a mordanted cloth was the highest in the mordant of $SnCl_2\;2H_2O$ on the basis of the value of L of the non-mordant dyed three times. 4. The mordant of copper sulfate was proved to have the highest antibiosis in the antibiosis of a dyed cloth and a mordanted cloth, and it was proved that the pigment of the skin of an onion had excellent antibiosis.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.18-18
• /
• 2001

Natural colorants have attracted much attention all over the world because of their non-hazardous nature. The world is becoming increasingly aware of environmental issues, such as ozone layer depletion, water pollution and waste disposal problems. The use of synthetic dyestuffs for their synthesis and application in the dyeing industries has been criticized due to introduction of contaminants into the environment. This has led to the desire to turn to the traditional, and more natural way of life. In this study, the colorants of extract of Ginkgo biloba bark were analysed and their dyeing properties on silk, wool and cotton were studied. It was found that uv-visible absorption spectra of extract of Ginkgo biloba bark showed two strong absorption peaks in the range of 240∼400 nm. From the result of IR spectra, the major ingredient of extract of Ginkgo biloba bark seems to be the flavon which is one of the flavonoid derivatives. Silk, wool, and cotton dyed with the extract of Ginkgo biloba bark showed a reddish yellow color. Their color differences were increased drastically with repetition of dyeing by three times.