• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.404-409
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• 2017

Natural polymer chitosan has been widely applied to medical fields due to its biochemical activities such as anticancer, antibacterial and lowering cholesterol in addition to biocompatibility and biodegradability. Currently, researches are being actively conducted to develop various drug-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles for curing different diseases by applying chitosan to a drug delivery system. The free amine ($-NH_2$) group present in chitosan can bind to various hydrophobic groups by physical and chemical modification and the chitosan with hydrophobic groups can form shell-core nanoparticles by self-assembly when dispersed in water. In addition, an insoluble drug can increase the solubility against water when it was encapsulated in the core of chitosan nanoparticles. Also, the therapy effect can be maximized by minimizing side effects of drugs such as proteins, anticancer drugs and vaccines when they were encapsulated in the core of chitosan nanoparticles. Moreover, it is possible to control the particle size and release rate according to the hydrophobic group introduced to chitosan, so that it can be applied to a wide range of medical fields. The purpose of this review is to discuss the preparation and property of chitosan nanoparticles modified with various hydrophobic groups, and the application to drug delivery systems according to their property.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1873-1882
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• 2009

Hospital patient clothing material was treated with a mixture of chitosan in order to enhance functionality, such as the durability and dimensional stability of the cotton fabric used. Chitosan is a natural polymer with excellent biocompatibility, however there is a deteriorating adherence efficiency. The addition of a nanosilver colloidal solution in accordance with a prescribed ratio can further increase the performance of chitosan. Changes in the structural characteristics and physical properties of the chitosan/nanosilver treated fabric were observed in a comparison with fabric treated only with chitosan. The add-on ratio increased when the mixing ratio of nanosilver colloidal solution was higher; however, the crystalline structure of the treated fabric remains similar. In the case of CH3/NS1 treated fabric (where the mixing ratio of chitosan and nanosilver solution was 3:1) the K/S value, whiteness index, wet tensile strength, and wrinkle recovery angle were superior. The dimension stability, pilling resistance, and abrasion resistance of the fabric treated with a mixed solution increased in comparison to the fabric treated only with chitosan. The chitosan/nanosilver treated cotton fabric used for patient clothing material has excellent physical properties.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.702-708
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• 2018

Hydrogels are natural polymer networks that can contain huge quantities of water and many cosmetical ingredients. Their hydrophilic functional groups creates a matrix, which allows high efficacy in delivering active ingredients into the skin. In industry, hydrating properties and strength of the hydrogels are of great interest in manufacturing hydrogel mask packs. We have used the cellulose in various forms such as powder, cotton fiber and cellulase treated cotton fiber to investigate the property changes of cellulose/hydrogel sheets. When 0.1% and 0.3% of cellulose powder were added to hydrogels, tensile strength of hydrogel sheets were decreased by 10% and 14% respectively. Vise versa, when 0.5 ~ 2 cm of cotton fibers were added, tensile strength of hydrogel sheets were significantly increased by about 20%. The hydrogels which contain cotton fibers also gave an excellent moisturizing effect. Especially cellolose/hydrogels containing cellulase-treated cotton fibers showed the best effect on retaining moisture content increasing upto 380% in comparison with the one containing untreated cotton as well as excellent dispersibility.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.475-479
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• 2011

Chitosan is a natural polymer that has many physicochemical(polycationic, reactive OH and $NH_2$ groups) and biological(bioactive, biocompatible, and biodegradable) properties. In this study, chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using poly-${\gamma}$-glutamic acid(${\gamma}$-PGA) as gelling agent. Nanoparticles were formed by ionic interaction between carboxylic groups in ${\gamma}$-PGA and amino groups in chitosan. Chitosan(0.1~1 g) was dissolved in 100 ml of acetic acid (1% v/v) at room temperature and stirred overnight to ensure a complete solubility. An amount of 0.1 g of ${\gamma}$-PGA was dissolved in 90 ml of distilled water at room temperature. Chitosan solution was dropped through needle into beaker containing ${\gamma}$-PGA solution under gentle stirring at room temperature. The average particle sizes were in the range of 80~300 nm. The prepared chitosan/${\gamma}$-PGA nanoparticles were used to examine their removal of several heavy metal ions($Cd^{2+}$, $Pb^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Ni^{2+}$) as adsorbents in aqueous solution. The heavy metal removal capacity of the nanoparticles was in the order of $Cu^{2+}$ > $Pb^{2+}$ > $Cd^{2+}$ > $Ni^{2+}$ > $Zn^{2+}$.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2016

In order to select a strain that forms a Biocellulose (BC), strain producing acetic acid was selected from commercially available kombucha. Through SM broth it was confirmed that the strain is a gram negative bacteria in the form of rods having no motility through a phase contrast microscope. The result of phylogenetic inference analysis based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis for the identification of strains was most closely related to Gluconobacter uchimurae (G. uchimurae) and was named G. uchimurae GYS15 strain. The strain showed the highest degree of growth when cultured for 14 days under the conditions of pH 5 and $25^{\circ}C$. Moreover, it showed the highest degree of growth in a Glucose addition disaccharide as the optimum carbon source sucrose and fructose. Also, 0.5% NaCl, upon the addition of Malto extract, showed the highest degree of growth. Based on investigation by the optimum growth conditions to confirm the physical properties of BC obtained by culturing G. uchimurae GYS15 strains. The surface structure was observed through an scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed a high networks structure. It until $8.6{\pm}0.38$ times when the water holding capacity is re-absorbed and re-absorbed holding oil up to $6.6{\pm}0.51$ times confirmed. In conclusion, using these material properties, it was possible to confirm the possibility of a variety of cosmetic materials and mask pack materials.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.69-83
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• 2020

For the development of the chitosan industry in Korea, the catch of red snow crabs caught on the east coast is rapidly decreasing. Therefore, it is urgent to develop raw materials that can replace the red snow crab as the top priority to solve the supply and demand problems, as well as wastewater treatment costs account for a large proportion of the cost of chitosan. In order to solve the problems, continuous research on biological extraction methods such as enzymatic extraction and microbial fermentation will increase production efficiency and lower unit cost as well as chemical extraction methods. Further efficient manufacturing method can be established. Establishing of novel techniques is indispensable for production of high-purity chitosan and the ability to regulate and separate the molecular weight, as well as joint research with industry, academia and research institute for the research and development of high-functional chitosan derivatives.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.545-554
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• 2016

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important macromolecule in medical and pharmaceutical fields. HA is a natural and linear polymer composed of repeating disaccharide units of β-1, 3-N-acetyl glucosamine and β-1, 4-glucuronic acid. This work aimed to confirm the structural characteristics and anti-inflammatory activities of HA and its chemically sulfated-HA. HA was produced from a fed-batch fermentation process using Streptococcus dysgalactiae in a 5 l bioreactor. HA was isolated water-soluble form (HA-WS) and water-insoluble form (HA-WI) from culture medium, and was obtained chemically sulfated-derivative (S-HA) that resulted in a 90% yield from HA-WI. The structural features of the sulfated- HA (S-HA) were investigated by FT-IR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. The FT-IR and NMR patterns revealed the similarity in both the FTIR spectrum as well as NMR spectrum of both reference standard and purified HA from S. dysgalactiae. The anti-inflammatory activities of HA and S-HA were examined on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. S-HA was significantly inhibited production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and PGE₂ and the gene levels of iNOS and COX-2, which are responsible for the production of NO and PGE₂, respectively. Furthermore, S-HA also suppressed the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α (<80 pg/ml) and IL-6 (<100 pg/ml) compared to that of HA-WI. The present study clearly demonstrates that HA-S exhibits anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.705-711
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• 2012

In this study, the elastic liposome consisted of egg phospholipids and edge activator ($Tego^{(R)}$ care 450) was prepared in order to supplement the defect of the conventional liposome. We prepared elastic liposome containing quercetin, known as natural antioxidant, and evaluated the vesicles size, elasticity, loading efficiency, stability, and in vitro skin permeation. The mean diameter of quercetin loaded elastic liposome formulations ranged between 208.2~303.4 nm and loading efficiency was observed 64.1~87.5%. The highest loading efficiency (87.5%) and deformability (28.3) were observed at the optimal ratio of 90 : 10 (egg phospholipids : $Tego^{(R)}$ care 450) among 0.1% quercetin loaded elastic liposome formulations. The elastic liposome formulation was selected for further transdermal permeation study. The elastic liposome ($129.9{\mu}g/cm^2$) exhibited more skin permeability than general liposome ($114.8{\mu}g/cm^2$) and 1,3-butylene glycol ($75.1{\mu}g/cm^2$) solution. This results suggest that the elastic liposome formulation using $Tego^{(R)}$ care 450 as a major edge activator could be useful for the delivery of active ingredient through the skin transdermal.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.331-338
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• 2018

Melanin is a polymer substance that plays an important role in the determination of hair growth and skin color in vivo. However, melanin, which is over-produced by reactive oxygen species, is known to cause stains, freckles, and hypercholesterolemia, which are associated with aging. Previous studies have shown that polyphosphate, one of the components of Rhynchosia Nulubilis, inhibits skin aging induced by ultraviolet rays. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct effect of Rhynchosia Nulubilis ethanolic extract (RNEE) on melanin synthesis. In this study, RNEE showed no antioxidative effects on scavenging activity of DPPH radical in addition to reducing power. The cytotoxicity of RNEE was increased in a dose-dependent manner in an MTT assay. In addition, RNEE increased tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis in DOPA-oxidation experiments. RNEE did not promote the conversion L-DOPA into melanin in live cells, but melanin production was promoted in the RNEE-treated group after H2O2 pretreatment compared to the control group in which melanin production was reduced by treatment with H2O2. In addition, RNEE increased the expression level of tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2) and increased the expression level of tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) at a concentration of $16{\mu}g/ml$. In particular, it was found that RNEE increased the expression level of SOD-3, by which superoxide anion is converted to hydrogen peroxide, higher than the control and ${\alpha}$-MSH used as a positive control at a concentration of more than $16{\mu}g/ml$. The results suggest that RNEE can induce melanogenesis related to black hair.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.577-604
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• 1998

chitosan은 골치유증진 및 골세포의 분화를 촉진하는 것으로 알려진 천연의 생분해성 고분자이다. 이연구에서는 chitosan 및 chitosan/tricalcium phosphate(TCP) 다공성 기질을 제조하여 골이식재 및 조직공학적 골형성을 위한 3차원적 세포배양 지지체로서의 가능성을 평가하고자 하였다. chitosan 용액 및 TCP가 포함된 chitosan 용액을 동결건조함으로써 소공의 크기가 $100-200{\mu}m$인 스폰지형태의 chitosan 및 chitosan/TCP 다공성 기질을 제작하였다. 골이식재로서의 효과를 평가하기 위하여 백서의 두개골 결손부에 제작된 chiosan 및 chitosan/TCP 다공성 기질을 각각 이식하고 2주 및 4주 후에 동물을 희생하여 조직학적으로 치유양상을 관찰하였다. 조직공학적 골형성을 위한 세포배양 지지체로서의 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 백서 태자의 두개골에서 분리된 골아세포를 chitosan 및 chitosan/TCP 다공성 기질에 각각 접종하고 56일간 배양하면서 각 기간 별로 세포수, 염기성 인산효소 활성, 축적된 calcium의 양을 측정하였고 배양된 세포-기질 혼합체를 광학현미경 및 주사전자현 미경하에서 조직학적 관찰을 시행하였다. 백서 두개골결손부에 이식된 chitosan 및 chiosan/TCP 다공성 기질은 별다른 이물반응 없이 자연 분해되면서 신생골조직 내에 매립되었으며 이식하지 않은 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높은 신생골형성 효과를 나타내어 우수한 골전도성이 있음이 확인되었다. 신생골형성 양상이나 형성된 양에 있어서 두 가지 기질간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 골아세포-기질 혼합체의 배양결과, 접종후 배양 28일 경과 시까지 골아세포수는 지속적으로 증가하다가 이후에는 5 8일까지 성장정도가 둔화되었다. 염기성 인산효소의 활성 및 calcium 축적량은 접종후 배양시간경과에 따라 56일까지 지속적으로 증가하였다. 세포수 및 염기성 인산효소의 활성에서 두 기질간의 유의한 차이는 없었고, calcium 축적량에 있어서는 chitosan/TCP 기질에서 유의하게 높았고 증가속도도 컸다. 배양된 골아세포가 접종된 다공성 기질의 조직학적 관찰결과, 골아세포는 다공성 기질에 잘 부착하여 중층의 형태로 성장하면서 광화된 골기질을 형성함이 관찰되었다. 배양 14일부터 작은 골편형태의 골형성이 기질 표면에 부착되어 관찰되었고, 배양기간이 길어짐에 따라 성장하여 배양 56일째에는 상당한 양의 광화된 골질이 형성됨이 관찰되었다. 배양 56일 경과후의 광화된 골질의 양은 chitosan/TCP 기질에서 더 많았다. 이 연구의 결과, chitosan 및 chitosan/TCP 다공성 기질이 골이식재로서 뿐만 아니라, 조직공학적 골형성에 적용되는 골아세포의 배양을 위한 3차원구조의 세포지지체로 이용되어 골재생술식에 유용한 생체재료로 활용될 수 있음이 확인되었다.