• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.11-18
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• 2016

Since GNSS signals get blocked by buildings in urban canyons or narrow alleys, it is very difficult to secure a enough number of visible satellites for satellite navigation in those poor signal-reception environments. In those situations, one cannot get their coordinates or obtain accurate positions. In this study, a couple of strategies for improving positioning accuracy in urban canyons were developed and their performance was verified. First of all, we combined GPS and GLONASS measurements together and devised algorithms to quality-control observed signals and eliminate outliers. Also, a new multipath reduction scheme was applied to minimize its effect by utilizing SNR values of the observed signals. For performance verification of the developed technique, a narrow alley of 10m width located near the back gate of the Inha University was selected as the test-bed, and then we conducted static and kinematic positioning at four pre-surveyed points. We found that our new algorithms produced an 45% improvement in an open-sky environment compared with the positioning result of a low-cost u-blox receiver. In the alleys, 3-D accuracy improved by an average of 37%. In the case of kinematic positioning, especially, biases showing up in regular receivers got eliminated significantly through our new filtering algorithms.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2005

Purpose : Heavy metal use when producing the block from the workshop. At this time, production of heavy metal dust and fume gives risk in human. This like heavy metal to improve seriousness through measurement and analysis. And by the quest in solution is purpose of this thesis. Materials and Methods : Organization is Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer, and the object is Deajeon city 4 workshops in university hospital radiation oncology (Bismuth, Lead, Tin and cadmium). Method is the ppb the pumping it does at unit, comparison analysis. And the Calculation heavy metal standard level in air through heavy metal standard level in body and blood, so Heavy metal temporary standard set. Results : Subterranean existence room air quality the administration laws appointed Lead and Cadmium's exposure recommend that it is $3{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;2{\mu}g/m^3$. And Bismuth and Tin decides $7{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;6{\mu}g/m^3$ through standard level in air heavy metal and standard level in body and blood. Heavy metal measurement level of workshops in 4 university hospital Daejeon city compares with work existence and nonexistence. On work nonexistence almost measurement level is below the recommend level. But work existence case express high level. Also consequently in composition ratio of the block is continuous with the detection ratio. Conclusion : Worker's heavy metal contamination imbrued serious for solution founds basic part. In hospital may operation on local air exhauster and periodical efficiency check, protector offer, et al. And worker have a correct understanding part of heavy metal contamination, and have continuous interest, health control. Finally, learned society sphere administer to establishment standard level and periodical measurement. And it founds basic solution plan of periodical special health checkup.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2014

The long term integrity of concrete cask is very important for spent nuclear fuel dry storage system. However, there are serious concerns about early deterioration of concrete cask from creaking and corrosion of reinforcing steel by chloride ion because the cask is usually located in seaside, expecially by combined deterioration such as chloride ion and heat, carbonation. This study is to investigate the relation between temperature and chloride ion diffusion of concrete. Immersion tests using 3.5% NaCl solution that were controlled in four level of temperature, i.e. 20, 40, 65, and $90^{\circ}C$, were conducted for four months. The chloride ion diffusion coefficient of concrete was predicted based on the results of profiles of Cl- ion concentration with the depth direction of concrete specimens using the method of potentiometric titration by $AgNO_3$. Test results indicate that the diffusion coefficient of chloride ion increases remarkably with increasing temperature, and there was a linear relation between the natural logarithm values of the diffusion coefficients and the reciprocal of the temperature from the Arrhenius plots. Activation energy of concrete in this study was about 46.6 (W/C = 40%), 41.7 (W/C = 50%), 30.7 (W/C = 60%) kJ/mol under a temperature of up to $90^{\circ}C$, and concrete with lower water-cement ratio has a tendency towards having higher temperature dependency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.353-354
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• 2004

사용후 핵연료의 조성을 분석하거나 또는 반사전자상과 2차 전자상 등으로 시료를 관찰하기 위해서는 핫셀(Hot cell)에 증착기(coater)를 설치하여 시료표면을 전도성 물질인 탄소 등으로 증착시켜야 한다. 그러나 원격조정기를(manipulator)를 이용하여 수행되는 핫셀에서의 증착작업은 사용후 핵연료 시험의 선진분석기술을 갖고 있는 원자력 선진국에서도 핫셀내에 설치되어 있는 증착기의 탄소봉을 교체하는 작업과 진공장치의 성능 유지가 까다로워 시료표면에 균질하게 전도성 물질을 증착시키는 작업에 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 본 연구는 통상적으로 이용되는 증착기를 사용하지 않고 Silver Paint를 사용하여 사용후 핵연료를 분석할 수 있는 새로운 방법에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 산화물 핵연료는 전기전도도가 매우 낮아($3{\times}10^{-1}~4{\times}10^{-8}/ohm{\cdot}cm$)입사된 전자의 이동이 원활하지 못해 일어나는 들뜸(Charging)현상이 발생한다. 그러나 Silver Paint 에 사용후 핵연료를 접착하면 모세관(capillary)현상에 의해 시료 주위와 핵연료의 결정립계로 Silver가 스며들어 입사된 전자의 이동이 원활해져 전도성이 극히 낮은 시료의 분석이 가능하게 된다. 본 시험에 사용된 EPMA는 (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer, SX-50R, CAMECA, Paris, France) 고 방사능을 띤 조사 핵연료의 시험을 수행할 수 있도록 기기의 적절한 부위에 납과 텅스텐으로 차폐되어 시편의 방사능 세기가 $3{\times}10^{10}Bq$까지 시험 가능한 기기이다. 그림 1은 JAERI 에 설치 운영중인 증착기 설비 사진이다. 그림에서 핫셀에 설치된 증착기의 진공을 유지하기 위해 핫셀 벽을 관통하여 증착기 본체까지 연결된 배출관의 형상과 복잡한 주변장치들을 볼 수 있다. 그림 2는 비조사 핵연료 시편을 Silver Pain떼 접착한 사진이다. 그림은 시료주위와 시료 표면까지 Silver Paint가 도포된 모습을 보여주고 있다. 상용발전소에서 연소도가 50,000 Mwd/tU인 사용후 핵연료를 상기와 같은 방법으로 만든 시편의 표면을 관찰한 사진을 그림 3~8에 나타내었다. 그림 3은 핵연료 중앙부위의 결정립을 나타낸 그림이다. Silver Paint만으로 접착한 시료의 표면관찰 및 정량분석이 그림에서 보듯이 가능함을 확인하였다. 그림 4는 사용후 핵연료시료를 중앙부위에서 가장자리까지를 다섯 부위로 나누어 그 중 중앙부위(1/5) 지점의 입계 및 형상을 관찰한 사진이다. 결정립의 크기가 다른 부위보다 상대적으로 크고, 결정립에 생성된 기공이 발달되어 있음을 볼 수 있다. 그림 5와 6과 7은 중심부위와 rim부위 사이 지점을 관찰한 사진으로서 결정립과 기공의 분포가 비슷한 형상을 나타내고 있음을 관찰할 수 있었다. 그림 8은 rim 부위 사진으로 전형적인 rim 영역 현상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 표 1은 그림 2와 같이 비조사 산화물 핵연료를 Silver Paint로 접착한 시편을 정량 분석한 결과이다. 시편의 조성은 33.6 at% U, 66.4 at% O의 결과를 얻었다. 산화물 핵연료의 표면 관찰 및 정량 분석 시험시 시편 표면을 전도성 물질로 증착시키지 않고, Silver Paint 에 시편을 접착하는 방법으로도 만족한 시험 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2011.03a
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• pp.58-58
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• 2011

CNT 나노기술을 응용한 IT산업용 적층간지용 ESD(정전방전, Electrostatic Dissipation)PU 발포필름의 제조 가공기술 및 상품화 개발은 전자제품 패키지에 요구되는 쿠션성과 정전방전 기능을 갖는 폴리우레탄 발포 필름의 제조기술을 확립함으로써 가능 할 수 있다. 특히 IT산업용 필름제품이 개발되면 ESD 성능을 발휘하게 됨으로서 정전기 쇼크에 의한 각종 전자제품의 오작동이나 파손 방지가 가능하게 되어 포장재, 자동차, 전자제품의 하우징 등으로 사용될 수 있게 된다. 현재까지 ESD 기능을 부여하기 위해서 사용되는 충전재로는 금속섬유, 금속플레이크, 탄소섬유, 카본블랙 등이 있으며, 최근 탄소나노튜브를 응용한 연구가 많이 진행되고 있는데 탄소나노튜브는 직경이 수십nm, 종횡비 1000이상의 나노섬유형태로 서 전기전도성이 구리수준으로 알려져 있고 소량을 충전할 시 기계적 특성도 오히려 증대하는 장점을 가지고 있으며 전기적 특성으로는 상대적으로 낮은 나노튜브 함량에서는 ESD를 들 수 있고 높은 함량에서는 전자파 차폐성까지 기대되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 우수한 인장강도, 기계적 강도, 열적 안정성, 내약품성을 가지면서 습식 또는 용융공정을 통해 용이하게 시트, 필름, 코팅제를 제조할 수 있는 방수, 투습방수성을 가지는 유연재료인 폴리우레탄(PU) 1액형 PU에 MWNT 함량이 3wt%인 IPA/MWNT 분산용액을 PU 함량 대비 20, 30, 40파트로 함유시켜 $120^{\circ}C$에서 2분 건조시켜 제조한 그라운드 필름에 2액형 PU와 IPA/MWNT 분산용액에 발포제를 첨가하여 발포온도 140, 150, $160^{\circ}C$에서 5분간 건조시켜 시료 필름을 제조하였다. 제조된 필름의 전기전도성 측정은 부피저항과, 표면저항을 각각 측정하여 확인하였으며, 필름의 마찰 대전압은 E.S.T-7 마찰 대전압 시험기를 이용하여 표면 마찰 대전압과 반감기를 측정하여 확인하고, 필름의 물리적 특성은 인장시험기를 이용하여 breaking stress, breaking strain을 구하였다. 필름의 표면 특성은 영상 현미경 시스템을 사용하여 ${\times}1000$ 배율로 측정하여 분산특성과의 연관성을 확인하였다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2010

A magnetocardiogram (MCG) is a recording of the biomagnetic signals generated by cardiac electrical activity. Biomagnetic instruments are based on superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). A liquid cryogenic Dewar flask was used to maintain the superconductors in a superconducting state at a very low temperature (4 K). In this study, the temperature distribution characteristics of the liquid helium in the Dewar flask was investigated. The Dewar flask used in this study has a 30 L liquid helium capacity with a hold time of 5 d. The Dewar flask has two thermal shields rated at 150 and 40 K. The temperatures measured at the end of the thermal shield and calculated from the computer model were compared. This study attempted to minimize the heat transfer rate of the cryogenic Dewar flask using an optimization method about the geometric variable to find the characteristics for the design geometric variables in terms of the stress distribution of the Dewar flask. For thermal and optimization analysis of the structure, the finite element method code ANSYS 10 was used. The computer model used for the cryogenic Dewar flask was useful to predict the temperature distribution for the area less affected by the thermal radiation.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2006

We have developed a second-order double relaxation oscillation SQUID(DROS) gradiometer with a baseline of 35 mm, and constructed a poorly magnetically-shielded room(MSR) with an aluminum layer and permalloy layers for magnetocardiography(MCG). The 2nd-order DROS gradiometer has a noise level of 20 $fT/{\surd}Hz$ at 1 Hz and 8 $fT/{\surd}Hz$ at 200 Hz inside the heavily-shielded MSR with a shielding factor of $10^3$ at 1 Hz and $10^4-10^5$ at 100 Hz. The poorly-shielded MSR, built of a 12-mm-thick aluminum layer and 4-6 permalloy layers of 0.35 mm thickness, is 2.4mx2.4mx2.4m in size, and has a shielding factor of 40 at 1 Hz, $10^4$ at 100 Hz. Our 64-channel second-order gradiometer MCG system consists of 64 2nd-order DROS gradiometers, flux-locked loop electronics, and analog signal processors. With the 2nd-order DROS gradiometers and flux-locked loop electronics installed inside the poorly-shielded MSR, and with the analog signal processor installed outside it, the noise level was measured to be 20 $fT/{\surd}Hz$ at 1 Hz and 8 $fT/{\surd}Hz$ at 200 Hz on the average even though the MSR door is open. This result leads to a low noise level, low enough to obtain a human MCG at the same level as that measured in the heavily-shielded MSR. However, filters or active shielding is needed fur clear MCG when there is large low-frequency noise from heavy air conditioning or large ac power consumption near the poorly-shielded MSR.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.13-22
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• 2005

This research aimed to generate two points of daylighting application as follows: 1) providing daylight performance data with a variety of glazing materials for a large window and 2) designing and evaluating an experimental type of differentiated window. For this purpose, we compared the daylight and distribution performance of new defined type of window configuration to the conventional window counterpart with a variety of glazing materials. The comparison was made for a deep, south-facing perimeter zone with large window, without any interior obstruction. The conventional window is the base single homogeneous glass pane, where as the differentiated window uses of two different glazings; an upper daylight glazing with high visible transmission and lower view window with lower transmittal glass. The daylight performance data was translated into a ratio between outdoor illuminance and the interiors. The simulated analysis of the conventional window indicates that the interior light levels have been changed proportionally dependent on the transmittance of the applied glass. The comparison of daylight distribution analysis showed that the differentiated window has lots of photometric advantage by the optical function of upper daylight window. In particular, the contribution of higher daylight window into deep rear space must be stressed for daylighting application.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.42-48
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• 2002

The design, construction and performance test of a convenient multi-purpose irradiator is described. A multi-purpose irradiator using Cesium-137 has been developed for studies of low dose radiation effects in biology and for calibration of Thermo Luminescent dosimeter(TLD). During the operation, three rods of radioactive material which are 10cm in length revolve 180 degrees and irradiate biological samples, or TLD, and return to their shielded position, after the programmed time. A programmable Logic Controller(PLC) controls the sequence of operation, interlock, motor rotation and safety system. The rotation speed of biological samples can vary up to 20 RPM. A real time monitoring system was also incorporated to check and control the operation status of the irradiator. The capacity of the irradiation chamber was 4.5 liters. The isodose distribution at arbitrary vertical planes was measured by using film dosimetry. The dose-rate was 0.13 cGy/min in air and 0.11 cGy/min in water equivalent material in the case of Cesium-137. Range of activity was 2 Ci. The homogeneity of dose distribution in the chamber was ${\pm}$7%. The actual radiation level on the surface was within permissible levels. The irradiator had a maximum 0.35 mR/min radiation leakage on its surface.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

We have manufactured and evaluated reference samples for the use of low magnetic moment measurements. Before the measurements, SQUID magnetometers were magnetically shielded from external magnetic noise. We considered the purity including magnetic impurities, the optimum thickness, the modification method, and the shape in the preparation of the samples. Three paramagnetic polycrystaline metal plates of Ti, W, and Al with the area of $4mm{\times}6mm$ were prepared finally. The magnetic moments of these three samples are measured very linear up to the field of 5 T without magnetic hysteresis. The temperature deviated ratios of the magnetic moments for Ti, Al, and W from 290 K to 310 K are 0.7, 1.5, and 0.1 %, respectively. The measured magnetic moments for Ti and W samples by our research team are very well agreeable with those by two SQUID magnetometers and a VSM at Quantum Design via international round robin test. The results suggest that the prepared reference samples are well suited for the use in the low magnetic moment measurement with SQUID based magnetometers.