• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.265-269
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• 1999

Paralytic shellfish poison threatens public health most seriously from April to early May every year and gives adverse effects on export of these products. Major shellfish products exported were canned oyster, Crassostrea gigas and blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Toxicities of canned shellfishes with toxin of low levels were mostly inactivated during the processing; in contrast, residual toxicity was of great concern with canned products from highly toxic shellfishes. This study was to provide basic data to establish food safety measure by evaluating the changes of toxicity during 2 year storage of canned products with toxic blue mussel and oyster. Any significant difference was not observed between two samples. Boiled can and smoked can showed inactivation of toxicity to some extent, whereas acidified can did not show reduction of toxicity even after 2 year storage. In case the initial toxicity of shellfish was high long term storage could not inactivate the toxicity of the canned product.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 1990

Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP) is mainly produced by marine dinoflagellates such as Protogonyaulax sp. and Pyrodinium sp.. The PSP was known to be accumulated in digestive gland of shellfish as result of feeding toxic dinoflagellates. PSP illness when occurs when one eats PSP intoxicated shellfish. Therefore PSP is becoming as serious problem in food hygiene and shellfish cultivation industry. The purpose of this study was to develop detoxification method for utilization of PSP intoxicated sea mussel and prevent from PSP illness. The PSP was extracted with 0.1 N HCl solution from the submitted sea mussel, then the toxicity was measured by mouse assay according to Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. No detoxification effect was observed by adding extracted juice of garlic and ginger. When the sea mussel homogenate was heated at various temperatures, the PSP toxicity was not changed significantly at below $70^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes but it was decreased as the heating temperature was increased. For example, when the sea mussel homogenate was heated at 100, $121^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes, the toxicity was decreased about 67 and 90%, respectively. When the sea mussel containing 645 $\mu$g PSP per 100g of edible meat was processed according to general shellfish canning procedure, the toxicity was decreased as the level of PSP undetected by mouse assay.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 2002

This study were observed to the conditions of organic pollution applying to tile environmental assessments based on macrobenthos around the raft culture ground which became an issue by organic matter input in Jinhae Bay. Three stations, mussel farm, oyster farm and the control station on which rarely culture activities were fixed and have analyzed to the sediment characteristics and macrobenthic communities. Muddy substrates between 6.0 and 6.60 on mean grain size have prevailed to the bottom layer in all stations. The highest organic matter content of 2.8% was observed to the mussel farm while the lowest one of 1.5% was recorded on the control area. As a total, 79 species from seven phyla were identified. Comparing to shell farms, the control station have composed to more diversified community structure. In the mussel and the oyster farm, opportunistic species, living in high organic contents area, Lumbrineris longifolia, Heteromastus. filiformis in polychaetes and Corophium sinense in amphipod were dominated. As results on environmental assessment, in spite of changing to the species composition and densities seasonally, the mussel farm have recorded only to moderately polluted condition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.297-299
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• 2008

시화호 주변 해역에 서식하는 진주담치 내의 위생세균 및 비소(As), 카드뮴(Cd), 크롬(Cr), 철(Fe), 수은(Hg), 망간(Mn), 니켈(Ni), 납(Pb), 셀렌니움(Se) 및 아연(Zn)등의 미량원소들을 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 본 연구해역의 전 조사정점에서 위생세균이 다소 높은 농도를 보이는 것은 아마도 조사시기가 하계로써 담수유입에 따른 영향으로 보여진다. 미량금속의 농도는 우리나라 식품위생기준 이내의 양호한 농도분포를 보였으며, 비소(As), 크롬(Cr), 니켈(Ni) 및 납의 경우 시화호 및 시화호 외측해역에서 유의한 농도차이(p<0.05)를 나타내지 않았으나 카드뮴 및 망간의 농도의 경우 시화호내에서 다소 높은 농도를 보였다(p<0.05). 반면에 구리, 수은, 셀렌니움 및 아연 등의 농도는 시화호에서 보다 시화호 외측해역에서 다소 높은 농도를 보였다(p<0.05). 또한 각성분간에 상관관계를 살펴보면 비필수원소중 수은과 카드물의 경우 셀레니움과 좋은 정의 상관성를 보이는 것으로 보아 이들 비필수원소의 셀레니움이 진주담치의 황산화성물질로 작용하는 것으로 보여 진다.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.581-585
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• 1985

This study was carried out with blue mussels at Otsuchi Bay in Japan from August 1981 to May 1982, in order to investigate the effect of the parasitic pea crab (Pinnotheres pholadis) on the reproductive capacity of host blue mussels (Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis). The results show that pea crabs delay gonad development of host mussels about one month and lower their fatness rate by intercepting nutrients. The parasitization with pea crabs is thought not to prevent spawning activity itself, but to reduce the number of germ cell resulting in the reduced space of gonads.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 1983

A vacuum-packed seasoned-dried product of sea mussel, Mytilus edulis, caught in the southern coasts of Korea, was prepared and stored at $35^{\circ}C$ for 70 days to test quality stability. Sea mussel, purchased from Jagalchi fish market in Busan, was steamed, shucked and eliminated byssus. The sea mussel meat was seasoned with the seasoning solution prepared with sugar, salt, sorbitol, glycerol, monosodium glutamate, 5'-ribonucleotide and smoke flavor (Smoke-EZ, Alpha Foods Co., Ltd.). After seasoning, the meat was dried at $52-58^{\circ}C$ for three hours, vacuum-packed in the laminated plastic film bag($14{\times}15cm$), and finally sterilized at $120^{\circ}C$ for 26 minutes in hot water circulating retort. The moisture, water activity, color value(L, a and b value), texture, TBA value and viable bacterial count of the products were determined during the period of storage at $35^{\circ}C$. From the results obtained, it became clear that the product could be preserved in a good quality for 70 days at $35^{\circ}C$, though a slight decrease in moisture content and development of a pale brown color was resulted. Judging from the sensory evaluation on flavor, the products containing smoke flavor were most desirable.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.71-75
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• 1972

The growth of the mussel, Mytilus edulis, in a salt-field reservoir was investigated at Dangjin, Choongnam, from June to October in 1970. l. Temperature, salinity, specific gravity, and pH of water were $22.5-27.5^{\circ}C,\;28.6-34.8\%$, 1.019-1.024, and 7.6 respectively in the salt-field reservoir from June 20 to July 19. 2. Three species of Gastropoda and seven species of Pelecypoda were collected. 3. The shell height of the mussel group in the highest abundance increased from 200mm($15\~25mm$) on June 15 to 40mm ($20\~50mm$) on September 26 in the salt-field reservoir, whereas the average shell heights of them were 19.80mm (June 15) and 35. 10mm (Sept. 26) respectively. 4. The daily growth of the mussel from July 10 to August 12 was 0.22 mm in shell height and highest during the experimental period. 5. The relationships between shell length (L) and shell height (H), and between shell length (L) and shell breadth (B) of the young mussel are represented by the following equations respectively : H=1.26776L+5.07978 B=35041L+3.05502 6. From the above results, it is suggested that the culture of the mussell, Mytilus edulis, in a salt-field reservoir is possible.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.125-132
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• 2003

The levels of heavy metals (total-mercury, cadmium, lead and chromium) in shellfishes, such as oyster (Carassostrea gigas), blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), arkshll (Scapharca broughtonii) and little neck clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), were determined. The samples were collected from 11 stations for oyster and 12 stations for blue mussel in the South Coast of Korea, and little neck clam and arkshell were collected from Koheung and the Kangjin Bay, respectively, during 1999 to 2000. The average concentrations of heavy metal in 4 different species of shellfishes analyzed were ranged from 0.007 to 0.009 ${\mu}g/g$ for total-mercury; 0.232 to 0.559 ${\mu}g/g$ for cadmium; 0.107 to 0.220 ${\mu}g/g$ for lead; and 0.116 to 0.364 ${\mu}g/g$ for chromium on wet basis. The highest level of total-mercury, lead, cadmium, and chromium in the samples analyzed were all below the quarantine limit of the Korean regulation and guideline established by the U.S.Food and Drug Administration for human consumption. The levels of heavy metals in the samples were negligible, which could be endogenous. It was elucidated that oyster was able to accumulate 2-times more cadmium than blu mussel in this study.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.293-296
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• 2000

Paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) occurrence and variation in th\ulcorner different bivalve species including oyster,Crassostrea gigas and mussel, Mytilus edulis Jinhae bay Korea from January to December in 1997 were surveyed. And also compositional characteristics of PSP ingredients in the different bivalve species were investigated. PSP in shellfish was detected from late February and increased continuously until the middle of April in Jinhae bay. And after April PSP level had been decreased gradually and the toxicity was not detected by mouse bioassay in the early of June. Of the examined bivalve species, PSP content in the mussel exhibited the highest value and the PSP content in the mussel in the middle of April, PSP high season in Jinhae bay, was 6 times higher than that in the oyster. Gonyautokin (GTX) 1~4 group occupied 59.0~78.8% of whole PSP contents and identified as dominant ingredient in the examined bivalves except oyster. And it is also identified that the PSP toxicity in the tested species were derived from the GTX group. And the dominant ingredient of PSP in the oyster was carbamoyl-N-sulfo-11$\alpha$-hydroxysaxitoxin sulfate(Cl)(37.9%) and neosaxitoxin(neoSTX)(26.2%). But the toxicity of Cl in the tested oyster could be ignorable and most toxicity (80.0%) was derived from saxitoxin (STX) group.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.287-292
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• 2000

The toxicity and toxin composition between blue mussel, Mytilus edulis and oyster, Crassostrea gigas collected at Woepori in Ko je island in South Coast of Korea in 1996 and 1997 were compared. The highest toxicity score was about 10 times higher in blue mussel than oyster (blue mussel, 8,670 $\mu\textrm{g}$; oyster, 860$\mu\textrm{g}$ in 1996, blue mussel, 5,657 $\mu\textrm{g}$/100g in 1997). The blue mussel also retained its toxicity for slightly longer period than oyster. In the both shellfish, PSP was composed almost exclusively of C toxicity (Cl and C2, 20~65%) and gonyautoxins (GTXl, 2, 3, and 4, 38~78%). In the early period of toxin accumulation, the ratio of 11$\beta$-epimer toxins (C2, GTX4) whose amount was 25~56 mole% (5th March to 12th April in 1996) and 25~80 mole% (18th March to 7th April in 1997), were higher than that of 11-epimer toxins (Cl, GTX2) whose amount was 41~57 mol%(27th May to 3rd June in 1996) and 25~56 mole% (29th April to 12th May in 1997), became higher than that of 11-epimer toxins. The toxin compositions in the both samples changed on a daily basis, presumably owing to metabolism of the toxin in the bivalves.