• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1801-1807
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• 2014

Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) are widely distributed among the world's oceans in various habitats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of freeze-drying on the antioxidant and antigenotoxic activities of blue mussels collected in the Gyeongnam coast area of Korea. Raw (RM) and freeze-dried blue mussel flesh (FRM) were extracted with ethanol, methanol, and water. Antioxidant activities were evaluated on the basis of DPPH radical scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), cellular antioxidant capacity (CAC), and antigenotoxic activity (comet assay). Except for the water extract, RM and FRM showed DPPH radical scavenging activities, which increased upon freeze-drying in MeOH extract. The highest ORAC value was observed in water extract of RM and MeOH extract of FRM. CAC was protected against AAPH-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells by both RM and FRM extracts. Freeze-drying lowered ORAC value of water extract, whereas it increased CAC activity, suggesting that antioxidant activities varied according to the generated radicals. All extracts from RM and FRM showed antigenotoxic activities by reducing $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage in human leukocytes. Freeze-drying had no effect on antigenotoxicity of blue mussels. Taken together, these results indicate that blue mussels possess antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties, and freeze-drying might be a useful processing method for blue mussels to retain their maximum physiological potential as a functional food.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.485-494
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• 1992

This study dealt with the concentration of heavy metals in mussels, Mylitus edulis and oysters, Crassostrea gigas, in different habitats around the Korean coastal waters during 1985-1989. The high levels of heavy metal concentration in two bivalves were found at Station 1, 2, 5, 23 and 25, while the low levels were found at stations in Chinhae Bay. Oysters were more effective bioaccumulators of Cu, Zn and Hg than mussels showing the ratios of 16:1 for Cu, 1.63:1 for Cd, 1.36:1 for Pb, 7.61:1 for Zn and 2.08:1 for Hg. The larger mussels were, the higher the concentrations of five metals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.417-418
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• 2001

진주담치는 전세계 온대 수역에 분포하는 법세계종(Cosmopolitan species)으로 연안을 따라 l0m 이내 수심에 대량 번성함으로서 이젠 오손생물(Fouling organism)로 알려진 종이다. 하지만 양식도 활발히 진행되고 있어 1990년대에는 35,000 여톤이 생산되어 패류 양식생산량의 10％ 내외를 차지하기도 한다. 진해만에서의 진주담치는 오랜 기간 양식이 진행되면서 시기에 따라 다량의 유생이 분포하는 지역으로 특별한 종묘 생산 없이도 양식이 원활한 지역이다. (중략)

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 1984

Heavy metal contents in soft tissues of mussels, Mytilus edulis, of Imweon, Banweol, Bay and Yeosu in Korea were determined during 1981∼82. The heavy metal measured were Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn and Fe. Depuration of mussel samples in clean seawater was needed adequate in the lowest levels of the complete excretion of gut contents. The 48hr depuration was adequate in the present study. Of the four study areas, Imweon showed the highest Pb, Mn and Fe contents. In Jinhae Bay, St. 9 showed the greatest Pb, Zn, Mn and Fe contents, whereas the highest levels of Cd, Cr and Cu were recorded at Sts. 7, 4 and 2, respectively. The concentrations of metals, except Cu, in mussels decreased with the growth of shell size.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2007

The bioaccumulation of Pb and Cd dissolved in seawater was assessed measuring the concentrations recorded within blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and oliver flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) after two weeks exposure period. The Pb and Cd concentration within the whole body of two testing organisms increased according to the exposure concentrations, and the such tendency was clear specially from the mussel. Maximum metal concentration reached $5,260({\pm}70)\;{\mu}g/g$ for Pb reared under 5.0 mg/L Pb, $1,040({\pm}40)\;{\mu}g/g$ for Cd reared under 1.0 mg/L Cd in the mussel, and indicated that the bioaccumulation of Pb and Cd was directly related to the rearing medium concentrations. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) reached very high values for Pb (maximum value: $12,100{\pm}1,400$) in the mussel reared under lowest Pb concentration (0.01 mg/L). The BCF value for Cd in the mussel were also far higher at exposure to low Cd concentration than high Cd concentration. At higher external concentrations, the BCF for Cd and Pb declined. This demonstrated the ability of two testing organisms to rapidly uptake heavy metals particularly when exposed to low external concentration. The mean Pb concentration was slightly higher in the gill of mussel than in the digestive gland, while Cd showed a higher level in the digestive gland than in the gill.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 1984

As one trials to utilize sea mussel and anchovy effectively, powdered instant soups were prepared and then their quality stability were examined during storage. Powdered instant soup was made by adding $3\%$ sugar, $20\%$ table salt, $5\%$ monosodium glutamate, $0.2\%$ black pepper and garlic powder to the pulverized dried sea mussel or anchovy. Powdered instant soup products, powderd products, and dried round state sea mussel or anchovy were packed with air in laminated film bag (cellophane/polyester/aluminium foil/polyester: $20{\mu}m/15{\mu}m/7{\mu}m/20{\mu}m,\;13{\times}14cm$). The contents of amino-nitrogen and volatile basic nitrogen of these products were showed little significant variations and also water activity and color value (L, a, b) of these products were little changed during storage. Thiobarbituric acid value increased up to 30 days of storage and then decreased slightly. Comparing the quality of powdered-seasoned products with that of dried round state products, there were no significant differences in stability during storage. Judging from the experimental results, the quality of powdered instant soup of sea mussel and anchovy were stable for 100 days at room temperature($25{\pm}3^{\circ}C$).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1970

The results of this work concerning the growth of the mussel, Mytilus edulis cultured by the hanging method in Koje Bay are as follows: The major spawning time is confined to the period from March to April. The mean growth of the mussel is indicated by the following formula; $$Y\;=\;1.508+0.659X-0.0559X^{2}+0.00367X^3$$ The major growing seasons are June and October The variance varied in proportion to the growth of the mussel, and each ranged, in shell height, from $1.25\~2.75\;to\;2.25\~4.25$ (mean:1.60 to 2.78)cm, $2.25\~5.25(3.00)cm,\;2.25\~7.75(4.83)cm,\;2.25\~7.75(5.05)cm\;and\;2.25\~8.25(5.95)cm$, and the variance were $0.278\~0.230$, 0.368, 0.701, 1.053 and 1.209, respectively. On the other hand, the variances differed in proportion to the growth of the mussel. The average length of the mussel life was about eighteen months. The mussels growing on the hanging line for arrestation undergo seasonal vicissitudes, and the mussels which fall off, mass into countless numbers during the period from August to October and finally disappear completely in November. The dimensions of the largest mussel are as follows: The shell height : 9.48cm The shell length: 4.49cm The shell breath : 3.55cm The shell weight : 22.05g The weight of the soft parts 19.25g The relative growth of the mussel is indicated as follows: Relationship between the shell height and the shell length: Y =0.486X+0.334 Relationship between the shell height and the shell breadth: Y = 0.359X+0.107 Relationship between the weight of the soft part and the shell weight: Y = 0.882X+0.901 Relationship between the shell height and the weight of the soft part: $$Y\;=\;0.02828X^{2.90518}$$

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2000

Exposure to air and increased temperature induced successful spawning in Mytilus edulis, M. coruscus Crassostrea gigas and Pinctata fucata martensii. Developmental durations required for an egg to attain D-shaped larva and the D-shaped larva to reach pediveliger stage were estimated in these bivalves. Size of fertilized eggs was the largest (70.3 ${\mu}m$) in M. coruscus and the smallest (45.3 ${\mu}m$) in P. fucata martensii. At 17$^{\circ}C$, M. edulis and M. coruscus attained D-shaped larval stage within 48 hours after fertilization but those of C. gigas and B. fucata martensiii within 24 and 22 hours at 21 and 26$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The development duration required for a D-shaped larva to attain pediveliger stage was the longest (27 days) in M. coruscus and ranged between 20 and 22 days for the others. The shell length of the pediveliger was the longest (274.9 ${\mu}m$) in C. gigas and smallest (190.9 ${\mu}m$) in P. fucata martensii Length and height of larval shell was highly correlated with each other in all the 4 species. The shell height of C. gigas was more than the shell length beyond the size of 100 ${\mu}m$ shell length. However, shell length of the others was always longer than shell height at the larval stage.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 1989

Attempts were made to analyze the toxin composition of the toxic mussel Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis which were collected from aquaculture pond in Apr. 1988 in Hachung, Koje, southern Korea. The toxins were partially purified from the ethanolic extract of the mussel digestive glands by activated charcoal and Bio Gel P-2 column chromatography. HPLC analysis demonstrated that the toxin consisted mainly of gonyautoxin 1-4 (GTX 1-4), along with trace amounts of saxitoxin (STX) and protogonyautoxin 1-2 (PX 1-2).

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.84-85
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• 2003

조개류의 먹이생물인 미세조류를 대체할 수 있는 효모를 개발하기 위하여 빵효모 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Candida utilis, Klyveromyces fragilis 3종류의 효모를 대상으로 그 먹이효율을 실험하였다. 이들 3종류의 효모를 세포벽을 75, 50, 25% 제거한 것과 세포벽을 제거하지 않은 효모로 구분하여 Artemia를 대상으로 먹이효율을 조사한 후 가장 좋은 먹이효율을 보인 C. utilis를 조개류의 대표적 먹이생물인 Isoch교sis galbana 와 함께 진주담치 유생을 대상으로 먹이효율을 조사하였다. Artemia 실험결과 빵효모보다 C. utilis, K. fragilis가 높은 생존율과 성장을 보였으며 세포벽을 제거한 것이 제거하지 않은 것보다 유의적으로 높은 생존율을 보였다. Artemia의 생존율은 75%와 50% 세포벽을 제거한 것이 25%에 비해 유의적으로 높은 생존율을 보였다. 성장은 유의적이지는 않지만 전체적으로 세포벽을 많이 제거할수록 성장과 생존율은 높은 경향이었다. 이와같이 Artemia의 경우는 세포벽을 제거한 C. utilis가 더 좋은 먹이효율을 보인 것은 Artemia는 효모의 세포벽을 소화시키지 못하기 때문으로 판단 할 수 있다. 진주담치 유생의 먹이로 C. utilis를 공급한 경우 성장에 있어서 세포벽을 제거한 효모를 50% 대체한 실험구의 먹이효율이 가장 좋았으며 세포벽을 벗기지 않은 효모의 경우 I. galbana에 비해 낮은 결과를 보였다. 진주담치 유생에 있어서도 세포벽을 제거한 C. utilis를 공급한 것은 대조구인 I. galbana와 생존율에 있어 유의성이 없었다. 그리고 25% 세포벽을 제거한 것을 공급한 실험구는 유의적으로 낮은 생존율을 보였다. 각장 성장의 경우 75% 세포벽을 제거한 것은 대조구인 I. galbana와 유의성이 없었다. 세포벽을 제거한 C. utilis와 I. galbana를 1:1로 혼합하여 공급한 실험의 경우 생존율에 있어서는 세포벽을 50%, 75% 제거한 C. utilis를 50% 첨가한 실험구는 대조구인 I. galbana 100%를 공급한 것과 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 성장의 경우는 I. galbana 에 세모벽을 75% 제거한 C. utilis를 1:1로 혼합한 실험구에서 각장 179.3 $\mu\textrm{m}$, 각고 150.3 $\mu\textrm{m}$로 가장 높았고 대조구인 I. galbana 100%와는 유의적인 차이를 보였다.