• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.265-275
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• 2021

Findings of microplastics and nanoplastics from diverse natural environments have increased demand for research of the fate and transport of the potentially toxic plastic particles in soils and groundwater. Weathering of microplastics would generate a significant amount of nanoplastics, but nanoplastics research is scarce because of technical difficulties in detecting nanoplastics in environments and analyzing nanoplastics adsorption to mineral surfaces. In the current study, we tested a possibility using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for application to nanoplastics adsorption analysis on mineral surfaces. In silica (SiO₂)-packed column experiments, a measurable adsorption capacity for polystyrene nanoparticles often requires injection of unrealistically high ionic strengths or concentrated nanoplastic particles. The current test shows that QCM can measure polystyrene nanoplastics adsorbed onto SiO₂ surface under the low ionic strengths and nanoplastics concentrations, where typical column experiments cannot. QCM is a promising tool for understanding the interaction between nanoplastics and mineral surfaces and thus transport of nanoplastics in soils and groundwater.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.112-112
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• 1999

고분자 표면에 MeV급 이온을 주입하게 되면 화학적, 광학적, 물리적, 전기적 특성 등 기존의 재래식 공정으로는 불가능한 다양한 특성변화가 일어나게 된다. 본 실험에서는 이온 조사에 따른 micro-hardness의 변화에 중점을 두어 관찰하였다. 수 MeV로 가속시킨 Cl과 C 이온을 Kapton, Teflon, PMMA에 조사량을 바꾸어가며 조사하였다. 이때 조사 전후 고분자 시료의 표면 경도는 depth-sensing nanoindentation technique (Nano Indenter II, USA)을 이용하여 측정하였다. 측정깊이는 극표면 효과와 기측효과의 영향을 무시할 수 없는 100nm로 결정하였다. 또한 이와 같은 경도변화를 규명하기 위하여 각각의 시료에 대해 FTIR, Raman, UV-VIS, RBS, XPS 스펙트럼을 측정하였으며, 조사중에 발생되는 가스상 분자들을 RGA를 이용하여 측정하였다. 1 MeV Cl 이온을 Kato에 4x1015ions/cm2 조사하면 경도가 0.35 GPa에서 7.1GPa로 약 20배 정도 증가하게 되며, 이 경도는 stainless steel 경도 2~3 GPa, martensite steel 8~12와 비교하여 보면 상당히 높은 수준임을 알 수 있다. Teflon과 PMMA 시료의 경우 1MeV Cl 이온 4X1015ions/cm2를 조사시키면 각각 경도가 0.31GPa에서 4.1a, 0.30 GPa에서 3.9GPa로 변화하였으며 Kapton에 비하여 상대적으로 경도의 변화가 적음을 알 수 있었다. 이온 주입된 Kapton의 경우 FT-IR측정에 의하여 이온 조사량이 증가함에 따라 C=O 진동, 이미드그룹의 CONH, tertiary amine의 C-N 흡수 피크가 감소되며, 1X1014ions/cm2 이상의 양이 조사되어야 개질변화가 일어남을 알 수 있었다. XPS 측정 결과 Kapton에 조사되는 이온양이 증가할수록 C=O, C-O 및 C-N의 탄소는 감소하고 페닐고리 탄소가 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 이온 조사 중 측정한 RGA에서도 CO 가스가 대량 방출되는 현상을 관찰하였으며 FTIR 및 XPS에서의 C=O 결합의 감소와도 일치하였다. RBS에 의한 CNO 원소의 변화에서도 다른 원소보다 O의 감소가 현저하게 나타남을 확인하였다. UV-VIS 측정을 통해 조사 이온량에 따라 에너지 준위가 변동하여 흡수스펙트럼이 장파장으로 확대됨을 알 수 있었으며, 이는 공액 2중 결합의 형성에 의한 $\pi$-전자 및 기타 결함에 기인한다. PMMA 및 Teflon의 경우 FTIR 측정에 의하여 이온 조사됨에 따라 function group 들의 peak가 세기가 감소되면서 완만해지는 경향을 보이며 원래의 구조를 상실하게 된다. PMMA와 Teflon은 이온 조사가 되면 가교형서보다는 사슬절단이 주로 일어나므로 가교형성이 잘 일어나는 Kapton보다는 상대적으로 경도의 증가가 적음을 알 수 있었다.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.13-30
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• 2013

Increase of pore fluid pressure resulting from injection of $CO_2$ may reactivate pre-existing faults, and the induced seismic activities can raise the safety issues such as seal integrity, restoration of storage capacity, and, in the worst case, removal of previously injected $CO_2$. Thus, fault stability and potential for $CO_2$ leakage need to be assessed at the stage of site selection and planning of injection pressure, based on the results of large-scale site investigations and numerical modeling for various scenarios. In this report, studies on the assessment of fault stability during injection of $CO_2$ were reviewed. The seismic activities associated with an artificial injection of fluids or a release of naturally trapped high-pressure fluids were first examined, and then site investigation methods for the magnitude and orientation of in situ stresses, the distribution and change of pore fluid pressure, and the location of faults were generally summarized. Recent research cases on possibility estimation of fault reactivation, prediction of seismic magnitude, and modeling of $CO_2$ leakage through a reactivated fault were presented.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2012

An optical defect detection method using ESPI(electronic speckle pattern interferometry) is proposed. ESPI is widely used as a non-contact measurement system which show deformation and phase map in real time. ESPI can be divided as the in-plane, out-of-plane and shearography by operation principle and target object and also divided with bulk type and optic fiber type by the optic configurations. This paper is focused on optic fiber type out-of-plane ESPI, which has the following advantages: (1) low cost; (2) reduction of the unreliable factors generated by separated optic components; (3) simplification of the optic configuration; (4) great reduction of volume; (5) flexibility, to be easily designed into different structures to adapt to inaccessible environments such as pipeline cavity and so on.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.54-62
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• 2006

Voltage unbalance will be generated by the load unbalance operation such as combination operation of single & three phase load and current unbalance will be more severe by the deteriorated voltage quality. Under the these unbalance conditions, all power electronic converters used in different types of electronic systems can increase harmonic disturbances by injecting harmonic currents directly into the feeder grid of three phase 4-wire. Harmonic current may cause torque to decrease. it may also overheat or become noisy and torque oscillation in the rotor can lead to mechanical resonance and vibration. This paper presents a scheme on the characteristics of induction motor under the combination of linear & non-linear loads at the three phase 4-wire power distribution system by the unbalance and harmonic components. It was able to confirm that the number of torque pulsation decreased and torque ripple values increased by the harmonics that reduction was difficult by five harmonics filters at additional driving time of single-phase non-linear load.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.685-693
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• 2011

In the era of energy climate, IGCC technology is one of the powerful solutions for the demands of new energy with low carbon green growth. The present study is conducted to investigate the combustion characteristics of syngas from the coal gasifier to predict problems when it is fed to the gas turbine. Through high and low combustion tests, we understood that hydrogen is the main reason of NOx emission but easily controled by injecting the dilution of nitrogen. CO emission of syngas was comparable with that of methane and pressure fluctuation of syngas was not significant. The data from this study will be used for the optimization of combustion in the Korea first IGCC plant in 2015.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.45-50
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• 2009

The differential settlement may be generated by the variation of stresses caused by the soft ground or ground water. The cracks are usually created when the structures are leaned or deformed due to the differential settlement. A grouting method has been mainly used till now to improve the bearing capacity of the ground when the foundation of the structure is deformed by differential settlements. However, when this method is used, it takes too long time to obtain the required strength and the period of the reinforcement effect is not long enough. The advantage of GPCON injection method is to have good mechanical properties and durability, and easy construction. In addition, the GPCON method rapidly fills up the void in soils by injecting some materials into underground and also obtain the increase of bearing and shearing forces due to the expansion. In this paper the restoration capability of the foundation settlement of railway and subway subjected to cyclic loading is analytically and experimentally evaluated using the high density rapidly expansion GPCON in order to investigate the types of deformations and vibrational characteristics.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TE
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.27-32
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• 2005

Liquid valve is divided into cylinder and liquid part or composed of a single body structure. It becomes a connected structure to cylinder head after inserting stainless(STS) shaft to Teflon packing. In injecting and intercepting fluid, working efficiency becomes low because of the top and bottom round trip operation the friction between Teflon packing and STS shaft fluid leakage, decline of working environment, and each part replacement. And so target value is unattainable in productivity liquid valve design, quality, and structure change are studied. In this paper, designed to solve the existing problems basically, to prevent friction of Piston by developing diaphragm linked with piston, to satisfy long life, and to provide the prevention of leakage. The objective of the study is also to prevent remains fluid at nozzle tip after dispensing fluid, and bell close with the suction function in piston retreating.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.167-167
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• 2011

한국표준과학연구원에서는 국제표준화기구에서 제정한 국제규격(ISO, PNEUROP, DIN, JIS, AVS 등)에 기반을 둔 터보분자펌프의 특성평가시스템을 자체적으로 설계/제작 하였고, 터보분자펌프 1,000 L/s 급의 Database를 구축하였다. 이것을 토대로 특성평가시스템의 신뢰성 확인과 Feedback을 통한 시제품 개발 및 평가지원을 위해 터보분자펌프 2,500L/s 급의 Database를 구축한다. 터보분자펌프의 배기성능을 나타내는 가장 중요한 항목인 배기속도는 분자류 영역에 따라 상이한 가스($N_2$, He)를 사용하여 Throughput method와 Orifice method 두 가지 방법을 병행하여 측정한다. 측정함에 있어서 측정게이지, 유량계 및 Orifice conductance의 불확도에 의하여 배기 속도에 많은 측정오차를 포함하고 있다. 측정 오차를 줄이기 위하여 1% 이상의 안정성과 4%의 오차만을 허용하는 자전 회전자게이지(SRG)와 $10^{-3}$ mbar-L/s 영역까지의 유량 주입범위를 가지는 불확도 ${\pm}$3%의 정적형 유량시스템(CVFM)을 사용하였다. Orifice method의 경우 고진공영역으로 진입할수록 커질 수밖에 없는 배기속도 측정 불확도를 최소화하기 위해 검증된 유량을 이용한 Conductance 값을 제시하여 두 방법에서 얻은 배기속도의 불연속적인 문제를 해결한다. 본 연구에서는 2,500 L/s 급 터보분자펌프는 무거운 기체 $N_2$와 가벼운 기체 He을 사용하여 압축비의 변화와 분자류 영역에 따른 배기속도 변화를 연구하고, 2,500 L/s 급 터보분자펌프의 측정능력을 검증한다. 차후에 배기속도뿐만 아니라 소비전력, 소음, 진동, 온도 등의 특성평가의 전반적인 사항을 평가하여 터보분자펌프 2,500 L/s 급의 database를 완비해간다. 터보분자펌프 특성평가시스템을 사용한 1,000 L/s 급과 2,500 L/s 급 특성 Data를 비교, 분석하여 신뢰성 파악 및 표준화 방안을 개발하고, 고진공펌프 개발 주체와의 feedback 지원 기능의 infra를 구축한다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.231-238
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• 2000

Flake graphite cast irons with the high damping capacity have been used for the control of vibration and noise occurring in the members of various mechanical structures under vibrating conditions. However, the damping capacity which is morphological characteristics of graphite is one of the important factors in reducing the vibration and noise, but hardly any work has deal with this problem. Therefore, the authors have examined the damping capacity of various cast irons with alloying elements and studied the influences of the matrix structures, mechanical properties and morphological characteristics of graphite. The main results obtained are as follows: Effects of pouring temperature on the damping capacities and mechanical properties were investigated in 3.6%C cast iron. At $1400^{\circ}C$, specific damping capacity showed the maximum value, and decreased with increase pouring temperature. Mechanical properties showed opposite trend with the damping capacity. And then, effects of Ni on the damping capacities and mechanical properties have been investigated in 3.6%C gray cast iron. At 0.2%Ni content, specific damping capacity showed the maximum value, and decreased with further increase in Ni content. Graphite length also showed same behavior. This indicates that the specific damping capacity has a close relation with graphite length. In case of Mo addition in 3.6%C-0.2%Ni cast iron, specific damping capacity and tensile strength was 27% and $20kgf/mm^2$ at 3.6%C-0.2%Ni-0.3%Mo cast iron respectively.