• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.252-263
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• 1997

Temperature and salinity were observed in Kugum Suro Channel in February, April, August and October 1993. Temperature ranged from $7.0^{\circ}C\;to\;25.0^{\circ}C$ throughout the year and its variation was about $18^{\circ}C$. The maximum temperature difference between surface and bottom was less than $0.75^{\circ}C$ for a year, which meant that the temperature stratification in Kugum Suro Channel was considerably week. Salinity had also a small variation range of less than $0.5\%_{\circ}$. Salinity varied from $34.0\%_{\circ}$ in April to $30.0\%_{\circ}$ in August and its fluctuation patterns were quite similar to the seasonal variations of the precipitation and the duration of sunshine observed at Kohung Weather station. Seasonal variation of sea water density in T-S diagram showed that the water mass in Kugum Suro Channel could be largely affected by regional atmospheric conditions. Temperature increased in ebb tide and decreased in flood tide, but salinity decreased in ebb tide and increased in flood tide for a day. The period of fluctuations in temperature and salinity measured for 25 hours was nearly coincident with the semi-diurnal tide which was predominant in that region. Stratification parameters computed in Kugum Suro Channel areas were less than $4.0J/m^3$ the year round, which indicated that vortical mixing from the bottom boundary caused by tidal current played an important role in deciding the stratification regime in Kugum Suro Channel. In estimating the equation which defines stratification and mixing effects in the observed areas, the tidal mixing term ranged from $4.7J/M^3\;to\;14.1J/m^3$ was greater than any other terms like solar radiation, river discharge and wind mixing.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.229-236
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• 2006

Objective: We investigated the expression of uPA and uPAR in eutopic endometrium of advanced stage endometriosis and control patients. Methods: The 33 endometriosis patients and 32 controls were enrolled. Endometrial samples were obtained from 65 premenopausal women aged 29-44 years, undergoing laparoscopic surgery or hysterectomy for non-malignant lesions. Sufficient samples were collected from 33 patients with endometriosis stage Ill and IV and 32 controls without endometriosis confirmed by laparoscopic surgery. The mRNA expression of uPA and uPAR from eutopic endometrium were analyzed by RT-QC PCR. Results: The mRNAs of uPA and uPAR were expressed in eutopic endometrium from endometriosis and normal controls throughout the menstrual cycle. Uterine endometrium from women with endometriosis expresses significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of u-PA mRNA than endometrium from normal women without endometriosis in the proliferative phase. There were no significant differences in expression of uPAR in eutopic endometrium between controls and endometriosis patients. Conclusion: These results suggest that eutopic endometrium from endometriosis patients may be more invasive and prone to peritoneal implantation because of greater u-PA mRNA expression than endometrium from women without endometriosis. Thus, increased proteolytic activity may be one etiology for the invasive properties of the endometrium resulting in the development of endometriosis.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2005

Purpose : Heavy metal use when producing the block from the workshop. At this time, production of heavy metal dust and fume gives risk in human. This like heavy metal to improve seriousness through measurement and analysis. And by the quest in solution is purpose of this thesis. Materials and Methods : Organization is Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer, and the object is Deajeon city 4 workshops in university hospital radiation oncology (Bismuth, Lead, Tin and cadmium). Method is the ppb the pumping it does at unit, comparison analysis. And the Calculation heavy metal standard level in air through heavy metal standard level in body and blood, so Heavy metal temporary standard set. Results : Subterranean existence room air quality the administration laws appointed Lead and Cadmium's exposure recommend that it is $3{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;2{\mu}g/m^3$. And Bismuth and Tin decides $7{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;6{\mu}g/m^3$ through standard level in air heavy metal and standard level in body and blood. Heavy metal measurement level of workshops in 4 university hospital Daejeon city compares with work existence and nonexistence. On work nonexistence almost measurement level is below the recommend level. But work existence case express high level. Also consequently in composition ratio of the block is continuous with the detection ratio. Conclusion : Worker's heavy metal contamination imbrued serious for solution founds basic part. In hospital may operation on local air exhauster and periodical efficiency check, protector offer, et al. And worker have a correct understanding part of heavy metal contamination, and have continuous interest, health control. Finally, learned society sphere administer to establishment standard level and periodical measurement. And it founds basic solution plan of periodical special health checkup.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.185-197
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effect of a daily dose of 300 mg of ASU taken for more than 3 months on the subjects diagnosed as osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint by RDC/TMD. Total 68 outpatients(15-54y) of female except menopause in Orofacial Pain Clinics of the Pusan National University Hospital were randomly assigned to either an ASU group(n=36) or a placebo group(n=32). The pain, noise and limited mouth opening(LOM) were evaluated by numerical analogue scale(NAS, range 0-10) and maximum comfortable opening(MCO) were measured by milimeter scale. The difference of simple uptake rate(SUR) on bone scan, hot spot(HS) on coronal SPECT, condylar bony changes on CT between the ASU and placebo groups were compared to investigate the objective effect. The obtained results were as follows. 1. Comparison of the NAS of pain, noise, LOM and MCO before treatment and 3, 6 and 9 months after treatment showed no significant difference between the ASU and placebo groups. 2. Comparison of the NAS of pain, noise, LOM and MCO before treatment and 3, 6 and 9 months after treatment showed no significant difference between the ASU and placebo groups without splint treatment, but showed more increased MCO in the ASU group than the placebo group with splint treatment at 6, 9 months after treatment. 3. Comparison of the NAS of pain before treatment and 3, 6 and 9 months after treatment that the NAS of pain at first visit divided into two groups(above or below 6) showed more decreased the NAS of pain in the ASU group than the placebo group that the NAS of pain at first visit was above 6. 4. Comparison of the NAS of pain, noise, LOM and MCO during 6 months period showed improvement of clinical symptoms within group, but no significant difference between subjects. 5. The simple uptake ratio(SUR) on bone scan and hot spot(HS) on coronal SPECT showed more increased SUR and HS in affected side than non-affected side of the ASU and placebo groups. 6. Comparing of condylar bony changes, osseous remodeling were observed highest, osteophyte lowest in the affected and non-affected side of the two groups. After treatment, comparison of condylar bony changes were observed more decreased erosive features in the ASU group than the placebo group.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.137-158
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• 2000

The correlation and Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analyses over the globe have been applied to intercompare lower-stratospheric (${\sim}$70hPa) temperature obtained from satellite data and two model reanalyses. The data is the19 years (1980-98) Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) channel 4 (Ch4) brightness temperature, and the reanalyses are GCM (NCEP, 1980-97; GEOS, 1981-94) outputs. In MSU monthly climatological anomaly, the temperature substantially decreases by ${\sim}$21k in winter over southern polar regions, and its annual cycle over tropics is weak. In October the temperature and total ozone over the area south of Australia remarkably increase together. High correlations (r${\ge}$0.95) between MSU and reanalyses occur in most global areas, but they are lower (r${\sim}$O.75) over the 20-3ON latitudes, northern America and southern Andes mountains. The first mode of MSU and reanalyses for monthly-mean Ch4 temperature shows annual cycle, and the lower-stratospheric warming due to volcanic eruptions. The analyses near the Korean peninsula show that lower-stratospheric temperature, out of phase with that for troposphere, increases in winter and decreases in summer. In the first mode for anomaly over the tropical Pacific, MSU and reanalyses indicate lower-stratospheric warming due to volcanic eruptions. In the second mode MSU and GEOS present Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) while NCEP, El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o. Volcanic eruption and QBO have more impact on lower-stratospheric thermal state than El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o. The EOF over the tropical Atlantic is similar to that over the Pacific, except a negligible effect of El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o. This study suggests that intercomparison of satellite data with model reanalyses may estimate relative accuracy of both data.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.369-378
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• 2002

Background : The effects of chemotherapy on pulmonary function are mainly a reduced diffusion capacity and a restrictive ventilatory impairment. Exercise can expose cardiovascular and pulmonary abnormalities not evident at rest. Exercise related cardiopulmonary function is important in patients with malignant disease as a determinant of quality of life. We performed this study to evaluate the changes of body composition and cadiopulmonary exercise perfoemance of patients with locally advanced, non-small cell, lung cancer (NSCLC) before and after chemotherapy. Methods : We evaluated resting pulmonary function, body composition, physiologic performance status, and cardiopulmonary exercise function in 11 patients with locally advanced NSCLC, at diagnosis and prior to the fourth cycle of chemotherapy. Results : After chemotherapy, 4 patients (36.4%) showed partial response and 7 (63.4%) had stable disease. After chemotherapy, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide was reduced ($89.7{\pm}34.1%$, vs. $71.9{\pm}20.5%$) but not significantly. There were no significant changes in body composition or the state of physiologic performance after chemotherapy. There was a significant impairment of cardiopulmonary exercise tolerance in patients with NSCLC, evidenced by a reduction of maximal oxygen uptake ($VO_2$max, ml/kg/min, $17.9{\pm}2.6$ : $12.6{\pm}6.1$, <0.05) and $O_2$pulse ($O_2$ pulse, ml/beat, $7.0{\pm}1.7$, $5.2{\pm}2.1$, <0.05). Conclusion : Systemic chemotherapy resulted in a loss of cardiopulmonary exercise function in patients with locally advanced NSCLC within the short-term period, but not a physiologic change of body composition within the same period.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.628-635
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• 1999

Background : Maximal expiratory flow rate is determined by the size of airway, elastic recoil pressure and the collapsibility of airway in the lung. The obstruction of expiratory flow is one of the major functional impairments of emphysema, which represents COPD. Nevertheless, expiratory narrowing of upper airway may be recruited as a mechanism for minimizing airway collapse, and maintaining lung volume and hyperinflation by an endogenous positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with airflow obstruction. We investigated the physiologic role of trachea in respiration in emphysema. Method : We included 20 patients diagnosed as emphysema by radiologic and physiologic criteria from January to August in 1997 at Seoul Municipal Boramae Hospital. Chest roentgenogram, high resolution computed tomography(HRCT), and pulmonary function tests including arterial blood gas analysis and body plethysmography were taken from each patient. Cross-sectional area of trachea was measured according to the respiratory cycle on the level of aortic arch by HRCT and calibrated with body surface area. We compared this corrected area with such parameters of pulmonary function tests as $PaCO_2$, $PaO_2$, airway resistance, lung compliance and so on. Results : Expiratory cross-sectional area of trachea had significant correlation with $PaCO_2$ (r=-0.61, p<0.05), $PaO_2$ (r=0.6, p<0.05), and minute ventilation (r=0.73, p<0.05), but inspiratory cross-sectional area did not (r=-0.22, p>0.05 with $PaCO_2$, r=0.26, p>0.05 with $PaO_2$, and r=0.44, p>0.05 with minute ventilation). Minute ventilation had significant correlation with tidal volume (r=0.45, p<0.05), but it had no significant correlation with respiratory frequency (r=-0.31, p>0.05). Cross-sectional area of trachea had no significant correlation with other parameters of pulmonary function including $FEV_1$, FVC, $FEV_1$/FVC, peak expiratory flow, residual volume, diffusing capacity, airway resistance, and lung compliance, whether the area was expiratory or inspiratory. Conclusion : Cross-sectional area of trachea narrowed during expiration in emphysema, and its expiratory area had significant correlation with $PaCO_2$, $PaO_2$, and minute ventilation.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 2011

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder, which is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) that is typically associated with cataplexy, sleep fragmentation and other REM sleep-related phenomenon such as sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucination. Narcoleptic symptoms can be developed from various medical or neurological disorders. A 17-year-old male patient admitted for the evaluation of EDS which started three-month ago. He slept more than 18 hours a day with cataplexy and hypnagogic hallucination. He was obese with body mass index (BMI) of 30.4 kg/$m^2$. After admission he was newly diagnosed to the thyrotoxicosis. T3 391.2 ng/dL (60-181), free T4 4.38 ng/dL (0.89-1.76), TSH <0.01 ${\mu}IU$/mL (0.35-5.5) were measured. His pulse rate ranged 70-90 beats per minute and blood pressure ranged 150/100-120/70 mmHg. Polysomnography revealed many fragmentations in sleep with many positional changes (81 times/h). Sleep onset latency was 33.5 min, sleep efficiency was 47.9%, and REM latency from sleep onset was delayed to 153.6 min. REM sleep percent was increased to 27.1%. Periodic limb movement index was 13.4/h. In the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), average sleep latency was 0.4 min and there were noted 3 SOREMPs (Sleep Onset REM sleep period) on 5 trials. We couldn't discriminate the obvious sleep-wake pattern in the actigraph and his HLA DQB1 $^*0602$ type was negative. His thyroid function improved following treatment with methimazole and propranolol. Vital sign maintained within normal range. Cataplexy was controlled with venlafaxine 75 mg. Subjective night sleep continuity and PLMS were improved with clonazepam 0.5 mg, but the EDS were partially improved with modafinil 200-400 mg. Thyrotoxicosis might give confounding role when we were evaluating the EDS, though sleep fragmentation was one of the major symptoms of narcolepsy, but enormous amount of it made us think of the influence of thyroid hormone. The loss of sleep-wake cycle, limited improvement of EDS to the stimulant treatmen, and the cataplexy not supported by HLA DQB1 $^*0602$ should be answered further. We still should rule out idiopathic hypersomnia and measuring CSF hypocretin level would be helpful.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 1998

Purpose : The P1 protein of Mycoplasma pneumoniae mediates the attachment of the pathogen to its host cell and elicits a strong humoral immune response during infection with this organism. Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains can be classified into two groups(I and II) by PCR method of P1 cytadhesin gene. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of each group. Methods : From 155 patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, who admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Sung-Ae and Kwangmyung Sung-Ae Hospital between November 1996 and October 1997, we collected their throat swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates for DNA extraction and serum for indirect hemagglutination test of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The group specific PCR amplification were performed using specific oligonucleotide primers designed for P1 gene genotyping. Results : Group I(137 patients, 88.4%) occurred frequently than group II(18 patients, 11.6%). In both group, the most prevalent season was winter in 1996(Nov. to Dec.) and fall in 1997(Aug. to Oct.) The prevalent age was four to six years old. The number of male was more than female in both group; Group 1(1.2:1), Goup 2(1.6:1). No significant relationship were found between two groups in duration of fever and hospital days(P>0.05). The rate of high antibody titers(>1:5120) was lower in group I(6/137, 4.4%) than group II(2/18, 11.1%). Conclusion : Group I was much more prevalent than group II during 1996~1997 in Korea. There was no difference between two groups in epidemiological and clinical parameters except the rate of high antibody titers. Further follow-up survey will be needed for the epidemiologic and clinical studies of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Korea.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.101-111
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• 2004

Purpose : This study was performed to observe the epidemiological pattern of M. pneumoniae pneumonia during the period from 1993 to 2002 and also to see some clinical characteristics of M. pneumoniae pneumonia during recent five years. Methods : We had performed a retrospective analysis of epidemiological pattern of occurrence in 682 patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia admitted to Department of Pediatrics of Han-il General Hospital from January, 1993 to December, 2002. Results : The annual ratio of M. pneumoniae pneumonia was compared with the total numbers of respiratory tract infection patients. The ratios were 19.1% in 1993, 13.0% in 1994, 5.6% in 1995, 12.8% in 1996, 18.6% in 1997, 22.6% in 1998, 1.1% in 1999, 13.3% in 2000, 9.1% in 2001, 6.0% in 2002, and 19.9% in 2003. The epidemics have occurred in 1993, 1997, 1998, 2000, and 2003 years showing 3~4 year intervals. The peak incidence of age was four to six years old(286 cases; 41.9%) and male-to-female ratio was 1 : 1.1. Monthly distribution showed a high frequency from August to December and the major outbreak occurred in November(119 cases; 17.4%), in October(106 cases; 15.5%), and in December(96 cases; 14.1%) in order of frequency. The most common symptoms were cough (660 cases; 96.8%), fever(569 cases; 83.4%), and sputum(522 cases; 76.5%) in that order. Leukocytosis was observed in 31.2% of patients based on a normal range according to the adjusted age. Increased ESR(${\geq}20mm/hr$) was noted in 42.5% of cases and CRP was positive in 37.8% of cases. On the chest X-ray examination, pulmonary infiltration was noted in 557 cases(81.7%), and the patterns of pneumonic infiltration were bronchopneumonia(78.0%), lobar(35.5%), lobular(19.2%), and interstitial pneumonia(28.7%). Complications were paranasal sinusitis(41 cases), acute otitis media(23 cases), pleural effusion(19 cases). cervical lymphadenitis(18 cases), and glomerulonephritis(1 case). Conclusion : The pattern of M. pneumoniae pneumonia from 1997 to 2003 noted 3~4 year interval with peak monthly distribution of October and November compared with 3 year interval and peak incidence of summer period before 1996.