• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2012

This study was carried out to determine the forage quality, production, and regrowth of Phragmites communis as a native grass according to growth stages. Experiment 1 was conducted in Ansan from May 2009 to April 2010 (7 stages), and experiment 2 was conducted in Cheonan from May to November 2011 (10 stages). In experiment 1, forage quality decreased rapidly with advance of growth from May. When harvested on late May, July, September and April of the following year, the contents of crude protein were 7.7%, 4.6%, 3.7%, and 2.2%, respectively. Relative feed value (RFV) were 80.2, 65.1, 61.8 and 52.8, and lignin contents were 7.1%, 9.9%, 12.0%, and 13.2%, respectively. In experiment 2, significantly higher forage yields were observed when harvested from late June to mid July. On the other hand, forage quality decreased with delayed harvest as was in experiment 1. Good regrowth of Phragmites communis was observed when harvested earlier than in August. When harvested on late May, June, July, August, September, October and November, the dry matter (DM) yields were 7,329 kg/ha, 12,527 kg, 9,593 kg, 8,279 kg, 7,649 kg, 5,822 kg and 5,540 kg, and in vitro digestible DM (IVDDM) yields were 3,924 kg/ha, 5,264 kg, 4,273 kg, 3,322 kg, 3,352 kg, 2,195 kg and 1,887 kg, respectively. Forage quality grades of Phragmites communis were 4th grade in May, 5th grade from June to Sept., and 6th grade in Oct., Nov., or in Apr. of the following year. However, all regrown Phragmites communis ranked the 4th in quality. In conclusion, we recommend that Phragmites communis should be harvested from late June to mid July (no later than the end of July) to obtain good forage quality with digestible nutrient contents greater than rice straw. Regrowth of Phragmites communis was poor, and more than 70% of annual forage yields were out of the first harvest. Therefore, we recommend only one harvesting per year for good regrowth and stable production of Phragmites communis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2011

This study was carried out to determine the forage yield, quality, and regrowth of Italian ryegrass (IRG) and barley sown on 2 March 2009 in Suwon. The five treatments were two IRG cultivars (Kowinearly with early maturity and Kowinmaster with medium maturity), one barley cultivar (Yuyeon), and two mixtures (Kowinearly + Yuyeon and Kowinmaster + Yuyeon). The first harvest date was 26 May, which was at late heading, heading and early dough stage of Kowinearly, Kowinmaster and barley, respectively. Regrowth yield was investigated on 29 June. The heading dates of Kowinearly and Kowinmaster were 16 May and 22 May, respectively, and that of barley was 13 May. The dry matter (DM) percentage were 13.0~18.4% at first harvest, and 22.5~24.8% at regrowth in all treatments. The forage yield of barley and Kowinmaster + Yuyeon mixture at first harvest was higher than that of IRG (p<0.05), but higher regrowth yield was observed in IRG, and then IRG + barley mixtures (p<0.05). The crude protein (CP) content and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) of IRG at first harvest were 16.7~17.1% and 78.3~80.4%, respectively, which were higher than those of barley (CP 12.2% and IVDMD 72.6%) and IRG + barley mixtures. The total yields of DM, CP and digestible DM were high in Kowinmaster + Yuyeon mixture as 11,628 kg, 1,669 kg and 8,457 kg per ha, respectively. In conclusion, spring seeding of IRG + barley mixtures and/or barley were recommended when early harvest. Regrowth of IRG sown in early spring was vigorous. Mixture cultivation of IRG and barley was effective, because of forage yield and stable production, and harvest at June instead of May was desirable for forage productivity of spring sown IRG and barley.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.16-31
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• 2003

The granites in the southern Gimcheon area can be divided into two parts, marginal hornblende biotite granodiorite (Mgd) and central biotite granodiorite to granite (Cgd). Mgd and Cgd are gray in color and display gradational contact relations and are mainly composed of coarse-grained and medium-grained rocks, respectively. Mgd has more frequent and larger mafic enclaves than Cgd, and the two granites partly show parallel foliation at thire contact with gneisses. From representative samples of the granites, K-Ar biotite ages of 197∼207 Ma were obtained. Considering the blocking temperature of biotite, it is suggested that the emplacement age of the granitic magma was probably late Triassic. The anorthite contents of plagioclases in Mgd display less variation than those of Cgd, indicating that Mgd crystallized within a narrow range of temperatures. In the Al$\_$total/-Mg diagram, the biotites from the granites plot within the subalkaline field, and the smooth slope indicates differentiation from a single magma. All amphiboles from the granites belong to magnesio-hornblende. The linear trends of major oxides, AFM and Ba-Sr-Rb indicate that Mgd and Cgd were fractionally differentiated from a single granitic magma body crystallizing from the margin inwards. The relations of modal (Qz+Af) vs. Op, K$_2$O vs. Na$_2$O, Fe$_2$ $O_3$ vs. FeO, Fe$\^$+3/(Fe$\^$+3/+Fe$\^$+2/) and K/Rb vs. Rb/Sr show that they belong to I-type and magnetite-series granitic rocks developed by the progressive melting products of fixed sources. REE data, normalized to chondrite value, have trends of enriched LREE and depleted HREE together with weakly negative Eu anomalies.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.55-68
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• 1981

Calcium and phosphorus are not only indispensable for the bone formation and body fluids equilibrium but also are major components of egg shell. It is nutritionally important, therefore, to investigate the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus and to search for optimum requirement of calcium and phosphorus and the availability of various sources of calcium an4 phosphorus by poultry. An attempt was made to review the nutrition of calcium and phosphorus in poultry diets. 1, Calcium and phosphorus have great interrelationship with vitamin D in their metabolisms. 2. Most of the plant-origin phosphorus are existing in phytic form and it leads to low availability when used in poultry rations, although calcium and phosphorus present in animal-origin or mineral supplements are highly available in general. 3. Calcium and phosphorus requirement from existing information indicated that 1.0% calcium and 0.7% phosphorus for broiler and egg-type chicks, and 3.5% calcium and 0.4% phosphorus for laying hen. 4. It has been recommended that calcium and phosphorus level should be increased when the feed intake was decreased or when the egg Production rate was higher or when the hens are old. 5. Mono-, ci-, tri-, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, bone meal, limestone and oyster shell u the most readily available among various sources of calcium phosphorus supplements. Soft rock phosphate, deflourinated phosphate and gypsum are somewhat inferior to the previous ones in bioavailability. 6. The effect of particle size of calcium supplements on egg shell quality and egg production rate is not yet clearly defined but recent works showed that oyster shell is more available when it was coarse and limestone is more available when it was fine in panicle. size. 7. Present data indicated that mixed feeding of oyster shell and limestone is superior to the single feeding of each on laying performance. 8. Significant interaction between phosphorus and sodium was observed, that is, excessive sodium decreased egg production in layer and body weight growth in broiler in the low phosphorus diets but increased them in the high phosphorus diets.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.118-124
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• 2007

[ $\underline{Purpose}$ ]: This study was to evaluate the survival and pattern of failure after radiation therapy of sino-nasal cancer using partial attenuation filer and wedged beams and to help radiotherapy planning of sino-nasal cancer. $\underline{Materials\;and\;Methods}$: Between February 1992 and March 2003, 17 patients with sino-nasal cancers underwent radiation therapy using partial attenuation filter at Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung university. There were 9 male and 8 female patients. Patients' age ranged from 40 to 75 years (median 59 years). There were 10 patients of maxillary sinus cancer, 7 patiens of nasal cancer. The histologic type was squamous cell carcinoma in 11, adenoid cystic carcinoma in 4 and olfactory neuroblastoma in 2. The distribution of clinical stage by the AJCC system was 3 for stage II, 7 for III and 6 for IV. The five patients were treated with radiation alone and 12 patients were treated with surgery and postoperative radiation therapy. The range of total radiation dose delivered to the primary tumor was from 44 to 76 Gy (median 60 Gy). The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 173 months with median of 78 months. $\underline{Results}$: The overall 2 year survival rate and disease free survival rate was 76.4%. The 5 year and 10 year survival rate were 76.4% and 45.6% and the 5 year and 10 year disease free survival rate was 70.6%. The 5 year disease free survival rate by treatment modality was 91.6% for postoperative radiation group and 20% for radiation alone group, statistical significance was found by treatment modality (p=0.006). There were no differences in survival by pathology and stage. There were local failure in 5 patients (29%) but no distant failure and no severe complication required surgical intervention. $\underline{Conclusion}$: Radiation therapy of sino-nasal cancer using partial attenuation filter was safe and effective. Combined modality with conservative surgery and radiation therapy was more advisable to achieve loco-regional control in sino-nasal cancer. Also we considered high precision radiation therapy with dose escalation and development of multi-modality treatment to improve local control and survival rate in advanced sino-nasal cancer.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.166-173
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• 1983

To investigate the varietal differences of weed competitive functions under the three different seasons of transplanting, rice cultivars Milyang 23 and Sadominori were used with seven weeding methods, namely, weedy check, weed-free, once weeding at 3, 6, 9, 12 weeks after transplanting, and two times weeding at 3 and 9 weeks after transplanting, respectively. As a result, weeding stages and times for the proper weeding efficacies and reasonable rice productivities by respective weed group and total weed flora were estimated. Also, the constructive characteristics for yield formations under the different competitive conditions as affected by various cropping patterns were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.225-236
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• 1998

KSC-13906 [Erythro N-{(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)aminocarbonyl} -2-(2-fluoro-1-hydroxy-n-propyl) benzenesulfonamide, US Patent 5,461,025] was investigated how can control phytotoxicity fluctuation and what a good method apply to new rice herbicide. The growth inhibition was observed when the rice plants was transplanted at a shallow depth(0 - 1cm) and leaching was low(0 - 1cm/ day) from the paddy soil. KSC-13906 appeared to move readily down into the paddy soil with water by 3cm depth in the soil column(${\phi}$ 10cm) filled with loamy sand soil under 3cm/day of leaching condition. Artificial control releasing pattern, designed as treated with KSC-13906 of 9 or 18g ai/ha either at a once or daily treated dividing volume of 1/20, 1/25 and 1/30 of the total volume, increased the safety of KSC-13906 to direct seeded and transplanted rice. The safety of KSC-13906 was also enhanced when KSC-13906 was mixed with dymron. For example, the mixture of KSC-13906 and dymron effectively reduced injury of direct seeded rice plants at 18 and 500g ai/ha, respectively, treated 7 days after transplanting. However, combination of KSC-13906 and several herbicides didn't show any synergistic effetct on herbicidal activity and safening effect on rice. However, the combination of KSC-13906+dymron (9~12+250~500g ai/ha) or KSC-13906+mefenacet+dymron(9+250+250g ai/ha) controlled almost all weeds in paddy field without causing any injury to rice and thus the combination would successfully be used as an oneshot herbicide in rice culture.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1996

This experiment was conducted to find out an effective propagation method for reed(Phragmites communis Trin.), ensuring a continuous herbicide screening for reed control. Reed propagation methods were compared under a greenhouse condition using tour different materials; seeds, rhizomes, depressed stolons of P. japonica Steud., and stem cuttings. Although reed seeds were easy to harvest and store, their germination rate(${\leq}$5%) was very low and seedling growth from the seeds was slow. Rhizomes were difficult to harvest and their harvest time was limited from November to March. Furthermore, reed propagation using rhizomes had problems of a relatively low germination rate(46%), no uniformity in size and shape, individual differences at the early stage of growth, and difficulties in material storage. Rate of reed growth from rhizomes was higher in commercial soil mix(Boo Nong soil) than in sand or in sand+upland soil(1:1). Depressed stolons of P. japonica had a moderate germination rate(65%) and were relatively easy to harvest. However, their harvest time was limited only from August to September. Propagation method using stem cuttings had several advantages over the above methods using other materials. Reed plants could uniformly be propagated from the stem cuttings with a relatively high germination rate(75%). Stem cuttings of central nodes showed a higher germination rate compared to those of upper or lower nodes. Stem cuttings from the field should be used immediately after harvest, since their germination rate decreased rapidly when they were stored under a wet- or a dry-refrigerated condition. Furthermore, the germination of stem cuttings tended to decrease when they were collected from the field after August. This indicates that there is a limitation of harvest time for stem cuttings. However, a year-round propagation of reed using stem cuttings is possible if parent plants are grown in a greenhouse, and thus herbicide screening for reed control could continuously be performed.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.395-406
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• 2002

The sixty natural springs and community wells used as a drinking water in the Daejeon area are mainly located at the parks and the natural green districts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of water quality and the contamination of the springs and the wells, and to suggest the management strategy for the springs and wells. For this study, we undertook water quality data from Daejeon City. According to the statistic analysis of water quality data, unacceptable rate as a drinking water was about 28 percent in 1999 and 24.5 percent in 2000, respectively. Major unacceptable factor is coliform, and others are bacteria, yersinia, color, turbidity, Fe and F. The unacceptable rate shows a roughly positive relationship with precipitation, that is, it shows highest rate during a rainy season between June and September. The major contamination source is likely to be the excrement of wild animals around natural springs and wells. Most of springs are vulnerable to the contamination of coliform and bacteria because of short residence time and shallow circulation in subsurface environment. The water samples collected from 31 springs or wells show weak acidic pHs, the electrical conductivity ranging from 63 to 357 $\mu\textrm{S}$/cm, and the hydrochemical types of Na(Ca)-HC0$_3$ and Ca-HC0$_3$. The groundwater samples of low total dissolved solid(TDS) belong to Na(Ca)-HC0$_3$. type, and the groundwater of high total dissolved solid is shifted towards Ca-HC0$_3$ type in the chemical composition. These hydrochemical characteristics indicate that most natural springs is in the early stage of geochemical evolution. The natural springs should be closed during a rainy season, which shows a high contamination rate. We suggest that a protection barrier around the springs should be built to keep wild animals away from the springs.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2004

This study was carried out to determine the effect of seed method and seeding rate on the desirable agronomic characteristics and yield of forage barley(Hordeum vuigare) at paddy field, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon from October 2001 to May 2003. The experiment was arranged in a spilt plot design with three replications. Main plots consisted of tow seed method; Broadcasting and drilling, Sub-plots consisted of seeding rates; 130. 160, 190 and 220 kg/ha. The results obtained were summarized as fellows ; The resistance of cold, disease and lodging of barley for the seeding method and seed rate were not different. And dry matter percentage of barley for a seeding method of 130 kg/ha at the broadcasting was the lowest of $32.0\%$, and that for the drilling at 130 kg/ha was $32.7\%(P<0.05). Fresh yield of barley for a seeding method of drilling at 130 kg/ha was the highest of 32,073 kg/ha, and that for a seeding method of broadcasting at 130 kg/ha was the lowest of 20,944 kg/ha(P<0.05). Dry matter yield of barley for a seeding method of drilling at 160 and 130 kg/ha were the highest 9,170 and 9,138 kg/ha, and that fur a seeding method of broadcasting at 130 kg/ha was the lowest of 5,710 kg/ha(P<0.05). Based on the results of this experiment, it appears that the seeding method and rate of barley could be enhanced by drilling from 130 to 160 kg/ha, and broadcasting from 190 to 220 kg/ha. respectively.