• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.39-41
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• 2015

We report a case of long term survival on trastuzumab based treatment. A 51-year-old man with dyspepsia received esophagogastroduodenoscopy on another hospital and was transferred for further evaluation under the impression of advanced gastric cancer, Borrmann type III, antrum, lesser curvature. After further studies in our hospital, the patient was diagnosed with advanced gastric cancer, adenocarcinoma, moderately differentiated with pancreas invasion and lymph node metastasis. Though he was recommended with chemotherapy, he refused and left for oriental herbal medicine. After 4 months, the patient was admitted through emergency room for hematemesis. Diagnosed with gastric outlet obstruction due to gastric cancer in the antrum, he underwent the placement of pyloric metal stent insertion. Immunohistochemical staining showed HER2-positive finding, and he was treated with palliative chemotherapy of trastuzumab, capecitabine, and cisplatin, 16 times during 11 months. The patient showed neutropenia after the therapy, so cisplatin was left out, and he received combination chemotherapy of trastuzumab and capecitabine, 34 times during 25 months. Response evaluation showed no remarkable change in extent of primary stomach cancer, lymph node metastasis, and regression of metastasis site, and the patient is continuing chemotherapy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.460-466
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• 2023

In general, neuroendocrine cancer develops in the digestive or respiratory tract, and when it is found in other organs, it is often due to metastasis. Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast occurs very rarely, and the exact clinical picture, radiological findings, treatment and prognosis are not well known. Furthermore, only a small number of literature reports have been published. Here, we report the imaging findings of primary neuroendocrine carcinoma in the breast of a 51-year-old female, along with a literature review.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.223-259
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• 2020

With COVID-19 spreading rapidly around the world, research and development issues on treatments and vaccines for the virus are of high interest. Among them, Remdesivir was the first to show noticeable therapeutic effects and began clinical trials, with each country authorizing the use of the drug through emergency approval. However, Gilead Co., Ltd., the developer of Remdesivir, received a lot of criticism from civic groups for submitting the application for the marketing authorization as an orphan drug. This is because when a new drug got a marketing authorization as an orphan drug could be granted an exclusive status for seven year. The long-term exclusive status of an orphan drug comes from the policy purpose of motivating pharmaceutical companies to develop treatment opportunities for patients suffering from rare diseases, which was not appropriate to apply to infectious disease treatments. This paper provides a review of the problems and improvement directions of the domestic system through comparative legal consideration against the United States, Europe and Japan for the statutes which give exclusive status to medicines. The domestic system has a fundamental problem that it does not have explicit provisions in the statute in the manner of granting exclusive status, and that it uses the review system to give it exclusive status indirectly. In addition, in the case of orphan drugs, the "Rare Diseases Management Act" and the "Regulations on Examination of Items Permission and Reporting of Drugs" provide overlapping review periods, and despite the relatively long monopoly period, there seems to be no check clause to recover exclusive status in the event of a change in circumstances. Given that biopharmaceuticals are difficult to obtain patents, the lack of such provisions is a pity of domestic legislation, although granting exclusive rights may be a great motivation to induce drug development. In the United States, given that the first biosimilar also has a one-year monopoly period, it can be interpreted that domestic legislation is quite strictly limited to granting exclusive status to biopharmaceuticals. The need for improvement of the domestic system will be recognized in that it could undermine local pharmaceutical companies' willingness to develop biopharmaceuticals in the future, and in that it is also necessary to harmonize international regulations. Taking advantage of the emergence of COVID-19 as an opportunity, we look again at the problems of the domestic system that grants exclusive rights to medicines and hope that an overall revision of the relevant legislation will be made to establish a unified legal basis.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.41-49
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to acknowledge the effects that have the strength exercise done only on the neck extensor, only on the thoracic extensor, and both the neck and the thoracic extensor on forward head posture(FHP) and cervical range of motion. Also is to discover which of the exercise is the most effective. Method: This experiment will be done by selecting 40 people who have 16cm or more FHP and they will be divided into four groups: three experimental groups and a control group. The first experimental group will do only the neck extensor strength exercise(NESE). The second experimental group will do only the thoracic extensorstrength exercise(TESE) and the third experimental group will do both the NESE and the TESE. The experimental groups will make a day three times each ten sets of extensor isometric strength exercise but the time will be increased from 4 to 6 and8 seconds until it will be done the ten sets. Then after four weeks, they will be compared which had the best results for the FHP and the cervical range of motion. Result: After the experiment, it was compared the experimental groups with the control group. Every experimental group had an improvement on their FHP and cervical range of motion. However, the only NESE and the only TESE did not have a significantly difference(p>.05). Only the group who did both the NESE and the TESE had a sign ificantly improvement compared to the control group. Conclusion: 1. The only NESE and the only TESE seem that had a positive effect on FHP and cervical range of motion. However, it cannot be conclude that it is effective. 2. When both the NESE and the TESE are done, it is showed statistically a significant difference(p<.05) on FHP and cervical range of motion. The refore, it would be note worthy if this exercise is used to improve the FHP and the cervical range of motion.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.55-65
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• 2010

목적 : 기존 연구에서 신문혈 자침은 알코올 및 코카인을 자가섭취하는 동물 모델에서 효과적이라는 점이 밝혀졌으며, 또한 모르핀 자가섭취를 억제할 수 있음이 밝혀졌다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 자침의 효과가 얼마나 지속될 수 있는지 알아보았다. 재료 및 방법 : 체중 270~300g의 수컷 SD계 흰쥐를 이용하였다. 먹이섭취 훈련을 통과한 후 오른쪽 경정맥에 관을 삽입하는 수술을 거쳐, 0.1mg/kg의 모르핀을 매일 1시간, 총 3주 동안 자가섭취 하도록 하였다. 모르핀을 일정하게 섭취한 동물에게는 다음날 침술을 시행하였다. 두 번째 실험에서는 GABAA 및 GABAB 길항제를 자침 30분 전에 투여하여 침술의 효능과 GABA 수용체계 사이의 관계를 검증하였다. 결과 : 모르핀 자가섭취를 억제하는 신문혈 자침의 효과는 매일 비슷하게 나타나지 않았으며, 4일째에는 유의한 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 5일째와 6일째에는 다시 유의한 효과가 나타나 뒤집어진 U 자형 곡선을 나타내었다. 또한 GABA 수용체의 길항제들은 자침의 효과가 유의하게 나타났을 때 이를 차단하는 결과를 보였다. 결론 : 모르핀 중독 치료에서 침술의 효과는 항상 비슷하게 발휘되는 것이 아니므로 침 치료는 적어도 1주일에 2회 이상 받을 필요가 있다. 아울러 보다 심도 있는 연구를 위하여 뇌신경 체계에 대한 연구가 이루어질 필요가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.61-88
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to explore the work experiences of hospital-based child protection team staffs who had intervened the child abuse cases resulting in death. In order to gather the relevant data, all 62 child protection teams registered nationwide were contacted and 5 teams which had actually experienced at least one child abuse deaths were found. The staffs (hospital social workers and doctors) who belonged to these teams were intensively interviewed, and the interviewed materials were thoroughly analyzed by qualitative research methodology. The result showed that treatment delay was the most important obstacle to prevent unnecessary deaths of the victims. Some abused victims were sent to the hospital only after their physical condition had so gravely deteriorated. In other cases, custodians' bland denial or refusal to treatment made impossible the timely intervention to save the child lives. Nevertheless, child protection team staffs' reasonable suspicion and active intervention could sometimes uncover the hidden truth that child abuse was the actual cause of death. These incidents were regarded as a team's meaningful accomplishments by team members. Meanwhile, lack of awareness and excessive burden about the role and responsibility of mandated reporter precluded medical staffs' active involvement. Also, substantiating the abuse suspicion by securing positive evidences was found to be a facilitatory factor for the rapid public intervention. On the basis of these results, several practice and policy implications were discussed to improve the early detection process, securing evidence and uncovering the actual cause of death in child abuse deaths.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.190-193
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• 2010

A 6-year-old, female, Siberian husky was referred with mucous diarrhea. On fecal examination, numerous clustered and individual large epithelial cells and rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria were examined. By bacterial culture and molecular typing, the bacteria was identified as Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), and by toxin analysis of C. perfringens, production of $\alpha$-toxin was confirmed. Based on these results, the dog was diagnosed as enteritis caused by C. perfringens producing $\alpha$-toxin, and was treated with amoxicillin/clavulanate. After 1 week, the diarrhea was disappeared and no spore-forming bacteria were examined on fecal examination. This report shows that the rapid and exact diagnosis keeps a effective treatment for enteritis caused by C. perfringens producing $\alpha$-toxin in dogs.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2013

Objective : The purpose of this study was to identify the effect and difference of abdominal muscle strengthening exercise, back muscle stretching and multi-training on the lumbar flexibility of 20s adults. Method : The abdominal muscle strengthening exercise, back muscle stretching and multi-training were conducted 9 times targeting 21 subjects who attended K University from 2013 May 29 to June 14. Sit and Reach Tests were conducted 2 times(before and after exercise program) for flexibility test and measured data were processed with SPSS program WIN 12.0K. By the Wilcoxon signed rank test, the effectiveness of exercises are verified. By the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test, the difference of effectiveness among the exercise groups are verified. Result : The results of this study were summerized below 1. Before and after exercise, in abdominal muscle strengthening exercise group, back muscle stretching group and multi-training group are showed statistically significant differences(p<.05), 2. There were statistically significant difference in the improvement of the flexibility between each group(p>.05). Conclusion : These data suggests that all of the 3 exercise programs are brought positive influences on the improvement of flexibility, and abdominal muscle strengthening exercises and flexibility multi-training are effective on the flexibility more than, back muscle stretching in 20s adults.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2011

The analog image based system consisted of a simulator and medical linear accelerator (LINAC) for radiotherapy was upgraded to digital medical image based system by exchanging the X-ray film with Computed Radiography (CR). With minimum equipments shift and similar treatment process, it was possible that the new digital image system was adapted by the users in short time. The film cassette and the film developer device were substituted with a CR cassette and a CR Reader, where the ViewBox was replaced with a small size PC and a monitor. The viewer software suitable for radiotherapy was developed to maximize the benefit of digital image, and as the result the convenience and the effectiveness was improved. It has two windows to display two different images in the same time and equipped various search capability, contouring, window leveling, image resizing, translation, rotation and registration functions. In order to avoid any discontinuance of the treatment while the transition to digital image, the film and the CR was used together for 1 week, and then the film developer was removed. Since then the CR System has been operated stably for 2 months, and the various requests from users have been reflected to improve the system.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.31-41
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• 2010

목적 : 침술은 한국과 같은 동아시아에서 잘 알려진 효과적인 치료법이며 정신 이상을 포함한 다양한 질환의 치료에 사용되어 왔다. 서양에서 침술은 유용한 보완대체의학으로서 각광을 받고 있다. 본 연구는 침술이 코카인 섭취를 줄이는 데에 있어서 효과가 있는지, 또 경혈의 복합 처방이 단일 경혈에 비해 더 효과적인지 여부를 알아보고자 계획되었다. 방법 : 본 실험에서는 270~300 그램의 웅성 흰쥐에게 FR 1 프로그램에서 먹이를 자가 섭취하도록 훈련시켰다. 동물이 3일 연속 3시간 이내에 100개의 먹이를 섭취하면 수술을 하였다. 복강주사로 마취를 시킨 뒤 오른쪽 경정맥으로 관을 삽입하고 천으로 고정시켰다. 회복기를 끝낸 동물은 매일 1시간 동안 FR 3 프로그램으로 코카인을 섭취하도록 훈련 받았다. 3일 연속 섭취량이 일정하면 다음날 한의사가 1분간 침 처치를 하였다. 대조군은 침 자극을 제외하고 똑 같은 조건으로 하였다. 결과 : 신문혈은 코카인 섭취를 줄였으나, 다른 경혈은 그렇지 못하였다. 더구나 신문과 태연을 같이 자침한 경우 단일 경혈에 비해 약간 더 억제하는 효과를 보였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 침술이 식욕에는 별다른 영향을 주지 않았다. 결론 : 이러한 연구 결과는 침술이 적어도 어느 정도 코카인 남용 치료에 있어서 유용하며 경혈을 복합으로 사용하는 것이 단독 사용보다 더 우수할 수 있음을 제시한다.