• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.99-106
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• 2002

The application method of GIS for planning of forest road network can be save the efforts and cost by frequently change of forest road and evaluation the forest road route before construction. The purpose of this study is to suggest the proper method for planning an optimal forest road network in mountains forest using geographic information system(GIS) in the national forest of Mt. Kumsan at Namhae-gun, Gyungsangnam-do. In the forest road network planning by the minimum longitudinal gradient, The total length was 20.41km, and road density was 6.92m/ha. In the forest road network planning by mixed with the minimum longitudinal gradient and the maximization of investment effect, The total length was 21.15km, and road density was higher than that of the minimum longitudinal gradient as 7.17m/ha. The road length overlapped by cost path was more short than 3.52m/ha of the minimum longitudinal gradient as 1.73km. So, it appeared that forest road has an high effectiveness in yarding function. Therefore, it considered that the geographic information system could provide an effective and resonable solutions for planning of optimal forest road network.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.1817-1821
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• 2010

본 연구에서의 지리정보시스템(GIS)을 이용한 사방댐 입지선정모델 개발은 산사태 발생 예측을 위한 사면안정성 평가 기준을 개발하여 사방댐 지점을 선정하기 위하여 체계적으로 표준화된 시스템을 구축하는 것이 목표이며, 2002년 태풍 '루사'와 2003년 태풍 '매미'에 의하여 토석류와 산사태가 발생한 서부경남 지역의 38개 지점에 대하여 항공사진 수집 및 현장조사를 수행하고, 산사태 발생에 관계되는 강우, 지형, 지질 및 토양, 임상 등을 인자로서 규정하였다. 연구결과 서부경남지역에서 발생한 산사태는 지리산, 가야산, 좌굴산 등 EL. 500m 이상의 비교적 고도가 높은 산악지역에서 지형성 집중호우에 의하여 발생하는 것으로 분석되었으며, 강우량과 산사태의 상관분석결과 시강우량 70mm 이상 및 누가강우량 230mm 이상에서 산사태의 발생빈도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 산사태 발생지점에서의 고도(평균해수면 기준)와 능선의 고도와의 비를 백분율로 계산하여 빈도를 살펴보면 산사태 발생지점이 능선의 90% 이상의 고도에서 산사태의 발생빈도가 53%로 가장 높고, 80-90%는 21%, 70-80% 16%의 순으로 산사태 발생빈도가 감소하고 있으며, 고도가 더욱 낮아져 산사태 발생지점이 60% 이하로 내려가면 산사태 발생빈도는 급격히 감소한다. 예를 들어 능선의 고도가 1000m일 경우 900m 이상의 고도(90% 이상)에서 산사태 발생빈도가 가장 높고 600m 이하의 고도(70% 이하)에서는 발생빈도가 급격히 저하하는 것으로 나타났다. 산사태 발생지점의 표면 굴곡도에 따른 산사태의 발생빈도는 대부분의 평행사면에서 74%, 약간 오목사면에서 26%가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 각 지구의 지질 및 토양별 산사태 발생빈도는 화성암계열의 지질 및 자갈/암괴 섞인 토사의 토양에서 발생하는 것으로 분석되었고, $34-40^{\circ}$ 사면경사에서 40%, $26-34^{\circ}$ 사면경사에서 26%, $26^{\circ}$ 이하의 사면경사에서 22%가 주로 발생하였으며, $40^{\circ}$ 이상의 높은 사면경사에서는 극히 미미하였다. 또한 임상 기준으로는 침엽수림에서 주로 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 이상의 결과를 기초로 매우 안정, 안정, 부분적 안정, 불안정, 매우 불안정, 위험 지역으로 구분하고, 평가한 결과는 불안정 33개소, 매우 불안정 5개소 등 38개소 지점 모두에 사방댐 설치가 필요한 것으로 분석되었다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.319-327
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• 1991

Cheju is the biggest island in Korean peninsula, consisted entirely of volcanic rocks and pyroclastic sediments. The topography is characterized by wide basalt plain in the low altitude but at the center of island, basalt volcano rises 1,950m above sea-level. Surface drainage is very poor, therefore water supply has been dependent on ground water and natural springs. There are about 1,650 production wells and most of them yield $1,000{\sim}2,000mm^3/day$. According to increase of ground water use, saline water is intruded in the low altitude of coastal area. Specially in the eastern coastal area, the topography is extensively flat and the level of ground water is very close to sea-level, at which overuse of ground water has brought saline intrusion up to maximum 6km far from the coast. Hydrochemical monitoring on this salt water intrusion is now undertaken on long term base.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.103-103
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 시험포장($1276.6m^2$)에서의 지표피복 BMPs (Best Management Practices) 시나리오를 적용하여 얻은 평균 유출저감율을 HSPF 모델에 적용하여 유역차원에서의 비점원오염 저감효과를 평가하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 별미천 유역($1.21km^2$)을 대상으로 모형의 적용을 위한 입력자료로 기상자료와 지형자료를 구축하였으며 기상자료로 수원, 양평, 이천 기상관측소 자료를 구축하였으며, 지형자료로 격자크기 2m의 DEM (Digital Elevation Model)과 토지이용도는 2006년 5월 1일 QuickBird 영상을 제공받아 기존 환경부, 건교부, USGS의 토지피복분류체계 및 현장조사를 통하여 QuickBird 영상으로부터 추출 가능한 정밀농업정보에 대한 항목을 결정하였으며, 정사보정된 QuickBird 영상을 스크린 디지타이징 기법(On-Screen Digitizing Method)을 이용하여 총 21개 토지이용항목의 정밀토지이용도를 구축하였다. 실제모니터링으로 측정된 자료를 바탕으로 수위-유량곡선 산정 및 오염부하곡선을 선정, 2011년 6월 8일부터 10월 31일 분석기간으로 HSPF 모델링을 실시하였으며 모의결과 월별 통계에 따른 적용성 분석으로 RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) 는 1.15 ~ 1.76(mm/day), $R^2$는 0.62 ~ 0.78, Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE)는 0.62 ~ 0.76로 모의치는 실측치와 유의성이 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, Sediment, T-N, T-P의 $R^2$는 각각 0.72, 0.62, 0.63으로 상관성을 보이는 것으로 분석되었다. 시험포장으로부터 얻어진 event별 볏짚을 이용한 지표피복시나리오적용 후 밭에서의 평균 유출 약 10 % 유출율 감소 조건과 실제 평균 비점원오염 저감효과 89.7 % ~ 99.4 %의 결과로부터 지표피복효과의 침투효과를 HSPF 모델로 적용하기 위해 침투량(INFILT)를 조절하여 평균유출 약 10 %가 감소되는 16.0 mm/hr 값을 선정하였다. 그 결과, Sediment. T-N, T-P의 평균 저감율은 각각 87.2 %, 28.5 %, 85.1 %로 나타났으며 이는 시험포장에서의 실제 평균 비점오염 저감효과 89.7 % ~ 99.4 %에 근접함을 알 수 있었다. 이 결과로부터 침투량 조절에 따른 지표피복(침투짚단)효과는 Sediment, T-P에서 저감효율이 80 % 이상으로 높았지만 T-N은 약 30 %로 낮은 저감율을 보임으로써 저감효과가 크지 않음을 나타냈다.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 2005

We derive refraction statics for seismic data recorded in a hard rock terrain, in which there are large and rapid variations in the depth of weathering. The statics corrections range from less than 10 ms to more than 70 ms, often over distances as short as 12 receiver intervals. This study is another demonstration of the importance in obtaining accurate initial refraction models of the weathering in hard rock terrains in which automatic residual statics may fail. We show that the statics values computed with a simple model of the weathering using the Generalized Reciprocal Method (GRM) and the Refraction Convolution Section (RCS) are comparable in accuracy to those computed with a more complex model of the weathering, using least-mean-squares inversion with the conjugate gradient algorithm (Taner et al., 1998). The differences in statics values between the GRM model and that of Taner et al. (1998) systematically vary from an average of 2ms to 4ms over a distance of 8.8 km. The differences between these two refraction models and the final statics model, which includes the automatic residual values, are generally less than 5 ms. The residuals for the GRM model are frequently less than those for the model of Taner et al. (1998). The RCS statics are picked approximately 10 ms later, but their relative accuracy is comparable to that of the GRM statics. The residual statics values show a general correlation with the refraction statics values, and they can be reduced in magnitude by using a lower average seismic velocity in the weathering. These results suggest that inaccurate average seismic velocities in the weathered layer may often be a source of short-wavelength statics, rather than any shortcomings with the inversion algorithms in determining averaged delay times from the traveltimes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.291-298
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• 2021

In this study, the future of countermobility capability is presented by analyzing the status of the countermobility obstacles focusing on the history of landmines and munitions. The conventional landmine was forbidden globally by the CCW and Ottawa Treaty because it caused civilian damage after the war. Because the inhumanity of those mines had been acknowledged, shatterable mines with a self-destruct (SD) function and M93 "HORNET" anti-tank munition with enhanced sensors have been fielded. In 2016, the Obama administration announced a policy that banned all antipersonnel landmines, leaving a considerable gap in the countermobility capability. To deal with these problems, the developments of "SAVO" and the SLEP program of Volcano mines were conducted. In the sense of a long-term approach, the countermobility obstacles, including mines, were chosen as fundamental forces for Multi-Domain Operations and were improved to Terrain Shaping Obstacles (TSO). TSO has improved sensors and mobility kill capabilities and features an enhanced remote control over each munition on the battlefield through a network established with satellite communication. The combined arms countermobility might be fully capable until 2050 if the TSO program can be completed successfully.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.181-215
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• 2017

The study found that the origins of modern Korean welfare regime are closely related to the political and economic order of the U.S. military rule between 1945 and 1948. The creation of developmental state in 1960s and 1970s can not be imagined from the standpoint of the U.S. military rule. The U.S. military government dismantled the labor movement and the farmers' movement, and dealt a devastating blow to leftist political forces. Through this process, the U.S. military government turned the political landscape of the Republic of Korea, which was dominated by left-wing political forces in August 1945, completely transformed into the political landscape dominated by right-wing political forces. Moreover, it would not have been possible without the physical force of the US military government to transplant American capitalism instead of the social (democratic) state that the majority of the Korean people wanted. Through farmland reform, the traditional landowning classes were broken down, the revolutionary farmers turned into conservative peasants, and the distribution of factories owned by the Japanese led to the birth of a new capitalist class that was subordinated to the state. From the viewpoint of the welfare regime, the most significant meaning of the US military government is that it laid the foundations for the developmental state in the 1960s and 1970s in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_1
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• pp.1277-1290
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• 2020

Water resources which is formed of surface and groundwater, are considered as one of the pivotal natural resources worldwide. Since last century, the rapid population growth as well as accelerated industrialization and explosive urbanization lead to boost demand for groundwater for domestic, industrial and agricultural use. In fact, better management of groundwater can play crucial role in sustainable development; therefore, determining accurate location of groundwater based groundwater potential mapping is indispensable. In recent years, integration of machine learning techniques, Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) are popular and effective methods employed for groundwater potential mapping. For determining the status of the integrated approach, a systematic review of 94 directly relevant papers were carried out over the six previous years (2015-2020). According to the literature review, the number of studies published annually increased rapidly over time. The total study area spanned 15 countries, and 85.1% of studies focused on Iran, India, China, South Korea, and Iraq. 20 variables were found to be frequently involved in groundwater potential investigations, of which 9 factors are almost always present namely slope, lithology (geology), land use/land cover (LU/LC), drainage/river density, altitude (elevation), topographic wetness index (TWI), distance from river, rainfall, and aspect. The data integration was carried random forest, support vector machine and boost regression tree among the machine learning techniques. Our study shows that for optimal results, groundwater mapping must be used as a tool to complement field work, rather than a low-cost substitute. Consequently, more study should be conducted to enhance the generalization and precision of groundwater potential map.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2010

The technique of mountain ordering developed by Yamada(1999) has been tested to two small islands (Namhaedo: 301km², Geojedo: 378km²). The results and experiences above were extended and applied to the whole area of the southern part of Korean Peninsula. Three areas such as Seorak-Taebaek Mountains, Jiri-Deogyu Mountains, and Youngnam Alps are identified as the highest, 5th order mountains. 10 areas are classified as the 4th order and 87 areas as the 3rd order. It is suggested that the 5th order mountains are related to the axis of uplift and the 4th and 3rd order mountains have the same direction (NE-SW) as that of the secondary mountain systems in the Korean Peninsula. The logarithmic values of number, area, and relative altitude of the ordered mountains have the linear relationship with the order, as the laws of stream order. The several mountains which are not included in the existing mountain systems could be identified among the ordered mountains, and those mountains could be used as the basis to understand the geological structure of the Korean Peninsula. Most of the National Parks and the Provincial Parks are distributed on the 3rd, 4th, 5th order mountains. It is especially confirmed that the Songnisan National Park take a role to link the Seorak-Taebaek Mountains and Jiri-Deogyu Mountains as a important ecological axis. Therefore, it would be validated that the technique of mountain ordering has the practical values as well as the geomorphological significances.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.1D
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• pp.95-103
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• 2006

One of the main functions of the 4D system includes visualizing numerical schedule data in construction. The existing 4D tools have an excellent function for simulating building projects that all activities are progressed according to vertical work zone. However, it is not easy to implement all of it in the civil engineering project because the construction activities of highway and railway projects are progressed on the horizontal work zone and the 4D simulation for those projects should include earthwork objects that depend on the natural ground condition. This study suggests a new methodology for improving those limitations of 4D system for the civil engineering project and develops a new system by the suggested methodology. To verify the developed system, this study attempts to simulate 4D object for horizontal elements such as earthwork, paving work and tunneling work. The morphing and multi-texturing techniques developed in the study can be new approaches to simulate 4D object for the earthwork such as cutting and banking whose activities are progressed on the natural ground condition. The research results can be expected as a draft function for improving the application of 4D system in civil engineering projects.