• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.55-63
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• 2020

Earthwork automation has emerged as a promising technology in the construction industry, and the application of earthwork automation technology is starting from the acquisition and processing of point cloud data of the site. Point cloud data has more than a million data due to vast extent of the construction site, and the processing time of the original point cloud data is critical because it takes tens or hundreds of hours to generate a Digital Terrain Model (DTM), and enhancement of the processing time can largely impact on the efficiency of the modeling. Currently, a benchmark program (BP) is actively used for the purpose of both point cloud data processing and BIM design as an integrated program in Korea, however, there are some aspects to be modified and refined. This study modified the BP, and developed an updated program by adopting a compile-based development environment, newly designed UI/UX, and OpenGL while maintaining existing PCD processing functions, and expended compatibility of the PCD file formats. We conducted a comparative test in terms of loading speed with different number of point cloud data, and the results showed that 92 to 99% performance increase was found in the developed program. This program can be used as a foundation for the development of a program that reduces the gap between design and construction by integrating PCD and earthwork BIM functions in the future.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.85-99
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• 2013

The objective of this paper is to analyze the spatial distribution of errors in the DEM generated using waterlines from multi-temporal remote sensing data and to assess flood vulnerability. Unlike conventional research in which only global statistics of errors have been generated, this paper tries to quantitatively analyze the spatial distribution of errors from a probabilistic viewpoint using geostatistical simulation. The initial DEM in Baramarae tidal flats was generated by corrected tidal level values and waterlines extracted from multi-temporal Landsat data in 2010s. When compared with the ground measurement height data, overall the waterline-based DEM underestimated the actual heights and local variations of the errors were observed. By applying sequential Gaussian simulation based on spatial autocorrelation of DEM errors, multiple alternative error distributions were generated. After correcting errors in the initial DEM with simulated error distributions, probabilities for flood vulnerability were estimated under the sea level rise scenarios of IPCC SERS. The error analysis methodology based on geostatistical simulation could model both uncertainties of the error assessment and error propagation problems in a probabilistic framework. Therefore, it is expected that the error analysis methodology applied in this paper will be effectively used for the probabilistic assessment of errors included in various thematic maps as well as the error assessment of waterline-based DEMs in tidal flats.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.189-196
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• 2023

As the manufacturing paradigm shifts, various collaborative robots are creating new markets. Demand for collaborative robots is increasing in all industries for the purpose of easy operation, productivity improvement, and replacement of manpower who do simple tasks compared to existing industrial robots. However, accidents frequently occur during work caused by collaborative robots in industrial sites, threatening the safety of workers. In order to construct an industrial site through robots in a human-centered environment, the safety of workers must be guaranteed, and there is a need to develop a collaborative robot guard system that provides reliable communication without the possibility of dispatch. It is necessary to double prevent accidents that occur within the working radius of cobots and reduce the risk of safety accidents through sensors and computer vision. We build a system based on OPC UA, an international protocol for communication with various industrial equipment, and propose a collaborative robot guard system through image analysis using ultrasonic sensors and CNN (Convolution Neural Network). The proposed system evaluates the possibility of robot control in an unsafe situation for a worker.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.221-233
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• 2000

Evaluation method of soil fertility by application of geographic information system (GIS) which includes landscape characteristics and soil map data was investigated from productivities of red pepper and tobacco grown on the fields with no fertilization. Total 131 fields experiments, 64 fields of red pepper and 67 fields of tobacco were conducted from 22 and 23 fields for red pepper and tobacco, respectively, located at Cheangweon and Eumseong counties in 1996, from 20 and 25 fields at Boeun and Goesan counties in 1997, and 22 and 19 fields at Jincheon and Chungju counties in 1998. All the experimental sites were selected on the basis of wide range of distribution in landscape and soil attributes. Dry weights and nutrients (N, P and K) uptakes by red pepper plant and tobacco leaves were considered as basic fertility of the soil (BFS). The BFS was estimated by twenty-five independent variables including 13 chemical properties and 12 GIS data. Twenty-five independent variables were classified by two groups, 15 quantitative variables and 10 qualitative variables, and were analyzed by multiple linear regression (MLR) of REG and GLM models of SAS. Dry weight of red pepper (DWRP) and dry weight of tobacco leaves (DWTL) every year showed high variations by five times in difference plots with minimum yield and maximum yield indicating the diverse soil fertility among the experimental fields. Evaluation for the BFS by the MLR including independent variables was better than that by simple regression showing gradual improvement by adding chemical properties, quantitative variables, and qualitative variables of the GIS. However the evaluation for the BFS by the MLR showed the better result for tobacco than red pepper. For example the variability in the DWTL by MLR was explained 34.2% by only chemical properties, 35.0% by adding quantitative variables, and 72.5% by adding both the quantitative and qualitative variables of the GIS compared with 21.7% by simple regression with $NO_3-N$ content in soil. Consequently, it is assumed that this approach by the MLR including both the quantitative and qualitative variables was available as an evaluation model of soil fertility for upland field.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.82-101
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to survey and analyze the origin story and the legends associated with Yongyudam(龍遊潭, Dragon Creek), its scenic and spatial description in Climbing Writings(遊山記: Yusangi Notes), its geographical and geological features, its surrounding remains and letters chiseled on the rocks through the field study and the study on literatures associated with it so to identify its significance and value and then to ensure justification on preservation of Yongyudam scenic site. Conclusions of this study are as follow. As the traditional scenic place 'Geumdae-Jiri(金臺智異)' representing Hamyang-gun(咸陽郡) depicts Mount Cheonwangbong and 'Yongyudong Village(龍遊洞)', ancient maps and literatures have positioned Yongyudam as the center of Eomcheon-river Creek as well as the representing scenic site of Yongyudong Village. Core images in the spatial awareness of Yongyudam described in our ancestors' Climbing Writings Notes on Jirisan Mount are 'geographical and scenic peculiarity associated with swimming dragons', 'potholes in various shapes and sizes scattered on rocks', 'loud sound generated by swirling from shoals' and 'the scenic metaphor from the dragon legend', which have led scenic features of Yongyudam scenic site. In addition, significant scenic metaphors from legends such as 'Nine Dragons and Ascetic Majeog' and 'Kasaya Fish' as well as 'the Holy Place of Dragon God', the rain calling magic god have descended not only as the very nature of Yongyudam scenic site but also the catalyst deepening its mystic and place nature. On the other hand, Jangguso Place(杖?所, Place of Scholars) in the vicinity of Yongyudam was the place of resting and amusement for scholars from Yeongnam Province, to name a few, Kim Il-son, Cho Sik, Jung Yeo-chang and Kang Dae-su, where they experienced and recognized Jirisan Mount as the scenic living place. Letters Carved on the rocks at Jangguso Place are memorial tributes and monumental signs. Around Yongyudam, there are 3 stairs, letters chiseled on the rocks and the water rock artificially built to collect clean water, which are traditional scenic remains detectable of territoriality as the ritual place. In addition, The letters on the rock at Yongyudong-mun(龍遊洞門) discovered for the first time by this study are the sign promoting Yongyudam as the place of splendid landscape. The laconism, 'It is the Greatest Water in Jirisan Mount(方丈第一山水)' on a rock expresses the pride of Yongyudam as the representing scenic place of Mount Jirisan. Other than those, standing rocks such as Simjindae Rock, Yeong-gwidae Rock and Ganghwadae Rock show the sign that they are used as amusement and gathering places for ancestor scholars, which add significance to Yongyudam. By this study, it was possible to verify that Yongyudam in Mount Jirisan is not simply 'the scenic place in the tangible reality' but also has seamlessly inherited as the traditional scenic attraction spiritualized by overlapped historical and cultural values. Yongyudam, as the combined heritage by itself, shows that it is the product of the place nature as well as unique ensemble of cultural scenic attraction inherited through long history based on natural scenery. It is certain that not only the place value but also geographical, geological, historical and cultural values of Yongyudam are the essence of traditional scenic attraction, which should not be disparaged or damaged by whatever political or economic interests and logics.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.35-45
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• 2014

Limit equilibrium methods of slope stability analysis have been widely adopted mainly due to their simplicity and applicability. However, the conventional methods may not give reliable and convincing results for various geological conditions such as nonhomogeneous and anisotropic soils. Also, they do not take into account soil slope history nor the initial state of stress, for example excavation or fill placement. In contrast to the limit equilibrium analysis, the analysis of deformation and stress distribution by finite element method can deal with the complex loading sequence and the growth of inelastic zone with time. This paper proposes a technique to determine the critical slip surface as well as to calculate the factor of safety for shallow failure on partially saturated soil slope. Based on the effective stress field in finite element analysis, all stresses are estimated at each Gaussian point of elements. The search strategy for a noncircular critical slip surface along weak points is appropriate for rainfall-induced shallow slope failure. The change of unit weight by seepage force has an effect on the horizontal and vertical displacements on the soil slope. The Drucker-Prager failure criterion was adopted for stress-strain relation to calculate coupling hydraulic and mechanical behavior of the partially saturated soil slope.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-45
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• 1981

The purpose of this study aimed to study effects of fire on vegetation and soil properties after the first growing season in Mt. Chiak. 1. With the basis of importance value of species in each stand, status of species was assessed for three categories; Increaser species, Decreaser species, and Neutral species. 2. Biomass was 2.2 times higher on burned area than unburned. This indicates that biomass was remarkably increased after fire. 3. To evaluate similarity, coefficients of similarity among communities were obtained, and correlation coefficients were also estimated. These indices showed that burned and unburned community were markedly different.. $B_1$-stand and $B_1$-stand appeared most similar to each other among stands. 4. Species diversity was greater in burned than unburned stands. 5. Soil pH value and organic matter content in burned area were significantly higher than those in unburned area. However, soil water content was lower in burned area. There was no effect of burning on soil pH value and water content at 15~20 cm depth of soil. 6. All chemical compositions except sodium were much higher in soil surface. The decreases in sodium levels at surface were probably resulted from the rapid leaching due to the increased solubility and decreased capacity for adsorption of sodium in comparison with potassium or calcium. Among chemical compositions of soil amount of nitrogen showed least difference between the burneb and unburned surfaces soil.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.54-60
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the garden details of Carla Scarpa in order to understand his selection and composition of materials, detailing style and symbolism of the spaces. Literature review and a field trip were conducted for the study and the results are as follows. First, Scarpa used vernacular materials such as Murano glass and Istrian limestone, and juxtaposed various materials using contrast of color and texture. His mixed uses of traditional and modern materials shows the passage of time. Second, he create his own detail style such as ziggurat and geometric motif, which make the garden space to look more interesting and rich. Scarpa respected local craftsmanship like glass design and used textile design style such as overlaying. Third, symbolic uses of water features help make narrative and poetic gardens. Scarpa's unique detail style and respects for traditional craftsmanship provide lessons on how to interpretate traditional design style in modern garden.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.493-500
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• 2011

Recently, there has been an increase in the number of disaster victims locally due to climate change and a variety of frequently occurring natural disasters. The damage caused by abrupt weather change in local area by typical weather forecasting techniques is very limited and difficult. Recently local area weather monitoring system using wireless sensor network technology has been very actively studied. Thus an IEEE 802.15.4-based weather field server to measure and monitor the local weather changes was designed and developed in this study. The proposed weather field server utilizes a wireless sensor node and weather sensors to collect weather information such as temperature, humidity, illumination, dew point, barometric pressure, and water level. The integrated weather sensor board was designed to respond quickly to weather changes, and provide feedback to the server PC. Each weather information is analyzed in the server PC to establish a program to monitor and analyze the local area or the area of abrupt climate change in order to provide warning signals in case of disaster events in local.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.141-141
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• 2012

비점오염물질은 강우 시 유출되기 때문에 일간, 계절 간 유출량 변화가 대단히 크게 나타나며, 기후, 지형, 토지이용, 토양 등과 지역적인 특성과 유역 형상에 따라 변화되므로 비점오염원 유출량에 대한 정량화를 위해서는 강우지속시간동안 정확한 수질과 유량에 대한 측정 자료가 요구된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 비점오염물질에 대해 현장 모니터링 및 현장 실측 관련 기존 연구자료 수집을 통해 중분류 토지피복분류별 원단위를 산정하였다. 또한 특정 유역에 중분류 토지피복 분류별 산정된 원단위를 적용하여 유역기반의 비점오염부하량을 산정 하였다. 대상 유역에 해당하는 하천 말단에서의 실측 자료를 활용하여 유역모형을 구축하고, 강우를 입력 자료로 하여 비점오염 물질별 부하량을 모의 산정하였다. 유역모형으로 HSPF(Hydrologic Simulation Program - Fortran)을 실제 대상유역에 적용하였고, 이에 따른 모의 결과를 실측치와 비교하여 부하량을 산정하였다. 이렇게 모의 산정된 부하량은 실측자료를 기반으로 산정된 원단위의 적용에 따른 부하량과 비교 검토하여 유역에 대한 비점오염원 부하량 산정 시 모형의 적용 가능성을 평가하였다. 본 연구에 적용된 대상유역은 동천유역으로 병성천의 주요 지류로서 유역의 상단에 위치하고 있다. 중분류 토지피복 중 공업지역, 교통지역, 과수원재배지, 비닐하우스재배지, 기타재배지에 대해서는 2008년부터 2010년까지 모니터링을 실시하였고, 이외의 중분류 토지피복에 대한 결과는 수계별 현재까지 진행되고 있는 환경기초조사사업 중 '주요 비점오염원 유출 장기 모니터링'사업의 자료를 활용하였다. 동천유역의 비점오염원 발생부하량을 산정한 결과, BOD 부하량은 대지의 경우 391.4 kg/day로서 중분류 군으로 구분한 결과에 비해 높게 산정되었다. T-N, T-P 발생부하량도 토지피복군이 대분류에서 중분류로 변화됨에 따라 부하량의 차이가 발생 하였다. 또한 동천유역에 대해 구축된 HSPF 모형의 적합도를 시기별 4개의 Case로 구분하여 평가해 보았는데 그 결과, 모형 모의치의 실측치에 대한 적합도가 높게 평가 되었다. 현재 특정 지역에 편중되어 조사되고 있는 중분류 토지피복을 조사 기관간의 교차 조사를 통해 지역적 제한성을 낮추고, 중분류에 속하는 세부피복지점을 확대하여 모니터링 지점의 다양성을 확보하여야 할 것으로 판단된다. 이와 동시에 한시적인 조사가 아닌, 장기간에 걸쳐 연구가 진행 될 경우 원단위에 대한 현재의 불확실성 및 제한성을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 판단되므로, 이러한 기초 자료 확보에 대한 장기적인 투자와 노력이 수반될 시 우리나라에 대표적으로 적용할 수 있는 비점오염원 원단위가 산정될 것으로 생각되며, 이러한 기틀이 마련되어야 비점오염원에 대한 적절한 유역관리방안을 수립할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.