• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2000

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of length of storage period under low temperature, $CO_2$ enrichment and addition of plant growth regulators in Murashige and Skoog medium on the plant regeneration of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Seeds were treated for 60 and 80 days respectively under $5^{\circ}C$ environment. 2500ppm of $CO_2$ was enriched by ventilation. Three plant growth regulators added to the medium were Indolbutyric acid, Benzyladenin and Gibberellic acid (GA3). The result indicated that : The capacity of differentiation was higher in the aged cotyledons from the seeds treated for 80 days under low temperature condition than in those treated for 60 days. $CO_2$ enrichment had stimulating effects on the growth and development of shoot primordium significantly but less effects on the formation of adventitious buds. From one zygotic embryo hundreds of plantlets were differentiated. $CO_2$ enrichment had effects on the formation of both indirect somatic embryo and direct somatic embryo. Indirect somatic embryo showed little growth and differentiation, being undifferentiated vascular stele and epicotyl. Direct somatic embryos were formed on the epidermis of backside basal part of cotyledon. Those embryos developed to whole plant having latent bud.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.419-426
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate experimentally the optimum mix design and site application case of soil mixing wall (SMW) method which is cost-effective technique for construction of walls for cutoff wall and excavation support as well as for ground improvement before constructing LNG storage tank typed under-ground. Considering native soil condition in site, main materials are selected ordinary portland cement, bentonite as a binder slurry and also it is applied $1,833kg/m^3$ as an unit volume weight of native soil, Variations for soil mixing wall are as followings ; (1) water-cement ratio 4cases (2) mixing velocity (rpm) 3levels (3) bleeding capacity and ratio, compressive strength in laboratory and site application test. As test results, bleeding capacity and ratio are decreased in case of decreasing water-cement ratio and increasing mixing velocity. Required compressive strength (1.5 MPa) considering safety factors in site is satisfied with the range of water-cement ratio 150% below, and test results of core strength are higher than those of specimen strength in the range of 8~23% by actual application of element members including outside and inside in site construction work. Therefore, optimum mix design of soil mixing wall is proposed in the range of unit cement $280kg/m^3$, unit bentonite $10kg/m^3$, water-cement ratio 150% and mixing velocity 90rpm and test results of site application case are satisfied with the required properties.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.69-81
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• 2001

The constitutive relation among capillary pressure, saturation and relative permeability should be predetermined in order to simulate immiscible water-gas flow in porous media. The relation between saturation and relative permeability becomes more important when the capillary force can be disregarded and viscous friction force governs the flow. In this study, a 2-dimensional finite difference numerical model was developed, in which the variation of viscosity with pressure and that of relative permeability with water saturation can be treated. Seven cases of parallel plate tests were performed in order to obtain the characteristic equation of relative permeability which would be used in. the developed numerical model. It was not possible, however, to match the curves of relative permeability from the plate tests with the existing emperical models. Consequently a logistic equation was proposed as a new emperical model. As this model was composed of the parameter involving aperture size, any aperture size of fracture can be applied to the model. For the purpose of verification, the characteristic equation of relative permeability was applied to the developed numerical model and the computed results were compared with those of plate test. As a result of application of numerical model, in order to check the field applicability, to single fracture surrounding an underground storage cavern, the simultaneous flow of water and propane gas was able to be simulated properly by the model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-58
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• 2000

Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that boosts the oxygen content in fuel (an oxygenate), resulting in less air-polluting carbon monoxide being released from vehicle exhaust systems. Then, groundwater contamination problems have been developed in areas where the chemical is used. Common sources of water contamination by MTBE include leaking underground gasoline storage tanks and leaks and spills from above ground fuel storage tanks, etc.. Studies on the chemical and these problems are going on abroad vigorously. These studies should be performed in our country as well more actively. This paper reviews on articles on these studies and focuses on the identification of the chemical as a groundwater contamination source.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.995-1005
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• 2005

The study with laboratory sandbox model has been carried out to address potential use of reclaimed water, as a countermeasure artificially recharging the coastal aquifer, to effectively prevent from seawater intrusion due to overexploitation. It also investigated plausibility for either preserving or recovering the freshwater interface facing with seawater intrusion. To do this, we assessed hydraulic properties in artificial aquifer seawater/freshwater interface) depending upon the variation of extraction, storage and injection of reclaimed water. The variation of interface between freshwater and seawater were visualized by Surfer 8(Golden Software, USA) according to given experimental conditions. The interface between seawater and freshwater has been sensitively influenced by the change of extraction rate, where seawater zone migrated much faster into freshwater zone even though extraction rate became decreased. However, decreasing recharge rate could slow down moving of saline water zone toward freshwater zone. When the recharge was solely introduced into the sand box model, saline water intrusion was retarded than those of recharge and extraction working together. And also, the level of salinity of saline water was diluted by artificial recharge. It finally revealed that the artificial recharge would hydraulically avoid seawater intrusion while the freshwater sources could be conservatively utilized.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.164-175
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• 2011

Using natural electromagnetic (EM) fields at low frequencies, magnetotelluric (MT) surveys can investigate conductivity structures of the deep subsurface and thus are used to explore geothermal energy resources and investigate proper sites for not only geological $CO_2$ sequestration but also enhanced geothermal system (EGS). Moreover, marine MT data can be used for better interpretation of marine controlled-source EM data. In the interpretation of MT data, MT modeling schemes are important. This study improves a three dimensional (3D) MT modeling algorithm which uses edge finite elements. The algorithm computes magnetic fields by solving an integral form of Faraday's law of induction based on a finite difference (FD) strategy. However, the FD strategy limits the algorithm in computing vertical magnetic fields for a topographic model. The improved algorithm solves the differential form of Faraday's law of induction by making derivatives of electric fields, which are represented as a sum of basis functions multiplied by corresponding weightings. In numerical tests, vertical magnetic fields for topographic models using the improved algorithm overcome the limitation of the old algorithm. This study recomputes induction vectors and tippers for a 3D hill and valley model which were used for computation of the responses using the old algorithm.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of curing method(tumbling and immersion) and curing time (10 min to 48 hrs) on pH, color, product yield, cooking yield, water holding capacity, shear force, and sensory evaluation of cured pork meat with soy sauce. Curing method had an effective on color of cured meat(before cooking), Meats were tumbled for 30 min, followed by 24 hr and 48 hr delay period showed higher lightness than meat immersed for 24 and 48 hrs, respectively. Tumbling processing improved product yield and cooking yield as compared to immersion counterpart. Therefore, tumbled meat had significantly greater product yield(p <0.05) during working time for 30 min. Increasing curing time improved water holding capacity and tenderness. Although curing time had no influence on sensory evaluation, tumbling processing improved sensory evaluation of texture, juiciness, and overall acceptability fer cured pork meat with soy sauce, as compared to immersion counterpart.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.108-112
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• 2004

균열 암반 대수층에 대한 지하수 인공 함양 주입 가능성을 예비적으로 평가하기 위한 시험을 수행하였다. 지하수 인공 함양 주입 시험이 수행된 지역은 경기도 포천군 이동면이며, 이 지역의 지질은 중립내지 조립질 화강암에 해당된다. 시험 정호에 대한 시추공 내부 촬영 결과, 화강암 내에 부분적으로 절리들이 발달되어 있었으며, 대체로 수직적인 절리 발달이 우세하였다. 2개소에서 인공 함양 주입 시험이 100kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 이상의 확장 팩커로 대상공의 상부를 밀폐한 후 시행되었다. 이중 MW-7호 공에서는, 주입 압력을 5 내지 7kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$으로 조절하여 시간당 약 450$\ell$의 평균 주입률로 시험을 수행하였으며, O-7a 호 공에서는 주입 압력을 4kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 내외, 시간당 약 1,740$\ell$의 평균 주입률로 시험을 수행하였다. MW-7호 공의 시험은 3일간 3회에 걸쳐 각 450분, 200분, 414분 동안 시험이 수행되었으며, O-7a호 공에서는 연속적으로 24시간 동안 인공 함양 주입 시험이 수행되었다. 수행된 지하수 인공 함양 주입시험은 적어도 지하수 상류 구배 구간의 지하 수두를 시험이 수행된 이후에도 24시간 이상 유지하는 것으로 평가되었다. 실험을 통해 주입한 양과 주변 관측공의 수위 상승을 단순 검토한 결과 시험이 수행된 지역의 개략적 유효 공극률을 산정 할 수 있었으며, 그 결과, 이 지역 균열 암반의 유효 공극률은 약 3 내지 6% 인 것으로 평가되었다 국내에서 지하수 인공 함양 방식을 균열 암반 대수층에 활용하여, 지속적인 수자원 관리와 수도 공급을 할 수 있는지를 평가하기 위해서는 앞으로 보다 많은 시험수행과 연구를 통한 검증이 요구된다. 까마중, 냉이, 명아주, 둑새풀 등의 생장에 현저한 조해현상을 나타냈다. 이것으로 보아 억새가 타식물의 생장에 영향을 주는 요인물질은 억새의 뿌리에서 분필되는 것으로 생각된다. 옥수수의 뿌리에서 직접 분필하는 물질이나 옥수수뿌리의 분해물질들은 모두 당귀의 생장을 조해하는 경향이 있었다.기존에 제안된 경험식들에 의한 계산결과 보다 균질화 해석법의 결과가 훨씬 정확함을 주목하여야 한다.c의 범위로서 최대값과 최소값은 4차수(four order)의 차이를 보였다. 단열대의 분포 특성을 파악하기 위하여 지구물리검층을 실시하였고, 각 시험에 의해 획득된 결과들과의 비교를 통하여 유동성이 높은 단열들이 규명되었다. 온도검층은 유동성 단열과 일반적인 단열들을 구별하는 좋은 지시자로 나타났다. 그 결과, N70-80$^{\circ}$W.60-85$^{\circ}$NE/SW, N75-80$^{\circ}$W.25-30$^{\circ}$SW, N50-64$^{\circ}$W.60-85$^{\circ}$NE, N35-45$^{\circ}$E.65-75$^{\circ}$SE, 그리고 N65-72$^{\circ}$E.80$^{\circ}$SE/60$^{\circ}$NW의 단열들이 연구지역의 지하수 흐름을 지배하는 뚜렷한 유동성 단열로 규명되었다.eatments. It was resulted from increase of weight of single cocoon. "Manta"2.5ppm produced 22.2kg of cocoon. It is equal to 9% increase in index, as compared to that of c

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.89-102
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• 1996

An integrated model is presented to describe underground flow and mass transport, using a multicomponent multiphase approach. The comprehensive governing equation is derived considering mass and force balances of chemical species over four phases(water, oil, air, and soil) in a schematic elementary volume. Compact and systemati notations of relevant variables and equations are introduced to facilitate the inclusion of complex migration and transformation processes, and variable spatial dimensions. The resulting nonlinear system is solved by a multidimensional finite element code. The developed code with dynamic array allocation, is sufficiently flexible to work across a wide spectrum of computers, including an IBM ES 9000/900 vector facility, SP2 cluster machine, Unix workstations and PCs, for one-, two and three-dimensional problems. To reduce the computation time and storage requirements, the system equations are decoupled and solved using a banded global matrix solver, with the vector and parallel processing on the IBM 9000. To avoide the numerical oscillations of the nonlinear problems in the case of convective dominant transport, the techniques of upstream weighting, mass lumping, and elementary-wise parameter evaluation are applied. The instability and convergence criteria of the nonlinear problems are studied for the one-dimensional analogue of FEM and FDM. Modeling capacity is presented in the simulation of three dimensional composite multiphase TCE migration. Comprehesive simulation feature of the code is presented in a companion paper of this issue for the specific groundwater or flow and contamination problems.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.439-455
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• 2019

A buffer is the major component of a high level radioactive waste repository. Due to their thermal conductivity and low permeability, bentonites have been considered as a key component of a buffer system in most countries. The deep geological condition generates ground water inflow and results in swelling pressure in the buffer and backfill. Investigation of swelling pressure of bentonite buffer is an important task for the safe disposal system. The swelling pressure that can be critical is affected by mechanical and hydro properties of the system. Therefore, in this study, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the effect of hydro-mechanical (HM) behaviors in the MX-80 bentonite. Based on the results of the swelling pressure generation with HM model parameters, a coupled HM analysis of an unsaturated buffer and backfill in a deep geological repository was also carried out to investigate the major factor of the swelling pressure generation.