• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.44-44
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• 2023

지표면 위 에너지 수지, 즉 순 복사에너지가 어떤 비율로 지열, 현열, 잠열로 분할되는지를 이해하는 것은 매우 중요한 문제이지만, 에너지 분할과 주변 환경 변수 사이의 인과관계를 역학적으로 설명하는 것은 난제로 남아있다. 이 연구에서는 지표면 에너지 분할에서 어떠한 조건에서라도 보편적으로 발견되는 특성을 찾아서 다양한 식생 조건에서 관측된 복사에너지 및 열 플럭스 관측소의 자료를 토대로 각 에너지 항의 시간 변동성을 분석했다. 시계열 분석을 위해 공분산 기법을 통해 관측한 현열 및 잠열 자료를 제공하는 Fluxnet 자료를 사용했으며, International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) 구분법에 따라 낙엽수림, 상록수림, 농지 및 사바나에 위치한 관측소의 자료를 비교 분석했다. 모든 관측소에서 에너지 수지에서 현열과 잠열의 합이 전체 순 복사에너지에서 차지하는 비중은 시간에 따라 큰 변화를 보이지 않는다는 특성을 발견했다. 하지만, 현열 또는 잠열이 차지하는 비중은 큰 계절성을 보여주고 있었다. 이를 종합하면 현열과 잠열이 상호보완적으로 발생한다는 것을 의미한다. 한편 시간에 따른 두 열 플럭스의 움직임은 해당 관측소 근처에서 서식하는 식생 특성과 깊게 관련됐음을 확인했다.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.167-171
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• 2012

This paper reports on the stray light analysis results of a compact imaging spectrometer (COMIS) for a microsatellite STSAT-3. COMIS images Earth's surface and atmosphere with ground sampling distances of 27 m at the 18~62 spectral bands (0.4 ~ 1.05 ${\mu}m$) for the nadir looking at an altitude of 700 km. COMIS has an imaging telescope and an imaging spectrometer box into which three electronics PCBs are embedded. The telescope images a $27m{\times}28km$ area of Earth surface onto a slit of dimensions $11.8{\mu}m{\times}12.1mm$. This corresponds to a ground sampling distance of 27 m and a swath width of 28 km for nadir looking posture at an altitude of 700 km. Then the optics relays and disperses the slit image onto the detector thereby producing a monochrome image of the entrance slit formed on each row of detector elements. The spectrum of each point in the row is imaged along a detector column. The optical mounts and housing structures are designed in order to prevent stray light from arriving onto the image and so deteriorating the signal to noise ratio (SNR). The stray light analysis, performed by a non-sequential ray tracing software (LightTools) with three dimensional housing and lens modeling, confirms that the ghost and stray light arriving at the detector plane has the relative intensity of ${\sim}10^{-5}$ and furthermore it locates outside the concerned image size i.e. the field of view of the optics.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.117-138
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• 2006

Plasmas can be made by electrical discharge on earth. Most of the plasmas on earth have been generated in low pressure environments where the pressure is less than one millionth of the atmospheric pressure. However, there are many plasma applications which require high pressure plasmas. Therefore, scientists start research on plasma generation at high pressure to avoid use of expensive vacuum equipments. Large-volume inexpensive plasmas are needed in the areas of material processing, environmental protection and improvement, efficient energy source and applications, etc. We therefore developed new methods of plasma generations at high pressure and carried out research of applying these plasmas to high tech industries representing 21 century. These research fields will play pivotal roles in material, environmental and energy science and technology in future.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.137-149
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• 2013

Solar insolation is essential to understand the interaction between the earth and solar system, and it is a significant parameter that is utilized in various research fields including earth science, agriculture, and energy engineering. Although solar insolation is broadly measured in the ground-based observation station, it is difficult to identify the spatial distribution of solar insolation accurately. The remote sensing approach is known to have several benefits because it can provide continuous data sets for large area. In this study, we conducted the validation of solar insolation from COMS in the South Korea by comparing with flux tower observation. The results showed that the correlations between COMS and observation were high in both 30 minutes interval data and daily average data. Thus, we can identify that COMS can provide a reasonable estimate of solar insolation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.23-27
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• 2008

The new conjunctive surface-subsurface flow model at a large scale was developed by using a 1-D Diffusion Wave (DW) model for surface flow interacting with the 3-D Volume Averaged Soil-moisture Transport (VAST) model for subsurface flow for the comprehensive terrestrial water and energy predictions in Land Surface Models (LSMs). A selection of numerical implementation schemes is employed for each flow component. The 3-D VAST model is implemented using a time splitting scheme applying an explicit method for lateral flow after a fully implicit method for vertical flow. The 1-D DW model is then solved by MacCormack finite difference scheme. This new conjunctive flow model is substituted for the existing 1-D hydrologic scheme in Common Land Model (CLM), one of the state-of-the-art LSMs. The new conjunctive flow model coupled to CLM is tested for a study domain around the Ohio Valley. The simulation results show that the interaction between surface flow and subsurface flow associated with the flow routing scheme matches the runoff prediction with the observations more closely in the new coupled CLM simulations. This improved terrestrial hydrologic module will be coupled to the Climate extension of the next-generation Weather Research and Forecasting (CWRF) model for advanced regional, continental, and global hydroclimatological studies and the prevention of disasters caused by climate changes.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.282-290
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• 2013

Biophysical and biochemical processes through which crops interact with the atmosphere have been simulated using land surface models and crop growth models. The Noah Multi Physics (MP) model and the CERES-Rice model, which are a land surface model, and a crop growth model, respectively, were used to simulate and compare rice growth and evapotranspiration (ET) in the areas near Haenam flux tower in Korea. Simulations using these models were performed from 2003 to 2012 during which flux measurements were obtained at the Haenam site. The Noah MP model failed to simulate the pattern of temporal change in leaf area index (LAI) after heading. The simulated aboveground biomass with the Noah MP model was underestimated by about 10% of the actual biomass. The ET simulated with the Noah MP model was as low as 21% of those with the CERES-Rice model. In comparison with actual ET measured at Haenam flux site, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the Noah MP model was 1.8 times larger than that of the CERES-Rice model. The Noah MP model seems to show less reliable simulation of crop growth and ET due to simplified phenology processes and assimilates partitioning compared with the CERES-Rice model. When ET was adjusted by the ratio between leaf biomass simulated using CERES-Rice model and Noah MP model, however, the RMSE of ET was reduced by 30%. This suggests that an improvement of the Noah MP model in representing rice growth in paddy fields would allow more reliable simulation of matter and energy fluxes.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.917-927
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• 2018

Seven heavy metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) were continuously analyzed for twenty rainfall events in 2017~2018 in an urban basin. The overall and dynamic correlations between runoff characteristics and heavy metal concentrations were examined. The peak metal concentration generally appeared in the initial runoff but found to be delayed when the rainfall intensity was low. The rainfall duration had no relationship with either heavy metal concentrations or their total mass. Dynamics of heavy metal mass (load), with the exception of Cu and Zn, showed strong correlation with the 30 minute rainfall intensity (0.60~0.88) and runoff volume (0.74~0.89). While event mean concentration (EMC) showed positive correlation (0.54~0.73) with antecedent dry days (ADD), no significant relationship was found between runoff volume and pollutant concentration. This implies that the pollutants built up on the surface during dry days are washed off even with low rainfall energy. The dynamics of heavy metal and TSS concentrations showed good correlation (0.68~0.87). This result shows that the metals are transported along with solid particles as adsorbate in surface runoff. Regular street sweeping will reduce significant amount of heavy metal loads in urban surface runoff.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2017

CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is a technical process to capture $CO_2$ from industrial and energy-based sources, to transfer and sequestrate impressed $CO_2$ in geological formations, oceans, or mineral carbonates. However, potential $CO_2$ leakage exists and causes environmental problems. Thus, this study was conducted to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of $CO_2$ fluxes and concentrations after artificial $CO_2$ release. The Environmental Impact Evaluation Test Facility (EIT) was built in Eumseong, Korea in 2015. Approximately 34kg $CO_2$ /day/zone were injected at Zones 2, 3, and 4 among the total of 5 zones from October 26 to 30, 2015. $CO_2$ fluxes were measured every 30 minutes at the surface at 0m, 1.5m, 2.5m, and 10m from the $CO_2$ releasing well using LI-8100A until November 13, 2015, and $CO_2$ concentrations were measured once a day at 15cm, 30cm, and 60cm depths at every 0m, 1.5m, 2.5m, 5m, and 10m from the well using GA5000 until November 28, 2015. $CO_2$ flux at 0m from the well started increasing on the fifth day after $CO_2$ release started, and continued to increase until November 13 even though the artificial $CO_2$ release stopped. $CO_2$ fluxes measured at 2.5m, 5.0m, and 10m from the well were not significantly different with each other. On the other hand, soil $CO_2$ concentration was shown as 38.4% at 60cm depth at 0m from the well in Zone 3 on the next day after $CO_2$ release started. Soil $CO_2$ was horizontally spreaded overtime, and detected up to 5m away from the well in all zones until $CO_2$ release stopped. Also, soil $CO_2$ concentrations at 30cm and 60cm depths at 0m from the well were measured similarly as $50.6{\pm}25.4%$ and $55.3{\pm}25.6%$, respectively, followed by 30cm depth ($31.3{\pm}17.2%$) which was significantly lower than those measured at the other depths on the final day of $CO_2$ release period. Soil $CO_2$ concentrations at all depths in all zones were gradually decreased for about 1 month after $CO_2$ release stopped, but still higher than those of the first day after $CO_2$ release stared. In conclusion, the closer the distance from the well and the deeper the depth, the higher $CO_2$ fluxes and concentrations occurred. Also, long-term monitoring should be required because the leaked $CO_2$ gas can remains in the soil for a long time even if the leakage stopped.