• The Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.7 s.362
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• pp.85-85
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• 1999

인류가 처음 이 땅에 나타난 구석기시대엔 '동굴'에서 살다가 불을 발견하면서 '막집'을 짓고 살았으며 청동기 철기시대에는 '움집'을 짓고 살아왔다. 이때부터 우리 선조들의 집짓기 문화는 비약적으로 발달하여 집이 지상으로 올라오고 '초가집'과 '기와집'이 등장하게 된다. 터를 닦고 기둥세우기, 문의 구조, 구들과 마루, 지붕의 곡선과 서까래 등을 살펴보면 자연의 섭리를 따르는 환경보전정신과 과학기술이 응어리져 있음을 발견하게 된다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.6366-6371
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• 2014

This study examined the structural elements of Korean-style houses (Hanok) and proposed formula accounting for their similar patterns and regular behavior. The design of modern apartment buildings adopts many aesthetic elements from Hanok but those are only for interior decoration. In this study, the projected Hanok eaves were examined in terms of the length of solar insolation. Leaning pillars toward the inside of the building were analyzed in detail not only for the front and back pillar, side pillar, but also the corner pillar. This study also suggested a design element from the Hanok structure, such as the elevated balcony, porch flooring, and inner garden in porch area. In addition, the new apartment plan improved air circulation, ventilation and natural lighting.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.19-26
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• 2017

This paper aimed to identify the architectural characteristics of the chimi excavated from ancient ruins, especially middle gate remains of Bunhwangsa Temple in the Unified Silla period. Middle gate had planned $3{\times}2$ with 295mm measuring unit and gabled building. Detailed study of the shape of chimi of the middle gate restored by related field experts reveals as follows. 1) Height of chimi is 4.5(130.6cm) of Tang's system of measurement classified as large one. 2) The front and back side square hole is made for transverse timber placement. 3) Position of chimi is not the end of the ridge of roof, it moved toward the center. 4) Construction method of chimi is structured with smaller beam and center column. 5) Width and height of the ridge is less than 38cm and 54cm to be approximately, Width and height of the gabled ridge is less than 38cm and 50cm. 6) This chimi is considered to be very unique when compared to existing ancient restored chimis, it is designed to be advantageous to the chimi construction.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.207-214
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• 1995

Muller-Scordelis RC Gabled Hyperbolic Paraboloid (HP) shell is divided by 40 40 mesh and analyzed using a finite element computer program which was developed by Mahamoud and Gupta and migrated to a Cray Y-U 00 at SERI. The results are compared with membrane theory and Muller-Scordelis's results. Comparing with Muller-Scordelis's result it shows that good agreements between two analyses, except a discrepancy in the normal deflections of the crown beam. The behavior of the crown beam is quite sensitive and needs further study. The analysis shows that Gabled HP shells do not behave as the typical shells according to the membrane theory. To design such Gabled HP shells we rather use a finite element analysis which simulates realistically membrane and honing actions of the shells.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.161-169
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• 2018

Korea's traditional hanok houses are roughly divided into tiled-roofed, thatched-roofed, shingle-roofed, and oak bark-roofed houses according to their materials. In thatched-roof houses, there are various styles according to regional characteristics regarding building materials, slope, shape, and tying method. Unfortunately, as the number of thatched-roof houses have been rapidly decreasing since industrialization, it is difficult to find these characteristics of traditional houses. The study revealed that there was a roofing material a higher percentage of houses with thatched roofs than houses with tiled roofs. Furthermore, the plane occupies a large number of left and right protruding types and layered types, and there is no partition wall between Jeongji and maru. In addition, the opening in the front has characteristics of the Northern region that is responsible for lighting and ventilation, not for access. In the case of thatched-roof houses in Goseong Wanggok Village, the field survey suggests that a high percentage of buildings can recover their original characteristics.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.333-340
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate facade design factors of old dwellings using a Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on a pairwise comparison analysis using "Façade Design Factors" as evaluation criteria. Traditional old dwellings were presented and evaluated. A Fuzzy AHP based model was used for pairwise comparison of traditional old dwellings, whereby seven criteria and nine alternatives were described through a questionnaire and constructional data. The Fuzzy AHP was used to determine the impact of the facade design factors, because "Traditional" old dwellings are identified by the combination of their facade design factors. Furthermore, the fuzzy AHP is used to verify the feasibility and efficiency of this approach as well as for extent analysis to comprehend the priority of the traditional old dwellings using a sensibility measuring scale.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.120-141
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• 2015

This paper is a preliminary study of architectural characteristics of Jangdae (general's podium), which shows one of the technical changes in fortification of Joseon Dynasty. As a facility for commands of generals and training for officers and men, it was located inside a fortress. Although it is not certain when the first Jangdae was built, the number of them dramatically increased around 18th century. Since the top priority function of the Jangdae was the prospect, it was installed at the hilly spot with open architecture. In addition, the open structure of Eupseong fortress towers on the riverside banks could simultaneously offer the functions as viewing around and Jangdae. Since Jangdae was also a place for military drills and reviews of soldiers, a wide podium was positioned at the front to muster the soldiers. This feature was standardized in the space organization of Jangdae in Joseon, and a mere podium was installed unless the topographic restrictions allows enough space. On the other hand, as a place for a commander, the hierarchy of the Jangdae was revealed through a variety of architectural characteristics. The hierarchy was assigned to the commander's space through the altitude difference, and diverse ornaments were added to show a sense of class. The floor plan of the Jangdae building can be largely categorized into rectangle and square, and the typical sizes of the former are $5{\times}4$ Kans (traditional measuring unit between two columns) and $3{\times}2$ Kans. Out of these two types, buildings of $5{\times}4$ Kans were found in flat land and eupseong fortresses with large space, and the relatively smaller ones of $3{\times}2$ Kans in mountain fortresses. All buildings of square floor plan had $3{\times}3$ Kans style, and the center Kan was twice wider than the side Kan to make the central space wide. It seems that the purpose was to secure the interior space of the upper story because the center Kan accounts for the floor area of the upper story. Some Jangdae's had internal story to form overhead space. The multi-roofed tower style with eaves attached to the upper and lower story is found exclusively in Jangdae. The buildings shows the Onkanmulim style which extends Naejinju (inner column) of the lower story to be the Byeonju (outer column) of the upper story, and the log-framed floor in the upper floor was structured by inserting the Changbang (connecting beam) between the Naejinju's and joining the log frames. In addition, the towers in eupseong fortresses had log-framed floor in the upper floor by setting up the high Nuhaju (column underneath a roof) and joining Cheongbang to the upper part of the column while it cannot be regarded as multi-roofed because only the upper part has a roof.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.351-373
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• 2019

The cold eddies around the Ulleung Basin in the East Sea were identified from satellite altimeter sea level data using the Winding-Angle method from 1993 to 2015. Among the cold eddies, the Dokdo Cold Eddies (DCEs), which were formed at the first meandering trough of the East Korea Warm Current (EKWC) and were pinched off to the southwest from the eastward flow, were classified and their migration patterns were analyzed. The vertical structures of water temperature, salinity, and flow velocity near the DCE center were also examined using numerical simulation and observation data provided by the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model and the National Institute of Fisheries Science, respectively. A total of 112 DCEs were generated for 23 years. Of these, 39 DCEs migrated westward and arrived off the east coast of Korea. The average travel distance was 250.9 km, the average lifespan was 93 days, and the average travel speed was 3.5 cm/s. The other 73 DCEs had moved to the east or had hovered around the generated location until they disappeared. At 50-100 m depth under the DCE, water temperature and salinity (T < $5^{\circ}C$, S < 34.1) were lower than those of ambient water and isotherms made a dome shape. Current faster than 10 cm/s circulates counterclockwise from the surface to 300 m depth at 38 km away from the center of DCE. After the EKWC separates from the coast, it flows eastward and starts to meander near Ulleungdo. The first trough of the meander in the east of Ulleungdo is pushed deep into the southwest and forms a cold eddy (DCE), which is shed from the meander in the south of Ulleungdo. While a DCE moves westward, it circumvents the Ulleung Warm Eddy (UWE) clockwise and follows U shape path toward the east coast of Korea. When the DCE arrives near the coast, the EKWC separates from the coast at the south of DCE and circumvents the DCE. As the DCE near the coast weakens and extinguishes about 30 days later after the arrival, the EKWC flows northward along the coast recovering its original path. The DCE steadily transports heat and salt from the north to the south, which helps to form a cold water region in the southwest of the Ulleung Basin and brings positive vorticity to change the separation latitude and path of the EKWC. Some of the DCEs moving to the west were merged into a coastal cold eddy to form a wide cold water region in the west of Ulleung Basin and to create a elongated anticlockwise circulation, which separated the UWE in the north from the EKWC in the south.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.23-34
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• 2012

This Study is about the "Comprehensive Landscape Improvement Plan for Gu-ryoung Seaside Village that was one of most exhibited projects for developing sea villages." The formulations of the plan were supervised by the Ministry of Land, Transport, and Maritime Affairs and were executed by the Goheung Country. Rather than proposing renovations for the landscape, this study maintains the existing order and attempts to examine the plan by scrutinizing the vernacular design language of the landscape. In the study, community members had the opportunity to express their opinions and ideas about the community through workshops composed of community participation programs, and participated in the decision-making process through consultation meetings. The conclusion of this study was relevant to the activities of the committee on landscape improvement. The Comprehensive Landscape Improvement Plan has three objectives: (1) resorting and modifying the natural landscape, (2) restructuring the roadways, and (3) modifying key spaces. In the end, the role of Gu-ryong Mountain as a background of the landscape was focused on tree planting drives that were undertaken, and accessibility to the sea front was improved. Second, in restructuring the roadways, rough roads were restored and unconnected roads were connected to ensure a network of roads along the sea front, inner roads in the village, roads at the Fringes Mountains, and stone roads on the mud flat. In addition, roads were named according to the character of the landscape and signs were installed. Finally, the existing key spaces, in which community members came together, were restored and new key spaces were created for the outdoor activities of the inhabitants and the diverse experience of visitors. A guideline was also created to regulate private areas such as roofs, walls, fences of residential buildings, and private container boxes and fishing gear along the sea front. The strength of this study is that it is seeking to determine the greatest potential of the landscape and set the plan by examining the lives of community members. Some problems were found during the development of this study. Further, there were problems in the community's understanding as elaborated below. First is the gap between community members' awareness and practice. Even though they were aware of the problems with the village landscape, they hesitated to implement improvements. Second, community members have misunderstandings about the landscape the improvement plan. The local government and the residents have understood this plan as a development project; for example, new building construction or the extension of roads. Third, residents are not aware that continuous attention and improvements are required for the upkeep of the landscape in the sea village. The plan to improve the landscape should promote a balance between making the area as a tourist attraction and maintaining the lives and cultural activities, because the sea village system incorporates settlements, economy, and culture.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.44-55
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• 2012

This study is to interpret how landscape aesthetic characteristics of moderation, which is the point of human-oriented neo-confucianism vision, are projected to the landscape organization of a Dodong-SeoWon, known for its overflow to neo-confucianism grounds and standards among domestic SeoWon. The aspects of neo-confucianism discussion in the shape of Dodong-SeoWon with the beauty of from and contents dominating the landscape of Dodong-SeoWon different from constructive completeness as 7 external and internal landscape organization including placement, circulation, setting, vista, fencing, naming, and decoration are as follows. The left direction of Dodong-SeoWon, part of external organization, is the result of landscape organization that emphasized the stage of moderation through the unification of man and nature by naturalizing natural direction to human-oriented directions. Important aspects to rule external orders and standards of Dodong-SeoWon are principles of one classes based on ranks and bilateral symmetry that is the unity of setting and circulation landscape organization from penetrating the spirit of moderation with no bias. By securing territoriality by fencing the unity of verticality and horizontality, the landscape organization to reach moderation is expressed. Meanwhile, Suwoloo(水月樓) perceived on the floor of central assembly hall, the formation of time frame from roof piles of Hwanjumun(喚主門) as well as pilars of Jungjeongdang(中正堂), and rime link method inducing visual balance and openness through segment, combination, and others are vista organization that show the ideality of unique neo-confucianism building. Also as part of landscape organization contents. semantically, building name including arrangement from Taegukdoseol, ideological naming following the name of Ssanggye-SeoWon, which is the former body, the name of the hall symbolizing the transfer of neo-confucianism enlightenment, impartiality with no bias, as well as Geoinjae(居仁齋) and Geoijae(居義齋) based on olympic, are also results of applying neo-confucianism standards. Additionally. the SeoHoe(瑞花) expressing the change of IleumIlyang(一陰一陽) on the stylobate of Jungjeongdang, Saeho(細虎) which goes up and down, as well as Simul made of four dragons, are artistic expression of the moderation that symbolizes the harmony of ying and yang with no exceeding or insufficiency. Humorous and unique rocks and stones evenly arranged in all spots of Dodong-SeoWon are to promote anti-strict organization by offsetting the image and external order of the lecture hall as strict as it is, and this is very ironic as it is the other landscape organization in different dimension as well as the expression of moderation.