• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.78-81
• /
• 1999

The change of soil microbial populations was studied at the burnt areas of Mt. Jirisan in Hddong-Gun, Kyungsangnam-Do, where the fire had occurred on Oct. 21 in 1997. On the first day of the fireextinguished, the microbial density (CFUIg dry soil) was investigated at the surface, 5 cm, 10 cm, 20cm, and 30 cm depth of soils. Bacteria at the surface and 5cm depth of burnt sites were estimatedwith the low density level of $10^2$ CFW/g soil comparing to the $10^6$ CFUIg soil of the neighboring unburntsites. Actinomycetes of burnt sites were completely disappeared at the surface, and were estimatedwith the low density level of $10^3$ CFUig soil at thc 5 cm depth comparing to the 10"CFUigsoil at the depth of unburnt sites. Fungi wcrc not isolated at the surface and 5 cm depth at all.However, the rarest lire was not found to decrease the microbial populalions at the lower depths than10 cm. In addilion, the recovery or soil microbial populations following the fire was bimonthly investigatedat the surrace and 5 cm depth. Most of microbial densities at the burnt sites were greatlyincreased two months after the fire, being enough to he compared with the neighboring unburnt sites.However, actinomycetes only at the surface of burnt sites still were estimated the low density level of$10^4$ CFUig soil 4 months after the fire comparing to the $10^6$CFIg soil of unburnt sites.TEX>CFIg soil of unburnt sites.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.106-117
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study is prediction of landslide occurrence reflecting the subsurface flow characteristics within the soil layer in the future due to climate change in a large scale watershed. To do this, we considered the infinite slope stability theory to evaluate the landslide occurrence with predicted soil moisture content by SWAT model based on monitored data (rainfall-soil moisture-discharge). The correlation between the SWAT model and the monitoring data was performed using the coefficient of determination (R²) and the model's efficiency index (Nash and Sutcliffe model efficiency; NSE) and, an accuracy analysis of landslide prediction was performed using auROC (area under Receiver Operating Curve) analysis. In results comparing with the calculated discharge-soil moisture content by SWAT model vs. actual observation data, R² was 0.9 and NSE was 0.91 in discharge and, R² was 0.7 and NSE was 0.79 in soil moisture, respectively. As a result of performing infinite slope stability analysis in the area where landslides occurred in the past based on simulated data (SWAT analysis result of 0.7~0.8), AuROC showed 0.98, indicating that the suggested prediction method was resonable. Based on this, as a result of predicting the characteristics of landslide occurrence by 2050 using climate change scenario (RCP 8.5) data, it was calculated that four landslides could occur with a soil moisture content of more than 75% and rainfall over 250 mm/day during simulation. Although this study needs to be evaluated in various regions because of a case study, it was possible to determine the possibility of prediction through modeling of subsurface flow mechanism, one of the most important attributes in landslide occurrence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 2021

The Ministry of Environment of Korea has been releasing Asiatic black bears since 2004 at Jirisan National Park. It exceeded the target number of Asiatic black bears in 2018. As of July 2020, in addition to 67 traceable bears, many Asiatic black bears are dispersed outside Jirisan National Park. Jirisan National Park is a very dense place with more than 3 million visitors every year. In this study, the roads and trails through Jirisan National Park were considered to be the main dispersion factors of Asiatic black bears, and the fragmentation analysis was conducted. As of July 2017, the length of roads and trails in Jirisan National Park was 363.4km. Based on this, Jirisan National Park was fragmented into 163 patches. There is only one place that maintains a single area of more than 50㎢ that is suitable for large mammals to inhabit, and 141 places are less than 5㎢. There are 6 patches of 24 to 200㎢ area suitable for living of large mammals including Asiatic black bears, in Jirisan National Park. Compared to the announcement made by the Korea National Park Service in 2014, activities of Asiatic black bears were rare in areas below 5㎢ area and the frequency of activities was high in more than 20㎢ area. This shows that human activities in protected areas such as national parks can directly affect the activities of wild animals, including Asiatic black bears. Therefore, efforts should be made to improve the habitat of Asiatic black bears by reducing the pressure of visiting for Jirisan National Park. In addition, as a result of analyzing the fragmentation of the park's natural conservation zone 107.7km, 45% of the trail of Jirisan National Park, was opened, which is more fragmentation than other use zones. The park nature conservation zone accounts for about 32% of the total area of Jirisan National Park, but the average patch area is only 2.93㎢ and seven large shelters are located. Therefore the Asiatic black bears are negatively affected. This is the result of inconsistent national park use zone setting and actual park management. In overseas countries, research is active on the negative effects of human activity on ecosystems in protected areas. However, there is a lack of research of that in Korea. Thus, that research is required for protection area management in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.21-31
• /
• 1987

The overuse in the outdoor recreation lands has been deteriorating the natural resources and landscapes. So this study was executed to measure the users'impacts on vegetation and soil at Hwaum Temple District Campsite in the Mt. Jiri National Park, the southern part of Korea. Five sites were sampled in the study area according to the extent of impact observed. Then the users'densities and impacts on vegetation and soil were measured at each site. According to the result of this study, the numbers of species and individuals and the coverage of lower-layer vegetation showed outstanding changes by only light use. The numbers of species and individuals of middle-layer vegetation, species diversity indices, change rate in species composition of lower and middle-layer vegetation, damage rate of forces, contents of clay, soil moisture and organic matters, exchangeable base ions, soil hardness, organic matter depth and bare area of the campsite showed conspicuous changes from the site 4(19.6men / 1,000㎡). Especially, the self-repair of vegetation was impossible as the result of analysis of soil hardness and the formation of natural vegetation was expected to be difficult as the result of vegetation sturcture analysis over the users'average density of 19.6men /1,000㎡. The campsite management of this area shall be proposed as follows to prevent serious deterioration of natrual environment. A limitation of the present use and a conservation on soil and vegetation should be required at the site 4 and 5. Specially, prevention of camping recreation and artificial rehabilitation are necessary at the site 5(24. 3 men/1000㎡)

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.655-671
• /
• 2016

The distribution characteristics of functional feeding groups and biological evaluation of water quality with benthic macroinvertebrates were investigated from 2013 to 2014 in the mountain streams of Jirisan National Park. Both quantitative and qualitative collection had been performed six times during study periods in twelve sites located at upstream, midstream and downstream of four valleys, Chilsungol, Baemsagol, Daesunggol and Piagol of freshwater ecosystem in Jirisan National Park. As results, the total collected benthic macroinvertebrates were 3 phyla, 4 classes, 11 orders, 37 families, 107 species and 4,028 individuals. In 2013, 3 phyla, 4 classes, 10 orders, 32 families, 89 species and 1,829 individuals were collected. And in 2014, 3 phyla, 4 classes, 9 orders, 31 families, 80 species and 2,199 individuals were identified. The total dominant species was Ecdyonurus kibumensis, and EPT groups occupied 80.39% of total species number. Biotic indices were also compared to site and to season. The dominant index (DI) was highest at the downstream of Baemsagol in the spring of 2013, and the evenness index (J') was highest at the downstream of Daesunggol in the summer of 2013. Both diversity index (H') and richness index (RI) were highest at the upstream of Baemsagol in the summer of 2014. The correlation between altitude above sea level and functional feeding groups of benthic macroinvertebrates was also researched in this study. As a result, the species number of shredders and predators have significantly increased according to the increase of the altitude of their habitat. On the other hand, individuals of gathering collectors have increased according to the increase of altitude. The biological water quality was evaluated and compared with several methods in this study, and we suggest that ESB and GPI are more appropriate than KSI and BMI to evaluate biological water quality of mountain stream water.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.47-57
• /
• 2011

This study monitored forest plant species vulnerable to climate change in Jiri Mountain, one of Korea's representative alpine regions, in order to securely preserve plant genetic resources susceptible to climate change and to utilize the results as basic data for bioclimatology prediction and management on a long-term basis. A majority of indicator plants tended to blossom one week to one month later in 2010 than in 2009. As with the blooming dates, the falling dates of blossoms became later in most species, with the exception for Weigela florida and Oplopanax elatus. Leaf bursting as well fell on later dates in a majority of species excluding Carpinus laxiflora and Cupressus sempervirens, displaying the most obvious differences among the data of analysis of the 2009-2010 physiological cycle changes. It is believed that was due to the fact that temperatures in February, March and April, which affect plants' blossoming and leaf bursting, were lower in 2010 than in 2009 and that cold temperatures in the winter lasted for a longer period in 2010 than in 2009. The dates of leaves being changed to red were similar in 2009 and 2010 by being or later or earlier by several weeks in 2010 than in 2009 without any regularity. Most species' leaves began to fall at similar dates in 2009 and 2010 or at later dates by one to two weeks in 2010 than in 2009. The temperature differences in late 2009 and late 2010 were not so large, resulting in similar dates of falling leaves, and gaps in several indicator plants' physiological cycles without any regularity can be attributed to each individual plant's physiological and environmental characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2010.10a
• /
• pp.5-5
• /
• 2010

제주지역에 분포하는 특산식물의 현황을 알아보기 위해 지난 2007년부터 2010년까지 현지조사를 실시하여 44과 75속 63종 17변종 13품종으로 총 93분류군에 대한 자생지 환경, 개체군 동태, 생육특성 및 위협요인 등에 대한 자료를 구축하였다. 이중 세계적으로 제주지역에만 분포하는 제주특산식물은 긴다람쥐꼬리(Huperzi integrifolium) 등 27과 46속 36종 12변종 8품종으로 총 56분류군으로 분석되었으며, 제주도를 포함하여 우리나라에만 분포하는 한국특산식물은 구상나무(Abies koreana) 등 20과 28속 24종 4변종 4품종으로 총 32분류군인 것으로 파악되었다. 그리고 조사대상 특산식물 중 바위좀고사리(Asplenium sarelii var. anogrammoides) 등 5분류군은 분류학적 검토와 함께 특산식물여부에 대한 검토가 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 그리고 개나리(Forsythia koreana)는 조경용으로 식재된 종이므로 제주지역에 자생지가 확인된 특산식물은 39과 70속 59종 16변종 12품종으로 총 87분류군으로 볼 수 있다. 제주지역의 특산식물은 해안지대에서 확인된 갯겨이삭(Puccinellia coreensis)부터 한라산 정상에서 자라는 한라솜다리(Leontopodium hallaisanense)까지 제주도 전역 분포하고 있으나 종에 따라 서로 다른 분포특성을 보였다. 특히, 한라산 해발 1,400m 이상 아고산대에 집중 분포하는 특성을 보였다. 특산식물의 자생지내 개체군의 동태를 보면 대부분의 식물이 개체수 및 분포범위가 한정되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 더욱이 지리산오갈피(Eleutherococcus divaricatus var. chiisanensis)는 2개체만이 확인되어 종보전이 시급한 것으로 조사되었고, 한라솜다리, 모데미풀(Megaleranthis saniculifolia), 한라각시둥굴레(Polygonatum humile var. humillimum) 등 상당수의 식물 종이 수십 개체 이내로 매우 적은 개체수를 유지하고 있었다. 제주지역에 분포하는 특산식물은 인위적 또는 자연적 요인으로 인해 많은 자생지 면적감소나 개체수 감소 등의 위협요인을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 중산간 이하에 자라는 특산식물은 접근성 등이 용이하여 도채 등의 위험성이 높은 것으로 판단된다. 그리고 한라산국립공원 내에 분포하는 특산식물은 인위적 훼손 위험성은 상대적으로 낮은 편이나 자연적 요인 즉, 식생변화 등으로 인해 자생지 및 개체수 감소가 이루어질 것으로 보여 체계적인 종 보존전략이 마련되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 한편, 제주지역 특산식물 중 자생지가 확인된 식물 종을 대상으로 근연종 분석 등을 통해 유용성을 분석하면 식물체 일부가 약용으로 가능한 식물 종이 개족도리(Asarum maculatum) 등 전체의 67.1%를 차지하였고, 관상용으로 활용가치가 높은 식물 종은 구상나무(Abies koreana) 등 전체의 60.2%인 것으로 분석되었으나 대부분의 종이 희소성의 가치가 있어 모든 특산식물이 관상용으로 이용가치가 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 제주지역에서 확인된 특산식물 중 전체적으로 90.9%가 유용성이 있는 것으로 나타나고 있으며 아직까지 유용성에 대한 정보가 미흡한 종도 자원적인 연구접근에 따라 다양한 자원으로 활용가치가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.24-31
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to clarify the seasonal and elevational pattern of herbivore's feeding pattern in a temperate deciduous forest. We investigated the herbivore's feeding activity for three years (2011~2013) at three survey sites in Mt. Jirisan National Park (Piagol, Siamjae, Nogodan). We selected target tree species based on the dominance across the sites (Quercus, Acer, Rhododendron and Carpinus) and scored herbivore's feeding activity every one or two weeks from April to June using leaf damage index. We found that the herbivory started early at the low elevation site (Piagol, ${\approx}300m$), and the highest feeding activity occurred at the mid elevation site (Siamjae, ${\approx}900m$). At the highest elevation site (Nogodan, ${\approx}1300m$), the herbivory started late, but the total feeding activity accumulated quickly. Compared to the breeding time of Varied tit, an insectivore bird, it was overlapped with the feeding activity period of herbivores, suggesting close interaction among plants, insects and birds in this deciduous forest. We suggested a need of long-term monitoring of this tri-trophic interaction since duration of herbivore activity can be changed followed by climate change.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.467-473
• /
• 2019

The amputation of body parts of wild animals can affect their activities in the wild and the behavior of mothers raising their cubs can cause behavioral characteristics in their offspring. In 2017, an Asiatic black bear was caught in a snare at the Jirisan National Park and had a right forefoot amputation. It was released into the wild the same year and gave birth to two cubs. The seasonal analysis of the behavioral rites of five females who gave birth in the same year as this individual showed specific home ranges, activity altitudes, and movement distances compared to other populations. Physical disabilities in the mother could lead to difficulties in food activity, hibernation, and cub-rearing, but the bear's maternal instincts helped to overcome difficulties in the wild and ensure the cubs' survival. It also became a special experience in the process of promoting the restoration of Asiatic black bears at Jirisan National Park. Although the Asiatic black bear's cubs, which grew up in difficult conditions compared to other populations, are not currently causing problems, continuous monitoring will help determine the success of the disabled mother cub-rearing study. Furthermore, these case studies will be used to establish long-term management directions and plans for conflicts with people from various perspectives.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2008

Although landslides were frequently occurred under Tripterygium regelii and Rubus sp. vegetations, the damage of landslide was not observed in sasa (Sasa borealis) stands. These phenomena may be affected by forest vegetation types. This result suggested that the landslide occurred in Jirisan (Mt.) National Park may be closely related to water retention capacity at Sasa borealis stands. This study compared and analyzed the water retention capacity of each soil horizon of sasa, larch (Larix leptolepis) and mongolian oak (Quercus mongorica) stands. Soil bulk density in A horizon was lower in sasa (0.776g/$cm^3$) than in mongolian oak (0.828g/$cm^3$) and in larch stands (1.282g/$cm^3$). Water permeability in A horizon was 0.02055cm/sec for sasa, 0.00575cm/sec for mongolian oak, and 0.0007cm/sec for larch stands, respectively. The water permeability of sasa stand was about 3.6 times and about 29 times higher than in mongolian oak and in larch stands, respectively. This result indicates that water infiltration of soil surface during a rain event is more rapid in sasa than in other two stands. Soil organic matter content in B horizon was lower in larch (0.7%) than in mongolian oak (6.5%) and in Sasa (3.3%) stands. The solid ratio in A horizon was highest in larch among three stands, but that of mongolian oak and larch stands showed a similar rate. Pore space rates was 70.7% for A horizon and 70.6% for B horizon of sasa, 68.9% for A horizon and 70.6% for B horizon of sasa, 68.9% for A horizon and 70.6% for B horizon of mongolian oak forests and 51.7% for A horizon and 49.2% for B horizon of larch forests, respectively. According to pore space rates, the water retention capacity may be poor in larch stand compared with other two stands. Soil strength in sasa and mongolian stands was over 25kgf/$cm^2$ from 40cm depth, while the strength was over 25kgf/$cm^2$ from 25cm depth in larch stand. The result indicates that tree growth and water permeability in larch stand could be limited due to high soil strength. Larch stand was poor for soil pore space development to be offered to the water retention capacity, but water retention capacity of A horizon soil in sasa stand was high than that of other two stands. Therefore, establishment of sasa stand under larch stand could help to prevent landslides.