• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.145-156
• /
• 2015

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of Split VMAT planning(Contouring rectum divided into an upper and a lower for reduce rectum dose) compare to Conventional VMAT planning(Contouring whole rectum) for prostate cancer radiotherapy involving pelvic lymph nodes. Materials and Methods : A total of 9 cases were enrolled. Each case received radiotherapy with Split VMAT planning to the prostate involving pelvic lymph nodes. Treatment was delivered using TrueBeam STX(Varian Medical Systems, USA) and planned on Eclipse(Ver. 10.0.42, Varian, USA), PRO3(Progressive Resolution Optimizer 10.0.28), AAA(Anisotropic Analytic Algorithm Ver. 10.0.28). Lower rectum contour was defined as starting 1cm superior and ending 1cm inferior to the prostate PTV, upper rectum is a part, except lower rectum from the whole rectum. Split VMAT plan parameters consisted of 10MV coplanar $360^{\circ}$ arcs. Each arc had $30^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$ collimator angle, respectively. An SIB(Simultaneous Integrated Boost) treatment prescription was employed delivering 50.4Gy to pelvic lymph nodes and 63~70Gy to the prostate in 28 fractions. $D_{mean}$ of whole rectum on Split VMAT plan was applied for DVC(Dose Volume Constraint) of the whole rectum for Conventional VMAT plan. In addition, all parameters were set to be the same of existing treatment plans. To minimize the dose difference that shows up randomly on optimizing, all plans were optimized and calculated twice respectively using a 0.2cm grid. All plans were normalized to the prostate $PTV_{100%}$ = 90% or 95%. A comparison of $D_{mean}$ of whole rectum, upperr ectum, lower rectum, and bladder, $V_{50%}$ of upper rectum, total MU and H.I.(Homogeneity Index) and C.I.(Conformity Index) of the PTV was used for technique evaluation. All Split VMAT plans were verified by gamma test with portal dosimetry using EPID. Results : Using DVH analysis, a difference between the Conventional and the Split VMAT plans was demonstrated. The Split VMAT plan demonstrated better in the $D_{mean}$ of whole rectum, Up to 134.4 cGy, at least 43.5 cGy, the average difference was 75.6 cGy and in the $D_{mean}$ of upper rectum, Up to 1113.5 cGy, at least 87.2 cGy, the average difference was 550.5 cGy and in the $D_{mean}$ of lower rectum, Up to 100.5 cGy, at least -34.6 cGy, the average difference was 34.3 cGy and in the $D_{mean}$ of bladder, Up to 271 cGy, at least -55.5 cGy, the average difference was 117.8 cGy and in $V_{50%}$ of upper rectum, Up to 63.4%, at least 3.2%, the average difference was 23.2%. There was no significant difference on H.I., and C.I. of the PTV among two plans. The Split VMAT plan is average 77 MU more than another. All IMRT verification gamma test results for the Split VMAT plan passed over 90.0% at 2 mm / 2%. Conclusion : As a result, the Split VMAT plan appeared to be more favorable in most cases than the Conventional VMAT plan for prostate cancer radiotherapy involving pelvic lymph nodes. By using the split VMAT planning technique it was possible to reduce the upper rectum dose, thus reducing whole rectal dose when compared to conventional VMAT planning. Also using the split VMAT planning technique increase the treatment efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.403-419
• /
• 2017

This study analyzed the forces to drive the change of urban green spaces in Daegu from 1989 to 2009. First, the loss and fragmentation of green spaces in the past 20 years were spatially identified by performing the hot spots analysis for the cell-based spatial metrics quantifying the size and diversity of green spaces. Next, seven drivers such as slope, distance to roads, land price, population density, ratios of residential, commercial, and industrial areas were selected based on the previous studies and the direction of the association between the loss and fragmentation of green spaces and seven drivers was analyzed with the stepwise logistic regression. Finally, the relative importance of the seven drivers and their interactions in the past 20 years were analyzed with the geographical detector. The results show that the loss of green spaces was concentrated on a part of the Anshim housing development district from 1989 to 2009 and green spaces were highly fragmented around the housing development districts such as Seongseo, Anshim, Dalseong-gun and Chilgok. The forces to drive the loss and fragmentation of green spaces in these areas were different at the administrative levels, but the drivers such as slope and ratios of residential and industrial areas were commonly significant. These drivers were positively correlated with largest patch index(LPI) quantifying the loss of green spaces while they were negatively correlated with Shannon's diversity index(SHDI) measuring the fragmentation of green spaces. In other words, the loss and fragmentation of urban green spaces in Daegu appeared around such regions with lower slope and lower ratios of residential and industrial areas. The relative importance of drivers for LPI was listed as ratio of industrial area, land price, and ratio of commercial area in descending order whereas that of drivers for SHDI was listed as ratio of industrial area, land price, and distance to roads in descending order. Also, the interaction between slope and ratio of residential area had a great impact on LPI and SHDI. The ratio of industrial area was a single driver to most significantly explain the loss and fragmentation of urban green spaces in Daegu in the past 20 years. The interaction between slope and ratio of residential area was greater than the independent influence of a single driver. This study will provide the base data to build a sustainable urban green policy for the city of Daegu in the near future.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.17 no.3 s.37
• /
• pp.83-96
• /
• 2005

To assess the food intake and diet quality of high school students who live in Chuncheon area, a dietary survey using 24-hour recall method was conducted with 318 subjects. $71.4\%$ of total food intake was in the form of plant foods and the rest on the form of animal food. Diet quality was assessed by food group pattern, dietary diversity score(DDS), and dietary variety score(DVS). When counting the major food groups consumed, $37.1\%$ of subjects had a DDS of 3 and $48.4\%$ of subjects had a DDS of 4. When investigating the consumption pattern of the major five food groups, only $14.5\%$ of subjects consumed foods from all five groups. On average, subjects habitually consumed 26.7 different foods daily, with the mean score of diet variety for males (27.3) being significantly higher than for females (25.8) . Correlation coefficients between nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and DVS ranged from r=0.39 for vitamin $B_2$ to r=0.61 for phosphorus. NAR also improved as the number or foods or rna groups consumed increased (p<0.001). Associations between the NAR and high level of DVS was more positive than those between the NAR with DDS. When assessing the dietary quality of subjects using DDS and DVS, many people appeared not to have a desirable food intake. Therefore, to lead them to have nutritionally balanced diet, educating students and their parents on nutrients and suggesting guidelines for a desirable diet is considered to be essential so that they can intake from all of major food group and have various foods in their diet.

• 주택과사람들
• /
• no.54 s.71
• /
• pp.185-206
• /
• 1996

1.건설제도의 국제화와 경쟁기반 구축 $\bullet$건설산업을 기획$\cdot$설계$\cdot$시공$\cdot$감리$\cdot$사후관리 등 전 분야에 걸쳐 경쟁력 있는 산업으로 육성-기획$\cdot$설계$\cdot$시공$\cdot$감리$\cdot$유지관리 등 건설산업 전반에 관한 기본사항을 법제화-대규모 공사의 경우 발주자를 대신하여 건설공사의 기획$\cdot$설계$\cdot$발주$\cdot$감리$\cdot$시공관리 등 업무의 전부 또는 일부를 종합적으로 조정$\cdot$관리하는 $\lceil$건설사업관리$\rfloor$제도를 도입 $bullet$건설공사 $\lceil$현장실명제$\rfloor$도입을 통한 하도급제도의 정비-전문건설업자로부터 하도급, 위탁, 고용 등의 형태로 공사에 참여하는 현장근로자를 신고 받아 권익을 보호하고 시공책임도 부과하는 $\lceil$현장실명제$\rfloor$도입 $\bullet$공사완성보증제, 손해배상보증제도를 도입하고, 신용상태 $\cdot$시공능력에 따라 보증 요율 등을 차등화 하여 부실업체를 배제 $\bullet$건설공사관련 각종 계약서와 시방서 등 제기준을 정비하여 발주자$\cdot$시공자 등 건설주체간의 역할과 책임을 명확화$\bullet$건설분쟁을 신속하고 객관적으로 조정$\cdot$중재하기 위하여 $\lceil$건설분쟁중재원$\rfloor$으로 확대 개편 2. 건설인력의 육성과 고용안정$\bullet$경쟁력 제고의 관건인 우수인력 확보를 위하여 대학교육 제도의 개선을 포함한 건설 인력 수급대책을 추진 - 대학의 건설관련 학과 정원을 2000년까지 매년 일정규모로 증원하여 고급기술 인력을 배출 현재 50$\%$에 불과한 건설관련 국가기술자격자를 2000년에 70$\%$까지 제고 - 감리 등 전문인력을 양성하고, 선진외국 감리 회사를 활용하여 국내 업계와의 경쟁을 유도 $\bullet$건설현장의 최일선에서 품질을 담당하고 있는 건설기능공의 고용안정과 복지향상을 위한 획기적인 대책을 마련 - 건설기능공의 자긍심과 사회적 책임의식을 고취하기 위해 기능공이 여러 현장을 전전하여 근무하더라도 경력관리, 공제금 등의 합산 관리가 가능하도록 $\lceil$건설 근로자 복지카드$\rfloor$제도를 도입 *$\lceil$건실시연구단$\rfloor$을 구성$\cdot$구체적인 운영방안을 수립 - 건설 업체 실정에 맞는 현장위주의 기능검정제도 도입 $\cdot$자격증이 현장에서 요구되는 기능수준과 숙련도를 제대로 반영할 수 있도록 검정방법을 현장 실기위주로 개선하고 자격검정업무도 건설협회 등의 자격 검정능력을 향상시켜 위탁$\cdot$시행하는 방안을 검토 3. 공사시행기관의 전문성과 책임성 제고 $\bullet$시장이 개방되어 건설공사가 국제적인 관행에 따라 이루어질 것에 대비하여 시행기관에 계약$\cdot$공사관리 등 전문직공무원을 집중 교육하여 양성 $\bullet$ 조달청이 대행하여 공사계약을 하는 경우라도 설계변경은 발주기관이 자체적으로 할 수 있도록 허용 $\bullet$ 기술직 공무원의 기술향상을 위하여 관련 공무원의 확충, 해외연수, 현장교육 강화 등을 지속적으로 추진 $\bullet$ 충분한 사전조사를 거쳐 사업계획을 수립하도록 $\lceil$건설공사 시행절차$\rfloor$를 규정 $\bullet$ 공사기간 3년 이상의 공사에 대하여는 최대한 계속비사업으로 편성토록 계속비제도의 운영을 활성화 4. 건설현장의 품질관리체제 구축 $\bullet$ 현장배쳐플랜트 설치를 확대하여 레미콘의 품질관리를 일원화하고 현장에서 레이콘을 배합하는 건식공법을 채택 - 현장레미콘생산시설(B/P)설치 확대로 콘크리트 하자에 대한 책임한계 일원화 유도 - 레미콘 재료인 골재$\cdot$시멘트$\cdot$물을 공장에서 혼합하여 공급하는 현행 습식배합 대신에 물만을 현장에서 혼합하는 건식 배합방식을 도입 $\bullet$철강재$\cdot$철구조물의 품질을 보증하기 위하여 일정기술을 갖춘 공장에서만 제작토록 하는$\lceil$공장인증제$\rfloor$를 도입 - 제작시설과 품질관리 등을 심사하여 제작공장을 등급화하고 등급에 따라 철강재 등의 제작업무 범위를 차등화 $\bullet$시설물에 대하여도 시공업체가 제작공장을 등급화하고 등급에 따라 철강재 등의 제작업무 범위를 차등화 $\bullet$시설물에 대하여도 시공업체가 사후관리를 일괄 책임질 수 있도록 $\lceil$시공 및 유지관리 일괄계약제도$\rfloor$를 도입 - 대형교량$\cdot$소각로$\cdot$하수처리장 등 유지관리에 전문성이 요구되는 분야부터 시범적으로 도입 $\bullet$건설자재의 표준화$\cdot$정보화사업을 조속히 추진 5. 건설업체에 대한 지원 강화 $\bullet$일부 공공사업자의 경우 관행화되어 있는 대금일부의 어음 또는 채권지급방법을 단계적으로 축소 $\bullet$매월 감독이나 감리원의 기성확인에 의하여 시공자에게 공사대금을 직접 지급토록 하는 등 대금 지급절차를 간소화 6. 민간 건축물에 대한 안전확보 $\bullet$충실한 설계가 이루어지도록 제도를 개선 - 설계도서 작성기준을 제정하고 다중이용시설에 대하여는 건축심의단계에서 구조검토 등 설계심의를 의무화 $\bullet$대형다중이용시설에 대한 감리 강화 - 감리전문회사 수준의 감리체제로 전환하고 감리대가도 공공수준으로 인상하고 적용요율대로 지도$\cdot$감독 강화

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.223-231
• /
• 2018

Recently, due to various environmental problems, blast tracks in tunnel are replaced with concrete tracks, but they have more adverse effects on noise than blast tracks so that additional noise measures are needed. Among these measures, sound-absorbing blocks start to be used due to its easy and quick installation. However, the performance of sound absorption blocks need to be verified under real environmental and operational conditions. In this paper, interior noise levels in KTX train cruising in Dalseong tunnel are measured before and after the installation of sound-absorbing blocks and the measured data are analyzed and compared. Additionally, noise reduction are estimated by modeling the high speed train, the tunnel and absorption blocks. Measurement devices and methods are used according to ISO 3381 and the equivalent sound pressure levels during the cruising time inside the tunnel are computed. In addition to overall SPLs(Sound Pressure Levels), 1/3-octave-band levels are also analyzed to account for the frequency characteristics of sound absorption and equipment noise in a cabin. In addition, to consider the effects of train cruising speeds and environmental conditions on the measurements, the measured data are corrected by using those measured during the train-passing through the tunnels located before and behind the Dalseong tunnel. Analysis of measured results showed that the maximum noise reduction of 6.8 dB (A) can be achieved for the local region where the sound-absorbing blocks are installed. Finally, through the comparison of predicted 1/3-octave band SPLs for the KTX interior noise with the measurements, the understanding of noise reduction mechanism due to sound-absorbing blocks is enhanced.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.55 no.1
• /
• pp.30-36
• /
• 1982

Wood biomass production at 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year rotations on both low and upper hills at 2m 2m spacing (25,000 trees/ha) was studied for a six-year period with following 12 species; Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Amorpha fruticosa. Robinia pseudoacacia, Acer saccharinum, Platanus orientalis Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa $F_1$, Salix alba, Pinus rigida, Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica, A. inokumai A. gultinosa, and A. incana. In One-year rotation, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya produced largest amoung of biomass (2.6 t/ha/year, fresh weight) and Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa $F_1$ the second largest (2.2 t/ha/year) on low hill. In two-year rotation, the latter produced the largest amount (4.8 t/ha/year) and Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica second largest (2.8 t/ha/year) on low hill. In three-year rotation, the largest weight (11.2 t/ha/year) was produced by Robinia pseudoacacia and the second largest (6.2 t/ha/year) by Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica on low hill Amorpha fruticosa, Acer saccharinum, Platanus orientalis and Salix alba were not suitable for biomass or fuelwood productio due to poor growth. Biomass yield on upper hill was reduced considerably for all tewlve species, with less than 4 t/year at maximum Only nitrogen fixing species (Robinia and Alnus species) are recommended on upper hill for biomass production wood sprouting ability of species was generally associated with good biomass production. Calori values of ovendry wood ranged from 4,485 cal/g for Salix alba to 5,125 cal/g for Alnus glutinosa. For maximum biomass production a three-year ratation with coppice is preferred to one-year and two-year roataions The best species appeared to be Robinia pseudoacacia and Alnus hirsuta var sibirica.