• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2007

Purpose: The role of plain, abdominal radiography in childhood constipation has not been fully evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy and reliability of scoring systems assessing a fecal load on plain, abdominal radiographs in children with functional constipation. Methods: Plain, abdominal radiographs from 38 constipated children and 39 control children were examined by four independent inspectors, pediatric residents. Four inspectors independently scored the radiographs according to three different scoring systems Barr, Blethyn, and Leech. No clinical information about the patients was available to the inspectors. Each abdominal radiograph was evaluated on two separate occasions, one week apart. Kappa coefficients were calculated as indicators of inter-and intra-inspector variability, coefficients <0.20, 0.21~0.40, 0.40~0.60, 0.61~0.80 and 0.81~1.00 were considered to indicate poor, fair, moderate, good, and very good agreement, respectively. Results: The Leech score showed the highest reproducibility: the inter-inspector agreement was uniformly very good on two separate occasions (${\kappa}$ values of 0.88, 0.91, 0.92, 0.86 in the first time and 0.81, 0.88, 0.89, 0.84 in the second time). Agreement using the Barr score was good (${\kappa}$ values of 0.66, 0.67, 0.69, 0.66 in the first time and 0.68, 0.65, 0.71, 0.68 in the second time). However, agreement for the Blethyn score was the lowest of the three scoring systems. The Leech scoring system had the highest sensitivity and specificity compared to the Barr scoring system for the diagnosis of functional constipation by plain, abdominal radiographs. Conclusion: The Leech score appeared to be a more accurate and reliable method because of its high sensitivity and specificity for evaluating the fecal load on plain, abdominal radiographs in children with functional constipation. Therefore, the Leech scoring system was found to be the most useful for assessment for the degree of constipation on plain, abdominal radiographs in children.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2002

The Chonju and Samchun streams are palling though Chonju City and several contamination sources are located along these streams. The Samchun stream joins the Chonju stream in the Gosapyeong waste disposal site and the Chonju stream finally joint to the Mankyeong River. The Chonju and Samchun streams are now contaminated with BOD, COD, T-N and T-P and the amounts of each contamination are increasing from upper stream to downstream. At the downstream the amounts of COD. T-N.T-P are several times higher than fifth grade of water quality thor lacustrine. Sewage from Chonju provides BOD, COD,T-N and T-P into the Chonju and Samchun streams and Chonju Waste Water Treatment Plant il a main source of COD, T-N and T-P contamination. Gosapyeong waste disposal site may be the source of BOD and COD contamination. T-N is higher than fifth grade of water quality for lacustrine at the upper stream indicationg that the rivers are contaminated with T-N before inflowing into Chonju by agricultural activity. The Chonju stream asffects the contamination of the Mankyeong river with BOD. COD, T-N,T-P. Other branch steams of the Mankyeong river also affects the contamination of the Mankyeong river by BOD, COD, T-N and T-P, Among the branch streams, the Ikasn stream is a main contamination source. Amounts of concentrations inflowing from the Chonju and Sanchun Streams on Aug. 1999 are calculated by using yeasured flow rate find concentrations of contaminants The result are as fikkiws; 1) the amounts of influent from the Gosan Stream are 0.49, 0.86, 1.61 and 0.01 ton/day for BOD, COD, T-N and T-P, respectively, 2) compared to the amounts of influent from the Gosan Stream, BOD, COD,T-N,T-P supplied from the Chonju river are higher by about 5, 7, 7. 36 times, respectively, and those supplied from the Iksan stream are higher by about 13, 10, 10, 147 times, respectively.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.153-168
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of tile study was to identify types of care needs of hospice patients and those from the family caregivers' perspective and to compare these two groups in reporting patients' care needs through Q-methodology. Methods: Twenty three Q-statements concerning care needs were selected through in-depth interviews of hospice patients. Data were collected from 20 hospice patients as well as 20 family caregivers respectively by sorting 23 Q-statements into 9 points standard. Data analysis was performed by using PC QUANL program. Results: Principal component analysis identified four types of care needs of the hospice patients. Overall, the accuracy of family caregiver reports was 48% in all types of care needs. Type 1 was named 'physical care needs type' for those whose greatest need was physical care to be free of pain and comfortable. The accuracy in Type 1 was 62.5%. Type 2 was named 'emotional care needs type' for those who would like to share love and intimacy with their family members. The accuracy in Type 2 was 20%. Type 3 was named 'spiritual care needs type' for those who would like to receive forgiveness from their God and prayers and visitation of clergy. The accuracy in Type 3 was 60%. Type 4 was named 'social care needs type' for those who would like to complete their ongoing work and to give service to others. The accuracy in Type 4 was 50%. Conclusion: There was a great difference between hospice patients and the family caregivers in reporting patients' care needs. Thus, hospice nurses need to educate family caregivers to more accurately assess patients' care needs.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.165-178
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• 2018

Objectives: To determine the current status of the treatment of breast cancer patients by Korean Medicine doctors (KMDs) and to examine the need for clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the supportive care of these patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study used a self-administered questionnaire. Participants were asked about their experience in treating breast cancer patients; the number of breast cancer patients they currently treat; the main complaints expressed by, diagnoses of, and treatments used for such patients; and their opinions about Korean Medicine (KM) as the basis for providing supportive care for breast cancer. Results: The data for this study were collected from 322 respondents. 84 of whom reported having ever treated patients with breast cancer. Most breast cancer patients who visited the KM clinic were classified as stage I or II, and their major complaints were fatigue, general weakness and musculoskeletal pain. The major diagnostic strategies were syndrome differentiation and pulse diagnosis. The major treatments administered were herbal medicine, acupuncture, and moxibustion. KMDs cited a need for medical information, such as CPGs, as their most important concern with regard to the treatment of breast cancer patients. Conclusions: This survey determined the prevalence of the use of KM for Korean breast cancer patients. Our results underscore the need for clinical practice guidelines for using of KM as the basis of supportive care for breast cancer and for informing clinicians and patients about this approach.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.437-442
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• 1996

Two strains of Lactobacillus(L.) casfi and one strain of L. Pentosus, which were isolated from pickles, were used to investigate in studing their characteristics of ${\beta}-galactosidase$. The preferable carbon sources and pH of the MRS media for enzyme production from L. casei No.10 was found to be 1.0% lactose and pH 7.5, from L. Pentosus No.63 was 1.0% galactose and pH 7.5, and from L. casei No.36 was 1.0% lactose and pH 6.5, respectively. The maximum enzyme production from each strain was found after 48 hours culture at $30^{\circ}C$ in a medium with preferable carbon source. The optimum reaction temperature with substrate for ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activity was found at $60^{\circ}C$ for all three strains . The stability of enzyme from L. casei No.36 was found to be at $45^{\circ}C$, from L. Pentosus No.63 was found at $55^{\circ}C$. This stability from L. casei No.36 was found at $40^{\circ}C$, but it was reduced to 60% at $55^{\circ}C$. These stabilities of enzymes remained about 90% at $40^{\circ}C$ for all three strains. The optimal pH for enzyme activities was found to be pH 6.5 for all three strains. Enzyme activity remained over 90% for L. casei No.10 at $pH\;5.0{\sim}6.0$, for L. casei No.36 at $pH\;5.0{\sim}8.0$, and for L. pentosus No.63 at $pH\;6.0{\sim}7.0$.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.36
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• pp.163-202
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• 2009

The poems of Shin Suk-ju can be divided into two periods around the political change by King Sejo; his poems from the former period show that the poet enjoyed abundant pride and leisurely spirit in the self-satisfying world driven by his determination to maintain a pure heart and save and awaken the people during the reign of King Sejong. His ideology of awakening the people, however, was the product of his heroic consciousness to achieve immortal fame. It was his heroic consciousness and determination to sacrifice his life for fame according to the mandate from Heaven that made him join the political change by King Sejo. His poems from the latter period clearly reveal that the way of his life to pursue fame didn't bring him spiritual satisfaction and happiness. He confessed that his conscience was destroyed as he joined King Sejo in his political change and the deeds he achieved and further his life itself were all in vain. He lost the values or orders he pursued, which caused instability in his life. Facing such instability head-on, he argued that right and wrong, true and false, and good and evil mentioned in the world were all subjective and groundless. Furthermore, he realized all the things and creatures of the world were nothing but phantoms. Those perceptions he had were based on Madhyamaka of Buddhism. Going through such a thinking process, the poet wrote about his mentality of a false reputation with ideal mentality. Heroic consciousness, Buddhist thinking, and pursuit of mentality of a false reputation found in his poems make also frequent appearances in the poems by major literary men in the latter half of the 15th century such as Seo Geo-jeong. His serious searches to overcome his conscientious agony and sense of futility about life had influences on the attitudes toward life and literature of the official literary men of the times. Seong Hyeon's statement that the major literary figures of the times inherited the literary tradition of Shin Suk-ju was not a rhetoric by courtesy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.679-687
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• 2021

The purpose of the present study was to document the standardization and management process of interface terminology regarding the chief complaints, diagnoses, and procedures, including surgery in a four-hospital consortium. The process was proposed, discussed, modified, and finalized in 2016 by the Terminology Standardization Committee (TSC), consisting of personnel from four hospitals. A request regarding interface terminology was classified into one of four categories: 1) registration of a new term, 2) revision, 3) deleting an old term and registering a new term, and 4) deletion. A request was processed in the following order: 1) collecting testimonies from related departments and 2) voting by the TSC. At least five out of the seven possible members of the voting pool need to approve of it. Mapping to the reference terminology was performed by three independent medical information managers. All processes were performed online, and the voting and mapping results were collected automatically. This process made the decision-making process clear and fast. In addition, this made users receptive to the decision of the TSC. In the 16 months after the process was adopted, there were 126 new terms registered, 131 revisions, 40 deletions of an old term and the registration of a new term, and 1235 deletions.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2023

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of patients referred for delirium and depressive disorder and to find direction of improvement of consultation-liason psychiatry in general hospital. Methods : We performed a retrospective computed chart review of the 4,966 inpatients hospitalized at Konkuk University Hospital who were referred to the Department of Psychiatry from August 1, 2005 to December 31, 2011. Results : Depressive disorder shows the order of frequency of consultation type Parallel-Complementary-Mending. Delirium shows the order of frequency of consultation type Mending-Parallel-Complementary. When comparing 'follow up consultation' and 'without follow up consultation' group within the depressive disorder, the proportion of men in the 'follow up consultation' group was higher. In the analysis of the consultation type, the 'follow up consultation' group showed the order of consultation type Parallel-Mending- Complementary, and type Parallel-Complementary-Mending in the 'without follow up consultation' group. When comparing 'follow up consultation' and 'without follow up consultation' group within the delirium, the proportion of the surgical field in the 'follow up consultation' group was higher. In the analysis of the consultation type, both group showed the order of consultation type Mending-Parallel- Complementary. Conclusions : Doctors in each department and psychiatrists should pay attention to delirium symptoms that may occur in surgical inpatients and preventive measures should be taken. Screening tests should be conducted in medical patients to properly evaluate coexisting psychiatric diseases. Risk factors of Delirium and Depressive disorder should be identified from the time of hospitalization, and actively discussing treatment plans and early interventions could improve the quality of medical services.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.45-59
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• 2023

The global focus on mitigating climate change has traditionally centered on carbon dioxide, but recent attention has shifted towards methane as a crucial factor in climate change adaptation. Natural settings, particularly aquatic environments such as wetlands, reservoirs, and lakes, play a significant role as sources of greenhouse gases. The accumulation of organic contaminants on the lake and reservoir beds can lead to the microbial decomposition of sedimentary material, generating greenhouse gases, notably methane, under anaerobic conditions. The escalation of methane emissions in freshwater is attributed to the growing impact of non-point sources, alterations in water bodies for diverse purposes, and the introduction of structures such as river crossings that disrupt natural flow patterns. Furthermore, the effects of climate change, including rising water temperatures and ensuing hydrological and water quality challenges, contribute to an acceleration in methane emissions into the atmosphere. Methane emissions occur through various pathways, with ebullition fluxes-where methane bubbles are formed and released from bed sediments-recognized as a major mechanism. This study employs Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) tests to analyze and quantify the factors influencing methane gas emissions. Methane production rates are measured under diverse conditions, including temperature, substrate type (glucose), shear velocity, and sediment properties. Additionally, numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the relationship between fluid shear stress on the sand bed and methane ebullition rates. The findings reveal that biochemical factors significantly influence methane production, whereas shear velocity primarily affects methane ebullition. Sediment properties are identified as influential factors impacting both methane production and ebullition. Overall, this study establishes empirical relationships between bubble dynamics, the Weber number, and methane emissions, presenting a formula to estimate methane ebullition flux. Future research, incorporating specific conditions such as water depth, effective shear stress beneath the sediment's tensile strength, and organic matter, is expected to contribute to the development of biogeochemical and hydro-environmental impact assessment methods suitable for in-situ applications.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-25
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• 1982

Limnological study on the physico-chemical properties and biological characteristics of the Lake Ok-Jeong was made from May 1980 to August 1981. For the planktonic organisms in the lake, species composition, seasonal change and diurnal vertical distribution based on the monthly plankton samples were investigated in conjunction with the physico-chemical properties of the body of water in the lake. Analysis of temperature revealed that there were three distinctive periods in terms of vertical mixing of the water column. During the winter season (November-March) the vertical column was completely mixed, and no temperature gradient was observed. In February temperature of the whole column from the surface to the bottom was $3.5^{\circ}C$, which was the minimum value. With seasonal warming in spring, surface water forms thermoclines at the depth of 0-10 m from April to June. In summer (July-October) the surface mixing layer was deepened to form a strong thermocline at the depth of 15-25 m. At this time surface water reached up to $28.2^{\circ}C$ in August, accompanied by a significant increase in the temperature of bottom layer. Maximum bottom temperature was $r5^{\circ}C$ which occurred in September, thus showing that this lake keeps a significant turbulence Aehgh the hypolimnial layer. As autumn cooling proceeded summer stratification was destroyed from the end of October resulting in vertical mixing. In surface layer seasonal changes of pH were within the range from 6.8 in January to 9.0 in guutuost. Thighest value observed in August was mainly due to the photosynthetic activity of the phytoplankton. In the surface layer DO was always saturated throughout the year. Particularly in winter (January-April) the surface water was oversaturated (Max. 15.2 ppm in March). Vertical variation of DO was not remarkable, and bottom water was fairly well oxygenated. Transparency was closely related to the phytoplankton bloom. The highest value (4.6 m) was recorded in February when the primary production was low. During summer transparency decreased hand the lowest value (0.9 m) was recorded in August. It is mainly due to the dense blooming of gnabaena spiroides var. crassa in the surface layer. A. The amount of inorganic matters (Ca, Mg, Fe) reveals that Lake Ok-Jeong is classified as a soft-water lake. The amount of Cl, $NO_3-N$ and COD in 1981 was slightly higher than those in 1980. Heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg) were not detectable throughout the study period. During the study period 107 species of planktonic organisms representing 72 genera were identified. They include 12 species of Cyanophyta, 19 species of Bacillariophyta, 23 species of Chlorophyta, 14 species of Protozoa, 29 species of Rotifera, 4 species of Cladocera and 6 species of Copepoda. Bimodal blooming of phytoplankton was observed. A large blooming ($1,504\times10^3\;cells/l$ in October) was observed from July to October; a small blooming was present ($236\times10^3\;cells/l$ in February) from January to April. The dominant phytoplankton species include Melosira granulata, Anabaena spiroides, Asterionella gracillima and Microcystis aeruginota, which were classified into three seasonal groups : summer group, winter group and the whole year group. The sumner group includes Melosira granulate and Anabaena spiroides ; the winter group includes Asterionella gracillima and Synedra acus, S. ulna: the whole year group includes Microtystis aeruginosa and Ankistrodesmus falcatus. It is noted that M. granulate tends to aggregate in the bottom layer from January to August. The dominant zooplankters were Thermocpclops taihokuensis, Difflugia corona, Bosmina longirostris, Bosminopsis deitersi, Keratelle quadrata and Asplanchna priodonta. A single peak of zooplankton growth was observed and maximum zooplankton occurrence was present in July. Diurnal vertical migration was revealed by Microcystis aeruginosa, M. incerta, Anabaena spiroides, Melosira granulata, and Bosmina longirostris. Of these, M. granulata descends to the bottom and forms aggregation after sunset. B. longirostris shows fairly typical nocturnal migration. They ascends to the surface after sunset and disperse in the whole water column during night. Foully one species of fish representing 31 genera were collected. Of these 13 species including Pseudoperilnmpus uyekii and Coreoleuciscus splendidus were indigenous species of Korean inland waters. The indicator species of water quality determination include Microcystis aeruginosa, Melosira granulata, Asterionelta gracillima, Brachionus calyciflorus, Filinia longiseta, Conochiloides natans, Asplanchna priodonta, Difflugia corona, Eudorina elegans, Ceratium hirundinella, Bosmina longirostris, Bosminopsis deitersi, Heliodiaptomus kikuchii and Thermocyclops taihokuensis. These species have been known the indicator groups which are commonly found in the eutrophic lakes. Based on these planktonic indicators Lake Ok-Jeong can be classified into an eutrophic lake.