• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.87-103
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to develop an intervention program for decreasing inattentive and impulsive behaviors of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) by combining cognitive training and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Subjects were 22 children who were classified as ADHD. Eleven children among the 22 were placed randomly in the experimental group; the remaining 11 children were placed in the control group. The effectiveness of the program was analyzed by ANCOVA after controlling for effects of pre-tests on criterion variables. Results of the present study showed that the cognitive intervention program was significantly effective for improving attention span and decreasing impulsivity of children with ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 2011

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder with an onset of symptoms before 7 years of age, often starting as early as the preschool years. The off-label use of methylphenidate (MPH) for 3- to 6-year-old preschool children with ADHD is being more common, although MPH is not licensed for use in children younger than age 6 years, in most countries. Despite the limited data, the review of the literature suggests that MPH meets evidence based criteria as beneficial and safe for carefully diagnosed ADHD preschool children. Carefully monitored administration of evidence-based psychotropic medication in preschool children with ADHD may be indicated if psychosocial treatments are ineffective.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2008

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness and problems in other higher cognitive processes such as executive function deficits. Currently, there are many treatment modalities, of which pharmacotherapy is the most strongly supported by scientific and clinical evidence. Stimulants, which are first choice in the pharmacological treatment of ADHD, block dopamine reuptake by binding the dopamine transporter and so increasing the concentration of dopamine in synaptic clefts. Stimulants are effective in improving core ADHD symptoms, as well as the nonspecific symptoms, such as aggressiveness and oppositional behavior. Frequently reported short-term adverse effects are decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, headache, dizziness and irritability. Although questions have been raised about the long-term side effects of stimulants, including growth suppression, cardiovascular events, and abuse potential, there is no clear evidence to support these concerns.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.72-82
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• 2008

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the use of non-stimulants, including atomoxetine, bupropion and modafinil, as alternative approaches to the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. A comprehensive review of the empirically based literature regarding the efficacy and the safety of the non-stimulants was performed. There is a large and increasing body of data supporting the efficacy and the safety of non-stimulants. Although the treatment effect sizes for non-stimulants may be smaller than those for stimulants, non-stimulants alone have been shown to be effective in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as well as several comorbidities. These results suggest that non-stimulants are effective in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Further studies are needed to improve our understanding of alternative pharmacological medications in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2011

There has been a growing interest in sleep problems associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this paper, we reviewed the current literature on the underlying sleep problems associated with ADHD. Sleep problems are very common in children with ADHD. Patients with ADHD may have sleep difficulties including difficulty falling asleep, frequent night awakening, increased tiredness upon waking. Children with ADHD are associated to restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement and sleep-disordered breathing. Screening for other psychiatric comorbidities and the side effects of medications, such as psychostimulants, is also necessary when considering sleep problems in ADHD. Sleep problems can cause a negative impact on the quality of life and emotional well-being both of children with ADHD and their parents. Many evidences suggest that assessment of sleep difficulties should be included in evaluating the patient of ADHD.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.433-449
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• 2002

노인에 있어 낙상 (falls)의 결과는 신체 기능상의 상실을 가져 올 뿐 아니 라 종종 사망에 이르게 하는 원인이 되기도 하여 중대한 건강상의 문제로 다루어지고 있다. 정상적인 노화과정은 감각(sensory)과 운동 (motor)계의 감퇴 그리고 주의력의 쇠퇴와 연관되어 있는데, 노인들은 이러한 감각(sensory)과 운동(motor)계 (system)의 손상으로 여러 가지 자세(posture)와 보행 (walking)등을 수행하는데 어려움을 겪는다. 또한 노화와 관련된 변화들은 자세를 조절 (postural control) 하는데 있어서 주의력 (attention capacity)을 감소시킨다. 이러한 조건 하에서 노인들은 이중과업 (dual task)을 수행하는데 젊은 사랑들보다도 더 많은 어려움을 느끼며 이는 곧바로 낙상 (falls)의 가능성을 증가시키는 중요한 원인이 되고 있다. 이러한 점들을 고려할 때 낙상(falls)을 방지하기 위한 훈련 프로그램 (training program)은 단순한 신체운동(physical exercise) 보다는 자세조절 (postural control)시의 인지시스템 (cognitive system)이 포함된 중추 통합 기전(central integrative mechanisms)을 최적화 (optimize) 시킬 수 있는 방향으로 구성되어야 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2010

Objectives ： The current review aimed to describe the major findings of the NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA) with regard to the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods ： We performed a general review of the literature regarding the efficacy of the MTA's proposed treatments. Results ： There is a large and still increasing body of evidence regarding the MTA's treatment outcomes. We present and discuss details of the findings at each follow-up point. Conclusion ： Currently, findings regarding the MTA's treatments suggest children with combined-type ADHD exhibit significant impairment in adolescence, despite their initial symptom improvement. Further studies, using innovative treatment approaches and targeting specific areas of adolescent impairment, are needed in order to enhance ADHD treatment outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.59-74
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• 2004

The purpose of the this study was to examine the relationship between mother-child interaction play assessment of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) and delinquency through observational method. The subjects were 30children(normal: 15, ADHD: 15) between 4-6 elementary school grade. Instruments used Parent-Child Interaction Assessment(P-CIPA), Inventory of Delinquency-Oriented Behavior and Korea Children Behavior Check List(K-CBCL). Results showed that following : 1) ADHD affect the delinquency-oriented behavior; 2) there were significant differences in mother-child interaction play assessment between normal children group and ADHD children group; and 3) there was a significant relationship between parent-child interaction play assessment and delinquency.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2017

Objectives : Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is characterized by significant impairments in executive functions, with a prevalence of approximately 3-5% of all children worldwide. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between executive functions and electrophysiological activities in children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods : In 31 patients with ADHD, resting-state EEG was recorded, and Comprehensive Attention Test(CAT), Stroop Color-Word Inference Test(Stroop CWIT), Trail Making Test(TMT), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(CST) were administered. Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale(K-ARS) was assessed. Results : Alpha and beta power positively correlated with the Attention Quotient(AQ), while delta power negatively correlated with AQ from CAT. In the Stroop CWIT, decreased delta power and increased beta power were related to higher performance. Power of the alpha band increased with higher TMT performance. Moreover, delta power negatively correlated with good performance on the CST, while alpha and high gamma band showed a positive correlation. Correlation with the parent-rating of ADHD symptoms showed a negative correlation between alpha power and higher scores on the K-ARS. Conclusions : These findings indicate that relative power in higher frequency bands of EEG is related to the higher executive function in children and adolescents with ADHD, while the association with the relative power in lower frequency bands of EEG seem to be vice versa. Furthermore, the findings suggest that QEEG may be a useful adjunctive tool in assessing patients with ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.98-105
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• 1993

Objective ' The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavioral characteristics of children with allergic disease Method : In a population of 80 children who were registered at a pediatric allergic clinic in Kangnam St Mary's hospital, parents completed a standardized child behavior checklist (CBCL) to evaluate their children Clinical factors associated with allergy were examined in relation to the rated scores of CBCL Results : Allergic children were rated significantly more aggressive and delinquent, and less withdrawned on the CBCL rating when compared to the age- and sex-matched normal control children. Within the allergic population, children who had family history of allergic disease had higher scores of CBCL in hyperactivity and aggressive behavior than the children without family history. Conclusion : The results were discussed with the respect to familial traits of allergy and temperament as risk factors for the emergence of behavior problems in childhood allergy