• 아동학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.87-103
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to develop an intervention program for decreasing inattentive and impulsive behaviors of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) by combining cognitive training and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Subjects were 22 children who were classified as ADHD. Eleven children among the 22 were placed randomly in the experimental group; the remaining 11 children were placed in the control group. The effectiveness of the program was analyzed by ANCOVA after controlling for effects of pre-tests on criterion variables. Results of the present study showed that the cognitive intervention program was significantly effective for improving attention span and decreasing impulsivity of children with ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.74-80
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• 2011

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder with an onset of symptoms before 7 years of age, often starting as early as the preschool years. The off-label use of methylphenidate (MPH) for 3- to 6-year-old preschool children with ADHD is being more common, although MPH is not licensed for use in children younger than age 6 years, in most countries. Despite the limited data, the review of the literature suggests that MPH meets evidence based criteria as beneficial and safe for carefully diagnosed ADHD preschool children. Carefully monitored administration of evidence-based psychotropic medication in preschool children with ADHD may be indicated if psychosocial treatments are ineffective.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.61-71
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• 2008

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness and problems in other higher cognitive processes such as executive function deficits. Currently, there are many treatment modalities, of which pharmacotherapy is the most strongly supported by scientific and clinical evidence. Stimulants, which are first choice in the pharmacological treatment of ADHD, block dopamine reuptake by binding the dopamine transporter and so increasing the concentration of dopamine in synaptic clefts. Stimulants are effective in improving core ADHD symptoms, as well as the nonspecific symptoms, such as aggressiveness and oppositional behavior. Frequently reported short-term adverse effects are decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, headache, dizziness and irritability. Although questions have been raised about the long-term side effects of stimulants, including growth suppression, cardiovascular events, and abuse potential, there is no clear evidence to support these concerns.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.72-82
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• 2008

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the use of non-stimulants, including atomoxetine, bupropion and modafinil, as alternative approaches to the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. A comprehensive review of the empirically based literature regarding the efficacy and the safety of the non-stimulants was performed. There is a large and increasing body of data supporting the efficacy and the safety of non-stimulants. Although the treatment effect sizes for non-stimulants may be smaller than those for stimulants, non-stimulants alone have been shown to be effective in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as well as several comorbidities. These results suggest that non-stimulants are effective in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Further studies are needed to improve our understanding of alternative pharmacological medications in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2011

There has been a growing interest in sleep problems associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this paper, we reviewed the current literature on the underlying sleep problems associated with ADHD. Sleep problems are very common in children with ADHD. Patients with ADHD may have sleep difficulties including difficulty falling asleep, frequent night awakening, increased tiredness upon waking. Children with ADHD are associated to restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement and sleep-disordered breathing. Screening for other psychiatric comorbidities and the side effects of medications, such as psychostimulants, is also necessary when considering sleep problems in ADHD. Sleep problems can cause a negative impact on the quality of life and emotional well-being both of children with ADHD and their parents. Many evidences suggest that assessment of sleep difficulties should be included in evaluating the patient of ADHD.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.433-449
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• 2002

노인에 있어 낙상 (falls)의 결과는 신체 기능상의 상실을 가져 올 뿐 아니 라 종종 사망에 이르게 하는 원인이 되기도 하여 중대한 건강상의 문제로 다루어지고 있다. 정상적인 노화과정은 감각(sensory)과 운동 (motor)계의 감퇴 그리고 주의력의 쇠퇴와 연관되어 있는데, 노인들은 이러한 감각(sensory)과 운동(motor)계 (system)의 손상으로 여러 가지 자세(posture)와 보행 (walking)등을 수행하는데 어려움을 겪는다. 또한 노화와 관련된 변화들은 자세를 조절 (postural control) 하는데 있어서 주의력 (attention capacity)을 감소시킨다. 이러한 조건 하에서 노인들은 이중과업 (dual task)을 수행하는데 젊은 사랑들보다도 더 많은 어려움을 느끼며 이는 곧바로 낙상 (falls)의 가능성을 증가시키는 중요한 원인이 되고 있다. 이러한 점들을 고려할 때 낙상(falls)을 방지하기 위한 훈련 프로그램 (training program)은 단순한 신체운동(physical exercise) 보다는 자세조절 (postural control)시의 인지시스템 (cognitive system)이 포함된 중추 통합 기전(central integrative mechanisms)을 최적화 (optimize) 시킬 수 있는 방향으로 구성되어야 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2010

Objectives ： The current review aimed to describe the major findings of the NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA) with regard to the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods ： We performed a general review of the literature regarding the efficacy of the MTA's proposed treatments. Results ： There is a large and still increasing body of evidence regarding the MTA's treatment outcomes. We present and discuss details of the findings at each follow-up point. Conclusion ： Currently, findings regarding the MTA's treatments suggest children with combined-type ADHD exhibit significant impairment in adolescence, despite their initial symptom improvement. Further studies, using innovative treatment approaches and targeting specific areas of adolescent impairment, are needed in order to enhance ADHD treatment outcomes.

• 아동학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.59-74
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• 2004

The purpose of the this study was to examine the relationship between mother-child interaction play assessment of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) and delinquency through observational method. The subjects were 30children(normal: 15, ADHD: 15) between 4-6 elementary school grade. Instruments used Parent-Child Interaction Assessment(P-CIPA), Inventory of Delinquency-Oriented Behavior and Korea Children Behavior Check List(K-CBCL). Results showed that following : 1) ADHD affect the delinquency-oriented behavior; 2) there were significant differences in mother-child interaction play assessment between normal children group and ADHD children group; and 3) there was a significant relationship between parent-child interaction play assessment and delinquency.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2017

연구목적 본 연구는 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD) 환자들을 대상으로 다양한 실행기능과 정량화 뇌파간의 상관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 31명의 소아청소년 ADHD 환자를 대상으로 정량화 뇌파를 측정하였다. 종합주의력검사(Comprehensive Attention Test, CAT), 스트룹 색-단어 추론 검사(Color-Word Inference Test, CWIT), 선추적 검사(Trail Making Test, TMT), 카드분류검사(Card Sorting Test, CST)가 시행되었고 한국어판 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 평정척도(Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale, K-ARS)가 측정되었다. 결과 CAT 검사 점수와 알파, 베타 파워가 양적 상관이 있는 반면, 델타 파워와는 부적 상관이 있었다. CWIT 검사에서는 감소된 델타 파워와 증가된 베타 파워가 높은 수행수준과 관련 있었다. 높은 TMT 검사 점수는 증가된 알파 대역 파워와 관련이 있었으며, CST 검사에서 델타 파워는 높은 수행수준과 부적 상관이 있는 반면 알파, 하이 감마파의 파워와는 양적 상관을 보였다. K-ARS 점수는 알파 파워와 부적 상관을 보였다. 결론 정량화 뇌파는 ADHD 환자들의 실행기능과 상관성을 보이며 신경생리학적 지표로서의 유용성이 시사된다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.98-105
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• 1993

주의력결핍과잉운동장애의 병인론에 대한 여러 가설중 알레르기가 그 원인의 하나로 대두되고 있다 주의력결핍장애아동의 21${\sim}$47%에서 알레르기 질환이 보고되고 있으며, 음식 알레르기가 있는 환자의 음식에서 알레르기원을 줄인 결과 82%의 아동이 과잉운동 및 학업문제가 줄었다는 보고가 있어 주의력결핍과잉운동장애의 일부 증상이 알레르기와 어떤 연관관계를 가지고 있음을 시사하고 있다. 또한 알레르기의 생화학적 이론의 하나로써 연구되고 있는 ${\beta}$-아드레날린성 과소반응 및 콜린성 과다반응의 생화학적 불균형의 가설은, 주의력결핍과잉운동장애의 병리중 콜린성 활동의 불균형에 의한 각성의 장애와 연관이 되어 있다 이에 본 연구에서는 알레르기질환이 행동장애를 유발하는지 알아보고자, 알레르기 질환의 진단을 받은 80명의 환아와 알레르기가 없는 정상아동 80명의 일반적 행동 양상을 아동행동조사표(부모형)를 통하여 비교하여 보았다 비교결과 알레르기 환아가 우울척도, 신체화척도, 공격성 척도, 비행행동 척도상 정상아동에 비해 높은 점수를 보였으며, 은둔행동척도는 의의있게 낮게 나타났다 알레르기의 임상요인들중에서 가족력의 유무에 따라 행동양상의 차이가 나타났는데, 알레르기의 가족력이 있는 경우에 총 문제점수 및 외면화행동, 과잉행동, 공격성행동척도 점수가 가족력이 없는 경우에 비해 의의있게 높았다 이러한 결과는 알레르기 환아의 부모가 아동이 문제성을 가지고 있다고 평가함을 의미하며, 알레르기의 유전적 소인과 주의력결핍과잉운동장애의 특성을 가진 행동장애는 유전적요인과 연관될 가능성이 있음을 시사하고 있다.