• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.475-486
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• 2009

The geological survey of the Mokdo island is for the fist time conduted in Korea history. The island had erupted before $70{\sim}80$ million years as a strato-volcano. The original volcano had been dissected for long periods up to the skeletal stage through the planeze stage. If the island area is surveyed afterwrds in detail, the position of crater is available to be found, either. The coastal terrace is found at 50m level in Mokdo island which is correlated to its fourth plane. The microgeomorphological features as coastal terrace, cliff, sea cave, wave-cut bench, sea stacks, notch, and tafoni, etc. were described. The Mogdo island is located off Molundae at the extension of Nagdong Jeongmaeg(낙동정맥 洛東正脈) showing a "floating turtle". The name of Mogdo island is needed to change to the "Yoo-goo-do" which means the swimming turtle. The Mokdo island is as suitable tourist attraction for if has enough touism sesouccesein sea. The deuelopsment of coartal sightseeing anound lighthoure and uninhabited islands will hare an impontant effect upon construction of the oceanic capitol city of Busan Haabor. The master plan built up an arboretum on the island, a coastal oceanarium, a seaweeds garden under sea coast, and other oceanic culture-spaces is completed in the study.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.140-159
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• 2013

The wooden stupa of Hwangyongsa temple - which was designed and constructed by master craftsman Abigi of the Baekje Dynasty during the Silla Dynasty between the 12th year of Queen Seondeok (AD 643) and AD 646 - can be regarded as a typical Korean wooden stupa. However, it was destroyed by fire during an invasion by the Mongolians in AD 1238 during the Koryo Dynasty. In spite of progress in research for the restoration of the wooden stupa, there are some remains to be re-considered in regard to ruins, relics and literature previously discovered. In particular, research conducted on frame construction and structure can be considered an important basis for restoration. However, previous studies seem to have not attempted to establish structural and formative characteristics of the wooden stupa based on the indigenous techniques and styles of traditional Korea, but general characteristics of the wooden stupa biased toward cultural interchange with neighbouring countries. As such, in this study the frame construction and structure of the wooden stupa of Hwangyongsa temple were analysed and considered in detail based on the re-interpretation of literature which can be a clue about the structure of the stupa, related ruins of the 7th century period, and previous studies. As a result, this paper supposed and presented a model picture for the plane arrangement of pillars, structural methods for Dwibburi (뒤뿌리) of Haangjae (하앙재), Shimju (심주), and other key areas. The author hopes that this study contributes substantially to research on the wooden stupa of ancient Korea and to the establishment of construction and structural methods.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.22-37
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• 2012

Storage facility of the pre-historic Korea is classified into the subterranean, ground and overground types. The rectangular-shaped subterranean Storage facilities have been identified in the Pungnaptoseong, the Gong mountain fortress site and the Gwanbukri site. Feature no. 196 at Gyeongdang District in Pungnaptoseong yielded a large quantity of glazed potteries, and a wooden storage at the Gwanbukri site contained a large amount of fruit seeds. These storage facilities might be functioned as the warehouse for the highest group rather than the storage for the emergency such as war and flooding and stipend of government officials. This article subdivided into "state storage" on the concept of the former that "royal storage" on the concept of the latter. If it look on the state storage at large, this include the royal storage too. But it subdivided to help article understand because Baekjae changed from state storage to royal storage by change and specialization of system after 4th. The reason why the diversification of storage pits was closely related to the unification of local polities and the concentration of political power in the state-level. Therefore, it might reflect the political circumstances the ruling elites attempted to heighten their authority in terms of the organizing tax collecting system. And divided the time of storage is confirmed separative storage pits in the suburbs of capital city. There is hight probability of top local polities or nation that have possessional a role. This is to cover on frequent war in the Three States. On the other hand, state storage is located around ancent road that linked castle gate that is divided into center and periphery depending on function and position of storage. Center is located royal storage focusing in the presumed royal palace that periphery is located state storage to provide service to the public. It is presumed that located with the government office.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.19
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• pp.243-257
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• 2015

The Cultural Heritage Administration has selected Seoul Fortress Wall as the representative heritage of Korea to be applied for being registered as UNESCO World Heritage and announced the plan to restore and organize it, which has increased the interest to the Seoul Fortress Wall, the Historical Site No. 10. The great work to make the heritage value of Walls, 4 Big Gates and 4 Small Gates composing the Seoul Fortress wall with the length of 18.627 km to be recognized worldwide has limits if it is focused only on the physical restoration. It is because the Seoul Fortress Wall represents the long historical and cultural value as the space of life which connects closely the capital city and its vicinity. We need the plan to discover and utilize historical and cultural contents of Seoul Fortress Wall and its vicinity. Especially, Gwangheemun, which is one of the four Small Gates of Seoul Fortress Wall, is a precious cultural heritage which represents the transition of fortification technology of Chosun period as the space representing ordinary people. However, now Gwangheemun and its vicinity does not stand out the charm because of passive accessibility, landscape falling behind and absence of program. This made the lack of domestic and overseas tourists and the convenient space and various contents. This reality is because the value of space has been considered simply as a cultural heritage without considering the traditional, historical and cultural specificity. Therefore, this study is aimed to find the meaning and value of Gwangheemun by discovering its own latent intangible cultural, historical and artistic resource, and to find the way to connect with Gwangheemun, the existing tangible traditional architectural space and the way of vitalizing Gwangheemun as a new space.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.306-333
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• 2010

Previous studies on Wolseong fortress have focused on capital system of Silla Dynasty and on the recreation of Wolseong fortress due to the excavations in and around Wolseong moat. Since the report on the Geographical Survey of Wolseong fortress was published and GPR survey in Wolseong fortress was executed as a trial test in 2004, the academic interest in the site has now expanded to the inside of the fortress. From such context, the preliminary research on the fortress including geophysical survey had been commenced. GPR survey had been conducted for a year from March, 2007. The principal purpose of the recent 3D GPR survey was to provide visualization of subsurface images of the entire Wolseong fortress area. In order to obtain 3D GPR data, dense profile lines were laid in grid-form. The total area surveyed was $112,535m^2$. Depth slice was applied to analyse each level to examine how the layers of the remains had changed and overlapped over time. In addition, slice overlay analysis methodology was used to gather reflects of each depth on a single map. Isolated surface visualization, which is one of 3D analysis methods, was also employed to gain more in-depth understanding and more accurate interpretations of the remain The GPR survey has confirmed that there are building sites whose archaeological features can be classified into 14 different groups. Three interesting areas with huge public building arrangement have been found in Zone 2 in the far west, Zone 9 in the middle, and Zone 14 in the far east. It is recognized that such areas must had been used for important public functions. This research has displayed that 3D GPR survey can be effective for a vast area of archaeological remains and that slice overlay images can provide clearer image with high contrast for objects and remains buried the site.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.214-221
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• 2008

Terrestrial magnetism has left traces through residues such as fossils of the terrestrial magnetism as time went by. An analysis of archaeological terrestrial magnetism is an estimation of dates of archaeological remains where baked earth is exposed by measuring the change of the past terrestrial magnetism through thermo-remnant magnetization of baked earth. This paper attempts to apply an analysis of the archaeological terrestrial magnetism to archaeological remains using fourteen soil samples extracted from a charcoal kiln with side window located at the Area Ⅰ of Maegokdong. The date of A.D.440${\pm}$15 the analysis of archaeological terrestrial magnetism came up with gives solid evidence, while an archeological chronicle used arrangements of surrounding artifacts because of the absence of remains and assumed uncertainly that a charcoal kiln with side window was from the three kingdom periods. This analysis of archaeological terrestrial magnetism has come to anchor as a main natural scientific analysis because it relatively easily removes pollutants and comes up with highly reliable results owing to its considerably narrow error tolerance of assumed dates.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.180-189
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• 2004

The name of (Ban)wolseong thanks to its having a shape like a half-moon. Wolseong fortress is one of 'Gyeongju Historic Area', world heritage. The Silla kingdom's royal palace previously maintained its capital fortress at the locale of Wolseong. However its real face has been kept in mystery. This study grafts Geophysics on modern Archaeology and approaches with scientific and systematic methods to an excavation plan or archaeological study by means of GPR exploration which can complement archaeological curiosity without destroying Wolseong fortress. The exploration area is $12,000m^2$ in front of Seokbinggo(stone storage for ice). It is only $10\%$ area of Wolseong fortress. As a conclusion, GPR detected 7 of squared buildings($8{\times}8m^2$ size), stone wall, an entrance for the fortress, lots of foundation stones, road(presumptive), and a presumptive pond which size is 35${\~}$40m in diameter.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.333-341
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• 2010

Fluvial sediments are widely distributed in present and old river-beds of the mid-Keum River, the tributaries of which are the Yugu and Jeongan Rivers. The basement of the mid-Keum River area consists of Mesozoic granites which are easily eroded compared to Precambrian gneisses, which are exposed in the upper-Keum River area. The provenance of the fluvial sediments includes both the Precambrian gneisses and Mesozoic granites, which occur in the catchment of the mid-Keum River. The coarse-grained sediments were probably transported from the river-beds and the overbank floodings of the main Keum River and its tributaries when the climate was warm and wet. The oldest mud deposits were dated at ca. 9,400 yr BP by the radiocarbon method. It has been estimated that the sand deposits below the dated muds were formed in a period from the Late Pleistocene to the Early Holocene. However we have revealed that the major part of the present river-bed sediments was formed at ca. 3,000-6,000 yr BP, i.e., in the mid- to late Holocene, when summer monsoon was very strong due to climatic changes. We have calculated fluvial sedimentation rates of 0.12-0.16 cm/yr and 0.02-0.09 cm/yr for borehole KJ-29 river-bed sediments and borehole KJ-28 floodplain deposits, respectively. We conclude that the sedimentation rate is higher near the present stream channel than near the floodplain.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.6-22
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• 2024

This paper examines the characteristics of wooden wells from the Three Kingdoms period that were discovered in the Yeongsan River basin, in addition to their functions based on the distribution of the remains and excavated artifacts found near the wells. A total of 11 wooden wells have been found at six archeological sites along the middle and upper reaches of the Yeongsan River basin. These wooden wells were built in a wider variety of forms than wells made of other materials due to the ease of processing resulting from the physical properties of wood. However, due to the limited geological conditions in which these wells can be installed and their rapid decay, the discovery of such wells is rare. They tend to be located in the clay and mud layers of old river channels or near river channels where it was relatively easy to obtain water from the riverbed. The wooden wells are mostly square or rectangular in shape and were assembled transversely, and some include support beams in their construction. The backfill was reinforced with either stone, a mixture of stone and clay, or a mixture of clay and pottery shards. The material mainly used was pine wood boards, with wood from chestnut trees being used as a sub-material. Various artifacts, such as pottery and wooden containers, animal bones, and seeds, have been excavated in small quantities. The excavated pottery items consist mostly of flat cups with a cover, mounted cups, pottery stands, wide-mouthed jars with a hole, and round pottery. Based on the environment and remains of the sites, the wells are thought to have been used for domestic and production purposes. The assumed primary function was to obtain domestic water, as most of the wells were located within residential spaces where the area's inhabitants lived. The wells were also used to obtain water for agricultural purposes, as well as for productive purposes such as for operating kilns and smelters. Lastly, the wooden wells were also found to be strongly associated with rites, as evidenced by the artifacts found inside them.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2015

Gosan Yoon, Sundo's Gumswae-dong Garden Heritage has been designated as a National Historical Site 432 including Hyunsan old fortress wall. The site requires maintenance planning. For the plan, it also requires the consideration of Gosan's written documents describing the garden heritage and the site survey with on-site inspections for authentic maintenance approaches. It should be based on the thorough comprehension of historical remains. The site is a traditional ancient garden, so its approaches should be different with a historic structure and building. For the planning, the study conducts the interview of residents and experts, literature review, the investigation of historical materials, site survey, and the analysis of aerial photography. The results are following:5) Firstly, the paper suggests three types of an excavation area selection: core, recommend and investigation. Secondly, of 22 landscapes named by Gosan, it has the plan of guidance facilities, vegetation maintenance, safety facilities, landscape maintenance as view points, pathway maintenance, deck, and halting place. Thirdly, it also suggests pathway plan for authentic garden promenade according to the literature of Gumswaedong-Gi, an old map and aerial photography(1967, 1976, 1990), and interviews with residents. Fourthly, it suggests vegetation refurbishment at the site to check erection time and to require a preservation plan. In a case of no historic remains part, it also has a plan of amenities for visitors and wetlands for biodiversity of ecology and landscape. Finally, although it requires excavation and more historical evidences for the Hyunsan fortress wall, it suggests a maintenance plan of Pyeonchuksseong and Hyeopchuksseong partially.