• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.447-459
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• 2009

This study is intended to provide basic date for the efficient management of Pinus densiflora community by analyzing ecological characteristics of Pinus densiflora inhabiting Byeonsanbando National Park. According to investigations, P. densiflora community and P. densiflora-Quercus community are widely distributed, occupying 40.3% of the total area. 21 sites ($400m^2$per site) are selected for TWINSPAN analysis, and the result indicates that the whole community of P. densiflora and P. densiflora-Quercus can be classified into 8 types, and the age of P. densiflora is 40-50 years, which is similar to that of deciduous broad-leaved trees. The 8 community types are: P. densiflora community which competes with Quercus variabilis; P. densiflora community in which Fraxinus sieboldiana and Quercus serrata grow in the understory layer; P. densifloa community in which Q. serrata grow in the understory layer and Smilax china var. microphylla in the shrub layer respectively; P. densifloa community in which P. densiflora and F. sieboldiana grow in the understory layer; P. densiflora community which competes with Q. serrata and Carpinus tschonoskii; P. densiflora community which competes with Q. variabilis and Q. serrata; P. densiflora community in which Prunus sargentii grow; P. densiflora community in which Abies holophylla grow. P. densiflora community which competes with Q. variablis and C. tschonoskii seems to be in a stage of succession to deciduous broad-leaved community. The analysis indicates that Shannon diversity index is 0.2756-1.3879. It also indicates that there is a negative correlation between P. densiflora and Q. variabilis and C. tschonoskii; there is a positive correlation between P. densiflora and F. sieboldiana and Rhododendron schlippenbachii. These investigations show that the transformation of vegetation is already under way. There is a possibility that ecological succession can take place in 30.4% of the total area from P. densiflora to Quercus and deciduous broad - leaved trees. Therefore, it is recommended that the preservation and maintenance of P. densiflora be implemented by taking control of competing species which undermine the stability of P. densiflora forest community.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2000

Mortality patterns ad changes of vegetation in newly formed gaps were investigated to examine the succession process of Pinus densiflora forest located at Mt. Worak. The main findings from this study were as follows: ⑴ The forest was dominated by P. densiflora and Quercus variabilis in the oversotry, while Q. mongolica, Q. serrata and Fraxinus sieboldiana in the mid-story. ⑵ In all study areas, the standing dead type was the most common factor influencing gap-forming mortality. ⑶ DBH analysis showed that Pinus densiflora community was replaced by Quercus variabilis community first, and then by quercus mongolica and quercus serrata community. ⑷ Seedlings of P. densiflora were discovered only at dry sites of the gap.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 1999

Morphological variations in leaves and leaf trichomes according to tree age were investigated for the identification of Quercus taxa at the different stages of development. The sizes of leaves from one-year-old seedlings of Q. serrata, Q. dentata, and Q. aliena were the smallest and increased with tree age. Blade length, blade width, petiole length, number of serration, and serration depth war also varied with tree age. Therefore, the examined taxa by the size and form of leaves were hardly identified at juvenile stages. The type, structure, and density of leaf trichomes of each species varied remarkably along with tree age. Three types of trichomes such as small stellate hairs, large stellate hairs, and long single hairs were observed on the abaxial side of leaves of Quercus taxa. In matured trees of Q. serrata both small stellate and long single hairs on leaves were observed. On the other hand large stellate hairs were found in leaves of Q. dentata. There were small stellate hairs in Q. aliens. In Q. mongolica var. crispula, no hair or small stellate hairs were occasionally found. It is possible to identify Q. serrata and Q. dentata by the characteristics of trichome even at two to three year old seedlings, while, it is difficult to tell Q. aliens and Q. mongolica var. crispula of seedlings from other taxa only by those of trichome.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1999

This study was carried out to get some basic information on mechanical properties of Korean Lepidobalanus for the rational utilization of their woods, Five species of Quercus variabilis, Q. aliena, Q. serrata, Q. mongolica, Q. acutissima belonging to Lepidobalanus were investigated in this research. Relationship of anatomical characteristics with bending strength was analyzed using stepwise regression technique. All possible combination of 21 independent variables were regressed on bending strength. The summarized results in this study were as follows: 1) In the proportion of wood structural elements, the most important factors on bending strength appeared to be proportion of wood fiber in earlywood in Q. variabilis and Q. serrate, proportion of ray in earlywood in Q. aliena, proportion of vessel in earlywood in Q. mongolica and proportion of wood fiber in latewood in Q. acutissima, respectively. 2) In the other quantitative anatomical characteristics, the most important factors on bending strength appeared to be number of pore per $1mm^2$ in latewood in Q. variabilis, microfibril angle in Q. aliena and Q. mongolica, length of wood fiber in Q. serrata and height of uniseriate ray in Q. acutissima, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 1989

To investigate the actual vegetation and the degree of green naturality(DGN) in Gaya Mountain National Park, forest communities were classified by phytosocialogical analysis according to physiognomy and Braun-Blanquet methods. Major forest communities were as follows: 1. Pinus densiflora community 1) P. densiflora-Rhododendron mucronulatum subcommunity 2) P. densiflora-Lespedeza maximowiczii subcommunity 3) P. densiflora-Sasa borealis subcommunity 4) P. densiflora-Carex siderosticta subcommunity 2. Quercus mongolica community group. 1) Q. mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii community a) Typical subcommunity b) Vaccinium koreanum subcommunity 2) Q. mongolica-Sasa borealis community 3) Q. mongolica-Lespedeza maximowiczii community 3. Quercus serrata community 4. Carpinus laxiflora-Quercus serrata community 5. Rhododendron tschonoskii community 6. Lespedeza crytobotrya-Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens community The map of DGN was drawn according to the actual vegetaton map. The ratio of DGN 7 and 8 was 93.9% in Gaya Mountain National Park.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.30-30
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• 2002

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.210-220
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• 2019

Population growth and the increase of energy consumption due to civilization caused global warming. Temperature on the Earth rose about $0.7^{\circ}C$ for the last 100 years, the rate is accelerated since 2000. Temperature is a factor, which determines physiological action, growth and development, survival, etc. of the plant together with light intensity and precipitation. Therefore, it is expected that global warming would affect broadly geographic distribution of the plant as well as structure and function ecosystem. In order to understand the effect of global warming on the ecosystem, a study about the effect of temperature rise on germination and growth in the plant is required necessarily. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of experimental warming on the germination and growth of two oak species(Quercus mongolica and Q. serrata) in temperature gradient chamber(TGC). This study was conducted in control, medium warming treatment($+1.7^{\circ}C$; Tm), and high warming treatment ($+3.2^{\circ}C$; Th) conditions. The final germination percentage, mean germination time and germination rate of two oak species increased by the warming treatment, and the increase in Q. serrata was higher than that in Q. mongolica. Root collar diameter, seedling height, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight, and total biomass were the highest in Tm treatment. Butthey were not significantly different in the Th treatment. In the Th treatment, Q. serrata had significantly higher H/D ratio, S/R ratio, and low root mass ratio (RMR) compared with control plot. Q. mongolica had lower RMR and higher S/R ratio in the Tm and Th treatments compared with control plot. Therefore, growth of Q. mongolica are expected to be more vulnerable to warming than that of Q. serrata. The main findings of this study, species-specific responses to experimental warming, could be applied to predict ecosystem changes from global warming. From the result of this study, we could deduce that temperature rise would increase germination of Q. serrata and Q. mongolica and consequently contribute to increase establishment rate in the early growth stage of the plants. But we have to consider diverse variables to understand properly the effects that global warming influences germination in natural condition. Treatment of global warming in the medium level increased the growth and the biomass of both Q. serrata and Q. mongolica. But the result of treatment in the high level showed different aspects. In particular, Q. mongolica, which grows in cooler zones of higher elevation on mountains or northward in latitude, responded more sensitively. Synthesized the results mentioned above, continuous global warming would function in stable establishment of both plants unfavorably. Compared the responses of both sample plants on temperature rise, Q. serrata increased germination rate more than Q. mongolica and Q. mongolica responded more sensitively than Q. serrata in biomass allocation with the increase of temperature. It was estimated that these results would due to a difference of microclimate originated from the spatial distribution of both plants.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.478-485
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to analyze the combustion and thermal properties in order to establish baseline data for the fire safety evaluation of domestic timbers. The combustion properties such as heat release rate, total heat release, gas yield, and mass loss were analyzed by the method of cone calorimeter test and thermogravimetry (TGA). Thermal decomposition temperatures of the specimens by TGA were recorded as $359.83^{\circ}C$ for White pine, $359.80^{\circ}C$ for Red-Leaved Hornbeam, $363.14^{\circ}C$ for Carolina poplar, $358.59^{\circ}C$ for Konara oak, and $362.11^{\circ}C$ Sargent cherry. Red-Leaved Hornbeam showed the highest value of heat release rate, but, Carolina poplar wood showed the lowest value. In case of the total heat release, Red-Leaved Hornbeam wood showed the highest value and Carolina poplar wood showed the lowest one. The gas analysis results showed that Sargent cherry wood had the lowest value of 0.021, and Konara oak had the highest at 0.031 in the $CO/CO_2$. The minimum value of mass reduction was recorded as 87.57% for Sargent cherry, but, on the other hand, it was 95.03% for Konara oak. There was a correlation between the gas generation of CO and $CO_2$, and combustion behavior of woods. These results are expected to be usful for providing a fundamental guideline with the fire safety of wood use in interior applications.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.141-148
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the photosynthetic responses of four Oak species (Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis) by shading treatment. We investigated light response curve, photosynthesis (A)-intercellular $CO_2$ concentration (Ci) curve, leaf growth and chlorophyll content at the level of 35, 55 and 75% shading treatments and under the full sunlight. In our results, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima showed increased leaf growth, chlorophyll content and net apparent quantum yield but reduced chlorophyll a/b and carboxylation efficiency under the low light intensity. Therefore, light absorption and light utilization efficiency were improved under the low light intensity. Q. mongolica showed the similar responses that Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima showed, but net apparent quantum yield was reduced. The effects of shading treatment on Q. serrata were lower than those of other three species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.530-542
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• 2021

To establish the basic unit for the ecological management of the Larix kaempferiplantations in the Baekdudaegan protected area, we classified the vegetation types using TWINSPAN and DCA ordination analysis based on the vegetation information collected from 119 plots and analyzed their spatial arrangement status. Vegetation types were classified into seven types, including Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii type, Q. mongolica-Lespedeza maximowiczii type, Cornus controversa-Morus australis type, Q. mongolica-Carpinus cordata type, Lindera erythrocarpa-Rosa multiflora type, Q. serrata-Zanthoxylum schinifolium type, and Q. serrata-Sasa borealis type and they have usually reflected differences in the floristic composition according to latitude, elevation, establishment period, operation history, characteristics of the surrounding stands, and degree of disturbance. Furthermore, using the Jaccard coefficient to comparethe floristic composition similarity between Larix kaempferiplantations and surrounding potential natural vegetation (Q. mongolica and Q. serrata forests), although some differences depended on vegetation types, it was 0.21 on average with Q. mongolica forest and 0.32 with Q. serrata forest, indicating that the floristic composition was still heterogeneous.