• Title/Summary/Keyword: 조직다양성

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Material Characteristics and Deterioration Assessment of the Stone Buddhas and Shrine in Unjusa Temple, Hwasun, Korea (화순 운주사 석조불감의 재질특성과 풍화훼손도 평가)

  • Park, Sung-Mi;Lee, Myeong-Seong;Choi, Seok-Won;Lee, Chan-Hee
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.24
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    • pp.23-36
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    • 2008
  • The stone Buddhas and Shrine of Unjusa temple (Korea Treasure No. 797) in Hwasun formed in Koryo Dynasty are unique style which the Buddha faces each other the back parts of south and north within the stone Shrine. The stone Buddhas and Shrine are highly evaluated in historical, artistic and academic respects. But, the stone properties have been exposed in the open system various aspects of degradations weathered for a long time without specific protective facilities. The rock materials of the stone Buddhas and Shrine are about 47 blocks, and total press load is about 56.6 metric ton. The host rocks composed mainly of white grey hyaline lithic tuff and rhyolitic tuff breccia. In addition, biotite granite used as part during the restoration works. The chemical index of alteration for host tuffaceous rocks and the replacement granites range from 52.1 to 59.4 and 50.0 to 51.0, respectively. Weathering types for the stone Buddhas and Shrine were largely divided with physical, chemical and biological weathering to make a synthetic deterioration map according to aspects of damage, and estimate share as compared with surface area. Whole deterioration degrees are represented that physical weathering appeared exfoliation. Chemical weathering is black coloration and biological weathering of grey lichen, which show each lighly deterioration degrees. According to deterioration degree by direction of stone Buddhas and Shrine, physical weathering mostly appeared by 39.1% on the sorthern part, and chemical weathering is 61.2% high share on the western part. Biological weathering showed 38.3% the largest distribution on the southern part. Therefore, it is necessary to try hardening for the parts with serious cracks or exfoliations, remove secondary contaminants and organisms through regular cleaning. Also necessary to make a plan to remove moisture of the ground which causes weathering, and estimate that need established and scientific processing through clinical demonstration of conservation plan that chooses suitable treatment.

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Artifactual Perfusion Defects due to the Parameters of Reconstruction Filter in Tc-99m-MIBI Myocardial SPECT Images (Tc-99m-MIBI 심근 SPECT 영상에서 재구성 필터에 의한 인위적 관류결손에 관한 연구)

  • Kwark, Cheol-Eun;Lee, Kyung-Han;Lee, Dong-Soo;Park, Yong-Woo;Chung, June-Key;Lee, Myung-Chul;Seo, Joung-Don;Koh, Chang-Soon
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.41-47
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    • 1995
  • Tc-99m-MIBI(Sestamibi) myocardial SPECT along with T1-201 tomographic imaging has demonstrated wide application and high image qualify sufficient for the diagnosis of myocardial perfusion defect, which consequently reflects regional myocardial blood flow, The qualitative values of myocardial SPECT with Tc-99m-MIBI as well as the quantitative cases depend in some degree on the reconstruction techniques of multiple projections. Filtered backprojection(FBP) is the common standard for reconstruction rather than the complicated and time-consuming arithmetic methods. In FBP it Is known that the distribution of radioactivity in reconstructed transverse slices varies with the selected filter parameters such as cutoff frequencies and order(Butterworth case). The cutoff frequencies basically remove and decrease the true radioactive distribution and alter the pixel counts, which lead to underestimation of true counts in specific myocardial regions. In this study, we have investigated the effect of cutoff frequencies of reconstruction filter on the artifactually induced perfusion defects, which are often demonstrated near inferior and/or inferoseptal cardiac walls due to the intense hepatic uptake of Tc-99m-MIBI. A computerized method for identifying the relative degree of artifactual perfusion defect and for comparing those degrees along with the relative amount of hepatic uptake to myocardium was developed and patient images were studied to observe the quantitative degree of underestimation of myocardial perfusion, and to propose some reasonable thresh-old of cutoff frequency in the diagnosis of perfusion defect quantitatively. We concluded that from the quantitative viewpoint cutoff frequencies may be used as high as possible with the sacrifice of homogeneity of image quality, and those frequencies lower than the common 0.3 Nyquist frequency would reveal severe degradation of radio-active distribution near inferior and/or Inferoseptal myocardium when applying Butterworth or low pass filter.

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Different $^{18}$F-FDG Uptake According to Tumor location and Morphology of Cholangiocarcinoma and Its Clinical Implication (담관암의 위치와 형태에 따른 $^{18}$F-FDG 섭취량의 차이와 임상적 의의)

  • Lee, Won-Seok;Lee, Yoon-Jae;Lim, Seok-Tae;Sohn, Myung-Hee;Lee, Seung-Ok
    • Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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    • v.43 no.4
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    • pp.317-322
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: $^{18}$F-flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography (PET) scan has been found to reflect tumor aggressiveness and prognosis in various types of cancer. However, pattern of FDG uptake in biliary malignancies and its clinical significance have not been studied well. The purpose of this study was to assess the additional value of $^{18}$F-FDG PET in differential diagnosis and prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) according to the tumor location and tumor morphology. Materials and Methods: From April 2005 to May 2008, eighty two patients (M:F = 55:27, age 66.2$\pm$9.6 yrs) with CC underwent $^{18}$F-FDG PET. For semiquantitative analysis, the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV$_{max}$) was obtained from the primary tumor. The difference of SUV$_{max}$ according to the tumor location and tumor growth pattern, such as scirrhous type, nodular type, polypoid type were compared. Results: Overall sensitivity of PET scan was 81.7% in CC. SUV$_{max}$ on PET scan in intrahepatic CC was significantly higher compared to extrahepatic CC. In extrahepatic CC, polypoid type showed significantly higher SUV$_{max}$ compared to scirrhous type. Conclusion: $^{18}$F-FDG PET may have a significant impact on clinical decision-making and on the management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. And it is related to the shape of the tumor and the sensitivity of detection is higher in the mass-forming type than in the scirrhous type.

모재/중간층/박막의 H/E ratio 구배에 따른 Cr계 경질 박막의 기계적 특성에 관한 연구

  • Kim, Hoe-Geun;Song, Myeon-Gyu;Lee, Sang-Yul
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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    • 2018.06a
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    • pp.135-135
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    • 2018
  • 천이금속 질화물 코팅은 우수한 기계적 특성들로 인해 공구 코팅으로 많이 사용 되어왔다. 그 중에서도 특히 Cr계 경질 코팅은 높은 경도와 낮은 표면조도, 우수한 마찰특성 등 뛰어난 기계적 특성을 나타내므로 공구 코팅으로의 적용 가능성이 크다. 그러나 최근 공구산업의 발전으로 인해 공구가 더욱 가혹한 환경에서 사용됨에 따라, 공구의 수명을 향상시키고 보호하기 위해 코팅의 높은 밀착력이 요구되고 있으며, 모재와 코팅 사이에 중간층을 합성함으로써 공구의 밀착력을 향상시키는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이전 연구에서 모재/중간층/코팅간의 경도와 탄성계수 비율(H/E ratio)의 구배가 코팅의 밀착력에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 그러므로, WC 모재와 Cr계 코팅의 중간값의 H/E ratio를 갖는 중간층의 합성을 통해 코팅의 밀착력을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는, 코팅의 밀착력을 향상시키기 위해 다양한 중간층을 증착한 CrZrN, CrAlN 코팅을 비대칭 마그네트론 스퍼터링 장비를 이용하여 합성하였다. 모재로는 디스크 형상의 WC-6wt.%Co 시편을 사용하였고 Cr, Zr, Si, Al single 타겟을 이용하여 Cr, CrN, CrZrN, CrZrSiN 등의 중간층이 증착된 코팅을 합성했다. 코팅의 합금상, 경도 및 탄성계수, 미세조직 및 조성, 표면 조도을 확인하기 위해 X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fischer scope, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy를 사용하였고, 코팅의 밀착 특성을 분석하기 위해 scratch tester와 optical microscopy (OM)를 이용하였다. 코팅의 내열성을 확인하기 위해 코팅을 furnace에 넣어 공기중에서 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, $1,000^{\circ}C$로 30분 동안 annealing 한 후에 nano-indentation을 사용하여 경도를 측정하였다. CrZrN 및 CrAlN 코팅을 나노 인덴테이션으로 분석한 결과, 모든 코팅의 경도(33.4-35.8 GPa)와 탄성계수(384.1-391.4 GPa)는 중간층의 종류에 상관없이 비슷한 값을 보인 것으로 확인됐다. 그러나, 코팅의 마찰계수는 중간층의 종류에 따라 다른 값을 보였다. CrZrN 코팅의 경우 CrN 합금상 중간층을 갖을 때 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, CrAlN 코팅의 경우 CrN/CrZrSiN 중간층을 증착하였을때 마찰계수는 0.34로 CrZrN 중간층을 증착하였을 때(0.41)에 비해 낮은 값을 보였다. 또한, 코팅의 마모율 및 마모폭도 비슷한 경향을 보인 것으로 보아, CrN/CrZrSiN 중간층을 합성한 CrAlN 코팅의 내마모성이 상대적으로 우수한 것으로 판단된다. 코팅의 밀착력의 경우도 마찰계수와 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 이것은 중간층의 H/E ratio가 코팅의 내마모성에 미치는 영향에 의한 결과로 사료된다. H/E ratio는 파단시의 최대 탄성 변형율로써, 모재/중간층/코팅의 H/E ratio 구배에 따라 코팅 내의 응력의 완화 정도가 변하게 된다. WC 모재 (H/E=0.040)와 CrAlN 코팅(H/E=0.089) 사이에서 CrN, CrZrSiN 중간층의 H/E ratio는 각각 0.076, 0.083으로 모재/중간층/코팅의 H/E ratio 구배가 점차 증가함을 확인 할 수 있었고, 일정 응력이 지속적으로 가해지면서 진행되는 마모시험중에 CrN과 CrZrSiN 중간층이 WC와 CrAlN 코팅 사이에서 코팅 내부의 응력구배를 완화시키는 역할을 함으로써 CrAlN 코팅의 내마모성이 향상된 것으로 판단된다. 모든 코팅을 열처리 후 경도 분석 결과, CrN/CrZrSiN 중간층을 증착한 CrAlN 코팅은 $1,000^{\circ}C$까지 약 28GPa의 높은 경도를 유지한 것으로 확인 되었고, 이는 CrZrSiN 중간층 내에 존재하는 SiNx 비정질상의 우수한 내산화성에 의한 결과로 판단된다.

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CT Scan Findings of Rabbit Brain Infection Model and Changes in Hounsfield Unit of Arterial Blood after Injecting Contrast Medium (토끼 뇌감염 모델의 CT 소견과 조영제 주입 후 동맥혈의 Hounsfield Unit의 변화)

  • Ha, Bon-Chul;Kwak, Byung-Kook;Jung, Ji-Sung
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.12 no.9
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    • pp.270-279
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    • 2012
  • This paper explores CT findings of a rabbit brain infection model injected with Escherichia coli and investigates the changes in Hounsfield unit (HU) of arterial blood over time. The brain infection model was produced by injecting E. coli $1{\times}10^7$ CFU/ml, 0.1 ml through the burr hole in the calvarium; 2~3 mm in depth from the dura mater, and contrast-enhanced CT, dynamic CT and arterial blood CT images were gained. It was found that various brain infections such as brain abscess, ventriculitis and meningitis. The CT image of brain abscess showed a typical pattern which the peripheral area was strongly contrast-enhanced while the center was weakly contrast-enhanced. The CT image of ventriculitis showed a strong contrast-enhancement along the lateral ventricle wall, and the CT image of meningitis showed a strong contrast-enhancement in the area between the telencephalon and the diencephalon. In dynamic CT images, the HU value of the infection core before injecting contrast medium was $31.01{\pm}3.55$. By 10 minutes after the injection, the value increased gradually to $40.36{\pm}3.76$. The HU value in the areas of the marginal rim where was hyper-enhanced showed $47.23{\pm}3.12$ before contrast injection, and it increased to $63.59{\pm}3.31$ about 45 seconds after the injection. In addition, the HU value of the normal brain tissue opposite to the E. coli. injected brain was $39.01{\pm}3.24$ before the injection, but after the contrast injection, the value increased to $49.01{\pm}4.29$ in about 30 seconds, and then it showed a gradual decline. In the arterial blood CT, the HU value before the contrast injection was $87.78{\pm}6.88$, and it increased dramatically between 10 to 30 seconds until it reached a maximum value of $749.13{\pm}98.48$. Then it fell sharply to $467.85{\pm}62.98$ between 30 seconds to 45 seconds and reached a plateau by 60 seconds. Later, the value showed a steady decrease and indicated $188.28{\pm}25.03$ at 20 minutes. Through this experiment, it was demonstrated that the brain infection model can be produced by injecting E. coli., and the characteristic of the infection model can be well observed with contrast-enhanced CT scan. The dynamic CT scan showed that the center of the infection was gradually contrast-enhanced, whereases the peripheral area was rapidly contrast-enhanced and then slowly decreased. As for arterial blood, it increased significantly between 10 seconds to 30 seconds after the contrast medium injection and decreased gradually after reaching a plateau.

An Analysis of Prognostic Factors in the Uterine Cervical Cancer Patients (자궁경부암 환자의 예후인자에 관한 분석)

  • Yang, Dae-Sik;Yoon, Won-Sub;Kim, Tae-Hyun;Kim, Chul-Yong;Choi, Myung-Sun
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.300-308
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    • 2000
  • Purpose :The aim of this study is to analysis of suwival and recurrence rates of the uterine cervical carcinoma patients whom received the radiation therapy respectively. The prognostic factors, such as Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, carcinoembriogenic antigen (CEA) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen has been studied. Methods and Materials : From January 1981 to December 1998, eight-hundred twenty-seven uterine carvical cancer patients were treat with radiation therapy. All of the patients were divided into two groups : the radiation therapy only (S2l patients) group and the postoperative radiation therapy (326 patients) group. The age, treatment modality, clinical stage, histopathology, recurrence, follow-up Pap smears, CEA and SCC antigen were used as parameters for the evaluation. The prognostic factors such as survival and recurrence rates were peformed with the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox hazard model, respectively. Median rollow-up was 38.6 months. Results :On the radiation therapy only group, 314 patients (60$\%$) achieved complete response (CR), 47 patients (9$\%$) showed local recurrence (LR), 78 patients (15$\%$) developed distant metastasis (DM). On the Postoperative radiation therapy group, showed 276 Patients (85$\%$) CR, 8 Patients (2$\%$) LR, 37 Patients (11$\%$) DM. The 5-year survival and recurrence rates was evaluated for all parameters. The statistically significant factors for the survival rate in univariate analysis were clinical stage (p=0.0001), treatment modality (p=0.0010), recurrence (p=0.0001), Pap smear (p=0.0329), CEA (p=0.0001) and SCC antigen (p=0.0001). Conclusion: This study indicated that after treatment, the follow-up studies of Pap smear, CEA and SCC antigen were significant parameter and prediction factors for the survival and recurrence of the uterine cervical carcinoma.

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Clinical Course of Untreated Sarcoidosis (스테로이드 치료를 받지 않은 유육종증 환자의 임상경과)

  • Koh, Young-Min;Chung, Kyeong-Jae;Park, Sang-Joon;Kang, Kyeong-Woo;Suh, Gee-Young;Chung, Man-Pyo;Kim, Ho-Joong;Kwon, O-Jung;Rhee, Chong-H.
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.47 no.6
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    • pp.807-816
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    • 1999
  • Background: Sarcoidosis, uncommon in Korea, has variable clinical course, ranging from benign self-limited recovery to life-long disability regardless of corticosteroid therapy. The purpose of this study is to observe the clinical course of untreated sarcoidosis. Methods: Twenty four patients who were confirmed as sarcoidosis by tissue diagnosis were included. For average 12month follow-up periods, subjective symptoms, radiologic findings, and parameters of pulmonary function test(FVC, $FEV_1$, DLco) were evaluated every 3mooths compared between corticosteroid treated(n=5) and non-treated(n=19) patients. 'Deterioration' was defined if patients met more than one of followings (1) decrement in any parameters of pulmonary function test(2) worsening in the degree of dyspnea(3) increase in radiologic extents, and (4) newly developed extrapulmonary sarcoidosis. 'Stable' was defined as no significant interval changes in every parameters. 'Improvement' was defined as decrement of extension of the radiologic lesions without deterioration. Results: Among 19 untreated sarcoidosis patient, one deteriorated, 14 improved(13 of them showed complete resolution in radiology), and 4 were remained stable. On the other hand, five corticosteroid treated patients, uveitis was developed in one, 2 improved, and 2 remained stable. Conclusion : These findings suggest that patient with sarcoidosis, especially those without serious extrapulmonary disease, has stable clinical course and would not need corticosteroid therapy.

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Effects of Various Chitosan Oligomer Molecular Weight Levels on the Disorders of Lipid Metabolism and Immune-related Factors in Rats Treated 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (다이옥신계 TCDD(2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin)에 노출된 흰쥐의 지질대사 및 면역관련 인자에 대하여 키토산 올리고머의 분자량별 섭취효과)

  • Lee, Joon-Ho;Hwang, Seok-Youn;Lim, Beong-Ou;Lee, Yeon-Sook
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.471-479
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    • 2012
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various levels of chitosan oligomer (CO) molecular weight on the disorders of lipid metabolism and immune-related factors induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), that is a endocrine disrupter, using adult male rats (SD) for 3 weeks. These 40 animals were divided into five groups. Three kinds of CO were used by molecular weight (MW) (less than 1000, 1000~3000, and 5000~10000) and added 4% to basal diets respectively. TCDD (40 ${\mu}g$/kg B.W) was intraperitoneally injected into rats at the beginning of the experiment. The relative weights of the livers were increased in all rats treated with TCDD, and the brain and testis weights were increased in all CO diet groups, compared to the control and TCDD groups. The levels of white blood cells (WBC) and red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin, hematocrits (HCT), and platelets were significantly lowered by treating TCDD. By the way, RBC and HCT tended to recover by CO diets. The elevation of serum total and HDL cholesterol levels induced by TCDD treatment was significantly reduced by CO (5000~10000 MW) diets. The apparent increasing of the total lipid, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels of rat livers induced by TCDD was tended to be suppressed in those fed CO diets. Especially, diets with less than 1000 MW significantly diminished liver triglycerides. The levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG1 and IgM were significantly high in rats fed CO (5000~10000 MW) diets. The decreasing levels of IgE by treatment with TCDD tended to recover all the CO diet groups to the level of control group. In histochemical observation, the fat droplets and apoptosis of liver due to TCDD treatment were markedly alleviated in all CO diet groups. These results indicated that CO, though not regular according to molecular weight, can exert improving effects on lipid accumulation, hepatocytic disorders, abnormal blood cells, and some immunoglobulins induced by TCDD.

The Role of Home Economics Education in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4차 산업혁명시대 가정과교육의 역할)

  • Lee, Eun-hee
    • Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.149-161
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    • 2019
  • At present, we are at the point of change of the 4th industrial revolution era due to the development of artificial intelligence(AI) and rapid technological innovation that no one can predict until now. This study started from the question of 'What role should home economics education play in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution?'. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is characterized by AI, cloud computing, Internet of Things(IoT), big data, and Online to Offline(O2O). It will drastically change the social system, science and technology and the structure of the profession. Since the dehumanization of robots and artificial intelligence may occur, the 4th Industrial Revolution Education should be sought to foster future human resources with humanity and citizenship for the future community. In addition, the implication of education in the fourth industrial revolution, which will bring about a change to a super-intelligent and hyper-connected society, is that the role of education should be emphasized so that humans internalize their values as human beings. Character education should be established as a generalized and internalized consciousness with a concept established in the integration of the curriculum, and concrete practical strategies should be prepared. In conclusion, home economics education in the 4th industrial revolution era should play a leading role in the central role of character education, and intrinsic improvement of various human lives. The fourth industrial revolution will change not only what we do, or human mental and physical activities, but also who we are, or human identity. In the information society and digital society, it is important how quickly and accurately it is possible to acquire scattered knowledge. In the information society, it is required to learn how to use knowledge for human beings in rapid change. As such, the fourth industrial revolution seeks to lead the family, organization, and community positively by influencing the systems that shape our lives. Home economics education should take the lead in this role.

Revisiting the cause of unemployment problem in Korea's labor market: The job seeker's interests-based topic analysis (취업준비생 토픽 분석을 통한 취업난 원인의 재탐색)

  • Kim, Jung-Su;Lee, Suk-Jun
    • Management & Information Systems Review
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.85-116
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    • 2016
  • The present study aims to explore the causes of employment difficulty on the basis of job applicant's interest from P-E (person-environment) fit perspective. Our approach relied on a textual analytic method to reveal insights from their situational interests in a job search during the change of labor market. Thus, to investigate the type of major interests and psychological responses, user-generated texts in a social community were collected for analysis between January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2015 by crawling the online-community in regard to job seeking and sharing information and opinions. The results of topic analysis indicated user's primary interests were divided into four types: perception of vocation expectation, employment pre-preparation behaviors, perception of labor market, and job-seeking stress. Specially, job applicants put mainly concerns of monetary reward and a form of employment, rather than their work values or career exploration, thus youth job applicants expressed their psychological responses using contextualized language (e.g., slang, vulgarisms) for projecting their unstable state under uncertainty in response to environmental changes. Additionally, they have perceived activities in the restricted preparation (e.g., certification, English exam) as determinant factors for success in employment and suffered form job-seeking stress. On the basis of these findings, current unemployment matters are totally attributed to the absence of pursing the value of vocation and job in individuals, organizations, and society. Concretely, job seekers are preoccupied with occupational prestige in social aspect and have undecided vocational value. On the other hand, most companies have no perception of the importance of human resources and have overlooked the needs for proper work environment development in respect of stimulating individual motivation. The attempt in this study to reinterpret the effect of environment as for classifying job applicant's interests in reference to linguistic and psychological theories not only helps conduct a more comprehensive meaning for understanding social matters, but guides new directions for future research on job applicant's psychological factors (e.g., attitudes, motivation) using topic analysis.

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