• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.680-685
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• 2008

In this study, we assessed the functional characteristics of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa (AcK) and Aralia continentalis Kitagawa leaf (AcK-leaf), including crude saponin contents, antioxidant activity, nutritive elements, dietary fiber, and chlorophyll contents. The results of our analysis of nutritive elements in AcK, the contents of the general components, inorganic components, and vitamins were all relatively high. The contents of inorganic components were also high in the following order: K>Ca>P>Na>Mg. Among vitamins, $\beta$-carotene and vitamin C contents were all high. The crude saponin content was 63.7 mg/g in the AcK and 63.5 mg/g in the AcK leaf, and the antioxidant activity was determined to be relatively high. With regard to the dietary fiber content, the total dietary fiber content was 2.13% (soluble 0.40, insoluble 1.72) in the AcK and 5.98% (soluble 1.06, insoluble 4.89) in the AcK leaf, and the total chlorophyll content was 92.58 mg in the AcK and 147.25 mg/100 g in the AcK-leaf.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.3-13
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in some physicochemical properties of Codonopsis lanceolata cultivated on a wild hill, which were packed with woven polypropylene (WP) or low density polyethylene (LDPE, thickness 0.04 mm) bags and stored at $4^{\circ}C$ or $20^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. Those characteristics of fresh samples were as follows. pH : 5.3, moisture and ash content $86\%$ and $5.5\%$ respectively, Ca, Mg, Na and K content Per Ins dry matter : 427.3mg, 203.4 mg, 10.2mg, 619mg, respectively and crude saponin and codonoposide : 29.7mg and 3.82mg. Among the physicochemical properties, the pH, color parameters and Ca and Mg contents decreased or changed significantly during the storage period, but the content of crude saponin and codonoposide were almost maintained as a fresh sample for 30 days except for the condition of the WP packaging and room temperature. We could conclude that both of the LDPE packaging and chilled conditions were necessary for the best storage of Codonopsis lanceolata cultured on a wild hill for a long time.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.1-10
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• 1988

Previously. we reported that the intraperitoneal administration of ginseng crude saponin increased: (I) nuclear RNA polymerase activity. (2) nuclear RNA synthesis. (3) cytoplasmic RNA synthesis. (4) cytoplasmic heavy polyrioosome content. (5) amino acid incorporation in vitro of microsome and polysome isolated rat liver. and (6) the incorporation rate of labeled amino acids into serum protein. In addition, a spectacular increase in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocyte administered crude saponin for four weeks orally was shown through electron microscopy. An increase in polysomal content in membrane-hound ribosome was shown through ultracentrifugation. Recently, successive intraperitoneal. administration .of $ginsenosid-Rb_2$ was given to streptozotocin (STZ) diaoetic rats of hypoproteinemia. The blood urea nitrogen and hepatic urea concentration were decreased significantly. The total protein and alhumin levels in the serum were increased in comparison to control values. In contrast. the $ginsenoside-Rb_2$ treated group of STZ diahetic rats showed a significant increase in liver RNA. total ribosome and membrane-bound ribosomal contents. The administration of $ginsenoside-Rb_2$ increased the incorporation rate of labeled - precursor into total serum protein. Additionally $ginsenoside-Rb_2$ improved the nitrogen balance of diabetic rats. On the bases of these experimental results, ginseng saponin has a metabolic stimulatory or anabolic action on RNA and protein synthesis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.587-593
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of ginseng Jung Kwa and Jung Kwa solution prepared according to boiling frequency on Jung Kwa process. Ginseng Jung Kwa was made as follows: washed ginseng 8 kg was boiled 5 min with water 16 kg and then boiling water 8 kg was removed. Sucrose 10 kg was added to boiled ginseng soaking in hot water. Jung Kwa was boiled down for 60 min in sugar syrup and soaked for 24 hrs. According to the above process, Jung Kwa was boiled down 5 times. Moisture and pH of Jung Kwa and Jung Kwa solution decreased as the number of boiling time increased and $^{\circ}Brix$ of Jung Kwa solution increased. Crude saponin content of last Jung Kwa (GJ 6) increased to 4 times of raw ginseng. Content of Rf and Rd, component of ginsenosides, increased 77 and 16 times on Jung Kwa, respectively and content of crude saponin on last Jung Kwa solution (GJS 5) was 61.88 mg/g. The other ginsenosides on Jung Kwa decreased. As the number of boiling time increased, concentration of total sugar, glucose and fructose of Jung Kwa and Jung Kwa solution increased. Content of total organic acid on Jung Kwa decreased, especially, succinic acid, main organic acid of ginseng, decreased rapidly. L value of Jung Kwa decreased whereas a and b values increased.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.133-140
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of ginsenoside contents and antioxidative activities from red ginseng after treated with high hydrostatic pressure (RGHHP). Crude saponin content in traditional red ginseng (TRG) and RGHHP were 21.93 and 27.29 mg/g, respectively. The contents of total phenolics, crude saponin and ginsenoside increased after treated with high hydrostatic pressure. TRG and RGHHP showed an increase 25.60% the highest content of Rb1 (14.10 mg/g and 17.71 mg/g). Also, Rg3 content compared with TRG and RGHHP increased 10.46%. The radical scavenging activity of hot water extract from red ginseng against the DPPH and ABTS radicals increased with the increasing amount of extract and RGHHP higher than TRG. The reducing power and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays of the red ginseng were increased in a dose dependent manner. The FRAP of TRG and RGHHP were 0.30 and 0.36 absorbance, respectively at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. The present results suggest that RGHHP would have the protective potential from oxidative stress induced by free radicals.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.560-568
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• 2012

Four dimensional response surface methodology was used to monitor the extraction conditions and predict the optimum extraction conditions on physicochemical properties of Liriope platyphylla. Maximum yield of total soluble solid was 66.02% into range of 35.06~65.70%, and maximum extraction conditions were 16.86 mL/g in ratio of solvent to sample, $99.55^{\circ}C$ in extraction temperature and 3.20 hr in extraction time. Maximum extraction conditions of total phenolics were 18.78 mL/g, $97.09^{\circ}C$ and 3.71 hr. Maximum content of crude saponin was 6.51% into range of 2.22~6.21 %, and maximum extraction conditions were 21.33 mL/g, $95.49^{\circ}C$ and 3.00 hr. Maximum content of reducing sugar was 6.75% into range of 2.43~6.51%, and maximum extraction conditions were 22.93 mL/g, $89.64^{\circ}C$ and 3.75 hr. Electron donating ability was maximized in 16.74 mL/g, $99.63^{\circ}C$ and 3.16 hr. The range of optimum conditions gained by the superimposed four dimensional response surfaces on total soluble solid, crude saponin and reducing sugar of Liriope platyphylla was 15~23 mL/g, 92~$100^{\circ}C$ and 2.4~5.0 hr. And total soluble solid, total phenolics, crude saponin, reducing sugar, browning color intensity and electron donating ability at the given conditions(20 mL/g, $100^{\circ}C$, 3 hr) within the range of optimum conditions were 65.75%, 1.30 mg/g, 6.33%, 5.93%, 0.11 and 10.52%, respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.66-75
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• 1986

Influnces of Fuiarium solani and Phytophthora cactorum infection on the changes in saponin components of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)roots and some of the biology of those fungi in relation to ginseng root were investigated. Mycelial growth of F. solani was decreased as increasing concentration of the water extracts of fresh ginseng roots, while that of P. cactorum was increased as increasing the concentration of the water extracts and crude saponin. Mycelial growth of F. solani, however, was increased as increasing concentration of crude ginseng saponin upto 20 ppm, while it was tended to be decreased when the concentration was higher than 50 ppm. Nystatin also suppresed the growth of F. solani as increasing its concentration, but it did not affected on the growth of p. cactorum. Ginsenoside Ra and Ro components were not detected in ginseng roots inoculated with F. solani or P. cactorum. Panaxadiol gisenosides were increased by 3.0%, whereas panaxatriol ginsenosides were decreased by 34.9% in ginseng roots inoculated with F. iolani. In ginseng roots inoculated with P. cactorum panaxadiol ginsenosides were increased by 21.1%, but panaxatriol ginsenosides were decreased by 23.5%. PD/PT ratio in ginseng roots inoculated with F. solani or P. cactorum were equally increased by 58.4% in spite of differences in the change of panaxadiol and panaxatriol ginsenosides. The total saponin components of ginseng roots inoculated with F. solani or P. cactorum were decreased by 17.8% and 2.5%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.224-231
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• 2003

In this study effect of different mulching materials on yield and crude saponin contents in Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. The results of this study are summarized as follows: The rhizome yield of seed propagation type in transparent PE mulching cultivation was of which increased 16.7% more than those of non-mulching cultivation. The rhizome yield of young-plant propagation type in green PE mulching and transparent PE mulching cultivations were of which increased 29.4% and 26.5%, respectively more than those of non-mulching cultivation. The contents of methanal extract of seed propagation type in transparent PE mulching and black PE mulching cultivations were of increased each 31.0%, 15.4% more than those of non-mulching cultivation. Crude saponin contents of seed propagation type in transparent PE mulching cultivation was increased up to 30.3% compared to those of non-mulching cultivation. However, the crude saponin contents of seed propagation type in green PE mulching and black & white PE mulching cultivations were not affected by the non-mulching cultivation. Crude saponin contents of young-plant propagation type in transparent PE mulching cultivation was increased 24.0% and 15.4% more than those of green PE mulching and black PE mulching cultivations.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to determine effects of the die temperature(100 and $120^{\circ}C$) and screw speed(200 and 300 rpm) on the characteristics of extruded raw ginseng such as crude saponin, ginsenosides, maltol and the color of powder. Crude saponin content increased after extrusion-cooking. Ginsenoside $Rg_1\;and\;Rg_2$ that contained in red ginseng increased from 0.2275 mg/g to 0.2835 mg/g$(Rg_l)$ and 0.1164 mg/g to 0.2230 mg/g$(Rg_2)$ with the increase in die temperature from 100 to $120^{\circ}C$, which increased with the decrease in screw speed from 300 to 200 rpm. Maltol, specific component in red ginseng was detected in extruded ginseng. Total sugar content was not changed by extrusion process, however reducing sugar decreased with the increase in die temperature from 100 to $120^{\circ}C$. In conclusion extrusion process can be applied to red ginseng manufacturing by controling extrusion process variables such as extrusion temperature and screw speed.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 2016

This study was designed to develop a manufacturing process for ginseng concentrate with reduced unpleasant aroma and bitter taste. Two types of ginseng, white and red, were extracted under six different conditions (the 1st to the 6th step) of temperature ($65{\sim}95^{\circ}C$) and ethanol concentration (0~70%). Six extracts of each ginseng were evaluated by a sensory test, and assayed for crude saponin, ginsenosides, and acidic polysaccharides. The content of crude saponin in the extracts decreased with extraction time. There was no significant difference in the crude saponin content between white and red ginseng extracts. The yield of red ginseng extract was higher (45%) than that of white ginseng. No significant difference was observed in the acidic polysaccharide content between red and white ginseng extracts. $Rg_3$, a specific ginsenoside in red ginseng, was detected in the 1st to 6th extracts of red ginseng. Bitterness, astringency, and sourness of ginseng extracts decreased as the extraction steps proceeded. The composite of the 1st, 2nd, and 6th step extracts decreased bitterness and astringency, and the highest overall acceptance. Compared with commercial beverages, the composition of the three extracts is the desirable method to decrease the bitter and astringent tastes, and the overall unpleasant flavor of ginseng.