• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.66-70
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• 1989

The specific growth rate was investigated to find the of(emits of major ginseng components in fractions extracted by several solvents on the growth of Candida parapsilosis. The cell proliferation of C. purapsilosis was inhibited by fraction A(hexane soluble components), while enhanced by fraction B(Et2O soluble components), C(AcOEt soluble components), E and F(dialysis outer and inner extract). The additive stimulant effect of cell proliferation was exerted by fraction D(crude saponinE) and B, C or E.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.460-465
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• 2000

본 연구는 여성 갱년기장애에 대한 홍삼의 효과를 조사할 목적으로 수행하였다. 홍삼의 효과는 자연적으로 갱년기 장애가 유도되었다고 생각되는 자성 노령흰쥐를 사용하여 홍삼 조사포닌 분획을 투여(20mg/kg,b.w./day) 한 후 그 효괴를 조사하였다. 홍삼조사포닌 분획은 노령쥐의 체지방 축적으로 야기되는 체중 증가를 다소 감소시키는 것으로 관찰되었다. (p<0.01). 노령쥐는 젊은 쥐에 비해 혈중 당, 총콜레스테롤, BUN 함량이 증가하였는데 조사포닌 분획의 투여는 혈당, 총콜레스테롤 함량 및 BUN 함량증기를 유의하게 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. (p<0.05, p<0.01). 노령쥐는 노령화에 따른 간기능의 저하로 GOT 및 GPT 활성이 증가하였으나 사포닌의 투여는 GOT 및 GPT 활성증가를 억제하여 간기능을 젊은 쥐의 수준으로 회복시킴을 알 수 있었다. (p<0.01). 노령쥐의 대퇴골은 사포닌투여와 관계없이 현저한 무게차이가 관찰되자 않았으나 대퇴골중 무기이온 Na+ 함량은 사포닌 투여시 약 2배 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 사실로부터 홍삼 조사포닌 분획은 노령쥐의 혈당, 총콜레스테롤, BUN 함량증가를 억제하는 효과를 나타내며 또한 노령화에 따른 간기능 관련 생화학 지수를 개선하는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of crude saponin from red ginseng efflux (RGE-CS) on biochemical parameters in male rats acutely exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-$\rho$-dioxin (TCDD). Forty male rats ($200{\pm}20g$) were divided into 4 groups. Normal control group (NC) received vehicle and saline; only TCDD-treated group (TT) received TCDD ($5{\mu}g/kg$, single dose) intrperitoneally; RGE-CS 20 received 20 mg/kg of crude saponin i.p. for 4 weeks from 1 week before TCDD-exposure; RGE-CS 40 also received 40 mg/kg of crude saponin i.p. for 4 weeks from 1 week before TCDD-exposure. Body weight of TT group was significantly decreased after TCDD-exposure. However, body weight of crude saponin groups increased throughout the experimental period, although the increasing rate was slower than that of NC group. Decrease in body weight was not observed during the experimental period in RGE-CS 40. Increases in triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), AST, ALT and $Fe^{2+}$ levels by TCDD intoxication were significantly attenuated by the RGE-CS treatment. Decrease in glucose, amylase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatinine kinase (CK) by TCDD also were inhibited by the RGE-CS. These results suggest that saponin from red-ginseng efflux might be a useful protective agent against TCDD, an endocrine disrupter.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.754-758
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• 2009

To develop soybean cake as a functional food material, the anti-oxidative and cytotoxic activities against human colon cancer cells of crude saponins isolated from 70% (v/v) ethanol extracts of cake were investigated. The Diaion HP-20 adsorption method was used for isolation of crude saponins, which were then eluted with 100% ethanol. The non-saponin fraction was removed by elution with $H_2O$ and 20% (v/v) ethanol. The results of thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis confirmed that crude saponins were present in the 100% ethanol extract of soybean cake. The hydrogen-donating properties of saponins were more than 60% at a concentration of $1,000\;{\mu}g/mL$. malondialdehyde(MDA) production was $1,200\;{\mu}mol\;MDA/g$ in mouse liver homogenate treated with crude saponins at the concentration of $1,000\;{\mu}g/mL$. This value was lower than that of the control, which was $3,700\;{\mu}mol\;MDA/g$. Saponins inhibited the growth of colon cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Saponins also resulted in a decrease in the proportion of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, whereas the cell proportion in G2/M phase was increased with $1,000\;{\mu}g/mL$ saponins. Thus, we conclude that saponins may induce G2/M cell cycle arrest.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2005

Antioxidative activity of crude saponin fraction (CSF) prepared from Basidiomycota cultured with fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) as substrate was investigated by analyzing CSFs for ginsenoside and phenolic compounds. On TLC chromatogram, ginsenosides such as $Rg_{2},\;Rg_{3}$, and $Rh_{1}$ which were rare in fresh ginseng, were identified. CSF of Phellinus linteus culture product showed the highest total phenolic content and electron donating ability (EDA), suggesting phenolic compounds contribute to EDA. In vitro lipid peroxidation was inhibited most by CSF of Ganoderma lucidum, indicating that the highest EDA does not imply highest inhibition against lipid peroxidation. Tyrosinase was also inhibited mostly by CSF of G. lucidum. These results suggest culture of Basidiomycota with fresh ginseng has more active substances than fresh ginseng alone.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.324-327
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• 1999

This study was carried out to establish the extraction method of red ginseng extract without saponin decomposition. Red ginseng was extracted with impulse vacuum system and multi-stage extraction method. Crude saponin content of red ginseng extract (RGE) from impulse vacuum system was 5.4-5.9%, while that of RGE from multi-stage extraction method was 8.2-8.3%. However, HPLC Patterns indicated that saponins of RGE from impulse vacuum system were hardly decomposed, while those of RGE from multi-stage extraction method were decomposed, especially in ginsenoside -Rgl and -Re saponin. Also, the yields of red ginseng by impulse vacuum system were 15 to 20 times higher than that of multi-stage extraction method.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.109-114
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• 2009

To develop Salicornia herbacea as a functional food material, crude polysaccharides and saponins were isolated from 80% ethanolic extracts of Salicornia herbacea using Diaion HP-20 column chromatography, and biological activities including anti-oxidation, anti-proliferation of cancer cells, and immune activities were investigated. The hydrogen-donating properties of crude polysaccharides and saponins were above 20% at $500{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. The reducing power of fractions increased in a dose-dependent manner. Crude polysaccharides and saponins at $500{\mu}g/mL$ inhibited more than 20% and 50% of proliferation by PC-3 and HT-29 human cancer cells, respectively. The anti-oxidative and anti-cancer properties of crude saponins were higher than those of crude polysaccharides. Also, proliferation in spleen cells and (nitric oxide) NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages treated with crude polysaccharides increased in a dose-dependent manner compared with the untreated control cells. However, crude saponins at concentration greater than $500{\mu}g/mL$ resulted in decreases in immune activities. Immune activities of crude polysaccharide were greater than those of crude saponins. These results indicate that Salicornia herbacea may be used as functional food materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 1986

This investigation was carried out to study the effect of heating treatment on the saponin fractions in ginseng extract and crude saponin. The changes of saponin patterns and amounts were investigated using HPLC and compared with peak area of each fraction. Shape of crude saponin was changed more easy to compare with in ginseng extract. The more extracting temperature risen and treated time longer, the more changes of saponin amounts and patterns were shown, expecially at $100^{\circ}C$ over. All of the saponin fraction except ginsenoside-Rd were relatively unstable in heating treatment. Suitable extracting condition was extracted at $80^{\circ}C$ for 40 hours with $H_2O$.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.382-390
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• 2020

This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) against several foodborne pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The antimicrobial effect was determined by agar diffusion method using red ginseng extract, crude saponin and non-water-soluble fractions. Red ginseng extract showed antimicrobial effect against S. aureus, but not C. albicans or A. niger. The extract showed anti-bacterial activity at concentration above 30% against S. aureus, which cause both food poisoning and atophic dermatitis. Crude saponin showed antibacterial activity above 7.5% against the bacterium. However, the ginsenosides purified from crude saponin showed no antimicrobial activities at 100-200 ㎍/mL. To investigate the mode of growth inhibition, red ginseng extract and crude saponin were added to 0.85% NaCl solution containing S. aureus and then incubated at 35℃ for 12 h. The results showed that viable cells were rapidly reduced in above 10% concentration of red ginseng extract and above 2% of crude saponin, respectively. However, the crude saponin and red ginseng extract did not inhibit the bacterial cells completely at those same concentrations. On the other hand, whereas all non-water-soluble fractions showed inhibition zones above 10 mm against S. aureus, they showed no inhibition effects against E. coli, C. albicans or A. niger. The methanol fraction-1 (MF-1) showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus, and the MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) was 0.625 mg/mL. These results suggest that red ginseng extract, crude saponin and non-water-soluble fractions show selective antibacterial activity against S. aureus, and non-water-soluble fractions might be used as natural antibacterial agents.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.140.2-140
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• 2003

국산(2, 3년생) 및 중국산 음나무의 껍질을 이용해 음나무 껍질의 추출물에 대해 용매는 열수, 추출시간 및 추출온도는 각각 7시간, 9$0^{\circ}C$의 조건으로 추출하여 색도, 갈색도, 가용성고형분, 총페놀성화합물, 전자공여능, 조사포닌 및 환원당을 분석하였다. 원산지별 음나무 껍질 추출물의 색도에서는 명도(L)는 국산이 중국산 보다 조금 높게 나타났다. 그러나 적색도(a)는 중국산 음나무 수피의 추출물이 적색도가 높았으며 황색도(b) 역시 중국산 추출물이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 갈색도 역시 국내산에 비해 중국산이 높은 수치를 나타내는 경향을 보였다. 가용성고형분의 경우 국산이 중국산 음나무 껍질 추출물에 비해 가용성고형분의 함량이 높게 나타났으며 국산에서는2, 3년생에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 총페놀성화합물의 경우에서도 중국산 보다 국산 음나무 껍질 추출물의 함량이 더 높게 나타났으며 그 중에서도 특히 국산 2년생이 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 전자공여능은 국산 및 중국산 음나무에서 그다지 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 국산이 약간 더 높은 경향을 보였다. 환원당의 경우 중국산에 비해 국산이 높은 함량을 보였으며 국산에서는 그다지 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 조사포닌의 경우 다른 추출물에 비해 국산 2년생 추출물이 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었으며 특히 조사포닌의 경우 그 함량이 일반 인삼의 1/3 정도의 함량을 나타내고 있어 기능성을 기대해 볼 수 있을 것이다.