• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.350-355
• /
• 2009

Bond strength depends on characteristics of bonding surface and restorative technique. The majority of studies dealing with dentin bond strength were carried out on flat bonding surface, therefore, difference of bond strength between axial wall and pulpal wall is not clear yet. This study evaluated bonding difference between cavity walls in class I composite resin restoration with different filling techniques. Twenty extracted caries-free human third molars were used. Cavities were prepared in 6 ${\times}$4 ${\times}$3 mm box-type and divided into four groups according to filling technique and bonding surface: Group I; bulk filling - pulpal wall, Group II; bulk filling - axial wall, Group III; incremental filling - pulpal wall, Group IV; incremental filling - axial wall. Cavities were filled with Filtek $Z250^{(R)}$(3M/ESPE., USA) and Clearfill SE $bond^{(R)}$(Kuraray, Japan). After 24 hour-storage in $37^{\circ}C$water, the resin bonded teeth were sectioned bucco-lingualy at the center of cavity. Specimens were vertically sectioned into 1.0 ${\times}$1.0 mm thick serial sticks perpendicular to the bond surface using a low-speed diamond saw (Accutom 50, Struers, Copenhagen, Denmark) under water cooling. The trimmed specimens were then attached to the testing device and in turn, was placed in a universal testing machine (EZ test, Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan) for micro-tensile testing at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. The results obtained were statistically analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and t-test at a significance level of 95%. The results were as follows: 1. There was no significant difference between bulk filling and incremental filling. 2. There was no significant difference between pulpal wall and axial wall, either. Within the limit of this study, it was concluded that microtensile bond strength was not affected by the filling technique and the site of cavity walls.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.84-94
• /
• 2013

This study scrutinizes the titles of serial poems on Japanese Apricot, which have lucid characters on season and time changes, having been appreciated and recited by the scholars in the Choseon Dynasty era and analyses the records of Zhang zi(1153~1235), a writer in Song(宋) Dynasty in China, having presented the objects harmonizing perfectly with Japanese Apricot. The results of this study categorizes the objects of Japanese Apricot appreciation and establishes the landscape characteristics on Japanese Apricot appreciation affiliated with as follows. First, the objects of Japanese Apricot appreciation are categorized into 'form of blossoms', 'natural feature(景物)', 'place of tree planting', 'the picturesque scene(景色)' and 'behavior'. Second, the scholars regarded the single trees whose branches are grotesque as the objects of appreciation and enjoyed them. They preferred white and single petal Japanese Apricot and admired red Japanese Apricot which has Taoism images. Third, they admired pines and camelias which represent fidelity and strength and valued Japanese Apricot with cranes which remind themselves of solitary scholars. Fourth, they appreciated the images of Japanese Apricot reflected on the water, and the poetically inspiring atmosphere where the trees are planted by the window. Fifth, the moon and snow were crucial weather conditions for appreciating. cold weather and time from night to dawn were ideally suited for enjoying. Sixth, they enjoyed blossoms in various fashions like bottling(甁梅), potting(盆梅), green-housing(龕梅), searching(龕梅) and black-and-white painting(墨梅) with a view to seeing blossoms earlier than the usual flowering time. Moreover, they used paper drapes, bead curtains, mirrors and ice lamps for active appreciation. They also listened to the sound of Piri(wind) and Geomungo(string), played go and drew tea with noble and elegant beauties when they enjoyed Japanese Apricot. The scholars influenced by the neo-Confucianism, which contemplates the objects, attached the specific sentiments like memories, grieves, dreams and farewells to Japanese Apricot and appreciated them. As stated above the scholars enjoyed the landscape including the picturesque scene like climate-weather, time-season and human behaviors not to mention the physical beauty of Japanese Apricot themselves and objects in company with Japanese Apricot including animals and plants.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.39-53
• /
• 2012

It is widely known that knowledge management plays a facilitating role that contributes to upgrading organizational performance. Knowledge management systems (KMS), especially, support the knowledge management process including the sharing, creating, and using of knowledge within a company, and maximize the value of knowledge resources within an organization. Despite this widely held belief, there are few studies that describe how companies actually develop, share, and practice their knowledge. Companies in the domestic small franchise sector, which are in the early stages in terms of knowledge management, need to improve their KMS to manage their franchisees effectively. From this perspective, this study uses a qualitative approach to explore the actual process of knowledge management implementation. This article presents a case study of PB (Paris Baguette) company, which is the first to build a KMS in the franchise industry. The study was able to confirm the following facts through the analysis of target companies. First, the chief executive's support is a critical success factor and this support can increase the participation of organization members. Second, it is important to build a process and culture that actively creates and leverages information in knowledge management activities. The organizational learning culture should be one where the creation, learning, and sharing of new knowledge is developed continuously. Third, a horizontal network organization is needed in order to make relationships within the organization more close-knit. Fourth, in order to connect the diverse processes such as knowledge acquisition, storage, and utilization of knowledge management activities, information technology (IT) capabilities are essential. Indeed, IT can be a powerful tool for improving the quality of work and maximizing the spread and use of knowledge. However, during the construction of an intranet based KMS, research is required to ensure that the most efficient system is implemented. Finally, proper evaluation and compensation are important success factors. In order to develop knowledge workers, an appropriate program of promotion and compensation should be established. Also, building members' confidence in the benefits of knowledge management should be an ongoing activity. The company developed its original KMS to achieve a flexible and proactive organization, and a new KMS to improve organizational and personal capabilities. The PB case shows that there are differences between participants perceptions and actual performance in managing knowledge; that knowledge management is not a matter of formality but a paradigm that assures the sharing of knowledge; and that IT boosts communication skills, thus creating a mutual relationship to enhance the flow of knowledge and information between people. Knowledge management for building organizational capabilities can be successful when considering its focus and ways to increase its acceptance. This study suggests guidelines for major factors that corporate executives of domestic franchises should consider to improve knowledge management and the higher operating activities that can be used.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.612-617
• /
• 1999

The quality characteristics of 15 kinds of the commercial northern sand lance, Ammodytes Personatus sauce (CNS) of korean traditional salt-fermented fish sauces were evaluated comparing to the traditional northern sand lance, Ammodytes Personatus sauce (TNS). The ranges of chemical compositions of the CNSs were $66.5\~71.0\%$ moisture, $19.3\~24.6\%$ ash, $4.7\~12.0\%$ crude protein, and the pH and salinity were $5.56\~6.47\%,\;24.0\~32.9\%$, respectively. Total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, total free amino acid and total ATP related compounds (sum of ATP$\~$IMP, HxR, Hx and uric acid) were in the ranges of 0.781$\~$ 1,918 g, 445.9$\~$1037.9 mg, 3,258.9$\~$6:562.6mg in 100 ml CNSs, and 4.766$\~$8.989 $\mu$mol in 1 ml CNSs. The CNSs were higher in content of moisture, TMAO, TMA and pH, but lower in content of crude protein, salinity, total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, total ATP related compounds, absorbance at 453 nm and total free amino acid than the TNSs, Both CNS and TNS samples were rich in free amino acids, such as glutamic acid, lysine, alanine, leucine, valine, aspartic acid and isoleucine in the order.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.488-494
• /
• 1999

Hydrolytic peptides of salted and fermented anchovy sauce, and anchovy actomyosin for the development of a rapid fermentation method with conventional tastes and flavors were studied. The optimal temperatures of crude enzymes isolated from anchor, liver and viscera of squid were 55, 40$\~$45 and $45\~60^{\circ}C$, respectively. Crude enzyme isolated from anchovy was more effective on hydrolysis of anchovy actomyosin than that from squid liver and viscera. But the crude enzyme from squid liver was less effective on NaCl than that from anchovy. Three peptides occurred in anchovy actomyosin hydrolyzed with crude enzymes from anchovy and squid liver for 30 min. Their molecular weight were determined by Superdex 200 gel chromatography as 10,800, 5,800 and 2,600 dalton. When anchovy sauce was hydrolyzed with crude enzymes of anchovy, squid liver and viscera, and Protamex during 70 days, ranges of their low molecular weight of hydrolyzed peptides were 300$\~$1,000dalton detected by Sephadex G-50 and their major amino acid compositions were glutamic acid, glycine and alanine, which was related with conventional tastes. Those amino acid compositions were similar to those of anchovy sauce hydrolyzed with squid liver, In the case of Protamex treatment, hydrolyzed peptides had high levels of isoleucine and leucine, being associated with the bitter, but a low level of glutamic acid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.35 no.9
• /
• pp.1207-1214
• /
• 2006

The purposes of this study were to determine the estimated dietary fiber (DF) intakes per capita/day of Korean as of 2001 by age groups and sex, and to analyze the major food sources of DF using the data on per capita consumption of each food reported in the 2001 Reports of Korean National Nutrition Survey and the newly-established DF database. The mean daily intakes of DF of Korean increased with increasing age until 49 years and thereafter decreased with aging. The intakes of DF/1,000 kcal increased with increasing age until 64 years and thereafter decreased with aging. On the average, the Korean people under age of 49 did not meet adequate intake (AI) of DF (12 g/1,000 kcal) in Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for the Koreans. The male people less satisfied the AI than the female did. The major food groups contributed to DF intakes of Korean adults were high in the order of vegetables, cereals, fruits, seasonings, legumes and seaweeds. Regardless of age and sex, vegetables, cereals and fruits were three major sources of DF for Koreans who obtained approximately 75% of DF from those sources. It has been shown that rice was the first single food source of DF intake for the age groups less than 12 years, however Kimchi was the first major source for all the age groups over 12 years. The infant and elderly groups obtained more DF from 10 major single food sources than the other age groups did. The results of the study revealed that the present levels of DF intakes of Korean in all age groups except the elderly group are insufficient to meet the AI for DF. Therefore the beneficial effects of DF on health and the increased consumption of DF from the variety of food sources should be emphasized through the continuous nutritional education.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.12 no.6
• /
• pp.607-616
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the self-rated oral health status and oral health concern of 6,094 adults over the age of 19, which were both related to subjective oral health awareness, based on the second-year (2008) raw data of the 4th National Health and Nutrition Survey. 1. As for subjective oral health awareness, 49.4 percent replied they were in bad oral health when they were asked about self-rated oral health status. Regarding oral health concern, 62.6 percent answered they were sort of concerned about oral health. 2. As to oral health indexes by sociodemographic characteristics, there were statistically significant differences in oral health indexes according to gender, age, academic credential, monthly mean household income, frequency of eating between meals and toothbrushing frequency. Smoking made no statistically significant differences to oral health indexes (p<0.000). 3. Concerning self-rated oral health status by sociodemographic characteristics, no significant differences were found according to gender, age and academic credential, and there were statistically significant differences according to monthly mean household income and smoking (p<0.000), frequency of eating between meals (p<0.018), toothbrushing frequency (p<0.003). 4. In relation to oral health concern by sociodemographic characteristics, gender and smoking made no significant differences, and statistically significant differences were found according to age (p<0.003), academic credential, monthly mean household income, frequency of eating between meals and toothbrushing frequency (p<0.000). 5. In regard to the relationship between subjective oral health awareness and oral health indexes, none of the oral health indexes had a significant relationship to self-rated oral health status, and there were statistically significant differences in oral health concern according to functioning teeth index (p<0.011) and community periodontal index (p<0.017).

• Journal of the Korean Child Neurology Society
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.215-220
• /
• 2018

Purpose: Few reports have described the prognostic factors affecting the occurrence of subsequent unprovoked seizure in patients who present with febrile seizure (FS) after 6 years of age. We investigated the prognostic factors affecting the development of unprovoked seizures after FS among patients from Jeju Island. Methods: We included patients who developed FS after 6 years of age, who presented to our outpatient clinic between January, 2011 and June, 2017. Clinical data were obtained through chart reviews and phone call interviews. We used logistic regression analysis to analyze the risk factors associated with the occurrence of subsequent unprovoked seizure. Results: Of the 895 patients who presented to our hospital due to their febrile seizure, 83 developed FS after 6 years of age. Among them, 3 patients were prescribed antiepileptic drugs before the onset of the unprovoked seizure, and 4 patients developed an unprovoked seizure before 6 years of age. Thus, overall, 76 patients were included in the study. 51 patients developed first FS before 6 years of age. In the remaining patients, the first FS developed after 6 years of age. The mean observational period since the last outpatient follow-up visit was 3.2 years (median 3.04 years, range: 1.42-4.71 years). Among them, 21% developed an unprovoked seizure. Logistic regression analysis showed that electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities served as an independent risk factor for a subsequent unprovoked seizure. Conclusion: EEG is the proper diagnostic tool to predict the risk of a subsequent unprovoked seizure in patients with FS after 6 years of age.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.495-505
• /
• 2006

In order to classify aerosol type, Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) and Fine mode Fraction (FF), which is the optical thickness ratio of small particles$(<1{\mu}m)$ to total particles, data from MODIS (MODerate Imaging Spectraradiometer) aerosol products were analyzed over North-East Asia during one year period of 2005. A study area was in the ocean region of $20^{\circ}N\sim50^{\circ}N$ and $110^{\circ}E\simt50^{\circ}E$. Three main atmospheric aerosols such as dust, sea-salt, and pollution can be classified by using the relationship between AOT and FF. Dust aerosol has frequently observed over the study area with relatively high aerosol loading (AOT>0.3) of large particles (FF<0.65) and its contribution to total AOT in spring was up to 24.0%. Pollution aerosol, which is originated from anthropogenic sources as well as a natural process like biomass burning, has observed in the regime of high FF (>0.65) with wide AOT variation. Average pollution AOT was $0.31{\pm}0.05$ and its contribution to total AOT was 79.8% in summer. Characteristic of sea-salt aerosol was identified with low AOT (<0.3), almost below 0.1, and slightly higher FF than dust and lower FF than pollution. Seasonal analysis results show that maximum AOT $(0.33{\pm}0.11)$ with FF $(0.66{\pm}0.21)$ in spring and minimum AOT $(0.19{\pm}0.05)$, FF $(0.60{\pm}0.14)$ in fall were observed in the study area. Spatial characteristic was that AOT increasing trend is observed as closing to the eastern part of China due to transport of aerosols from China by the prevailing westerlies.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.5-33
• /
• 2018

A self-sufficiency service has worked as a typical workfare policy combined with public assistance in Korea since 2000. Despite of its long history, three core pillars in administrating the self-sufficiency service, policy, research, and practice, have respectively understood the meaning of self-sufficiency in terms of their own interests. As a result, the self-sufficiency service has recently faced with its own identity issues by showing failures to its environmental changes. The current situation makes it necessary to reconceptualize the definition of self-sufficiency by exploring its in-depth understanding perceived by service providers. Specifically, we analyzed practical reflections on 35 service providers' experiences which were collected via focus group interviews for two hours. The study findings presented that service providers had two antithetical approaches towards self-sufficiency. While a dominant approach to self-sufficiency has been concentrated on improving clients' economic outcomes such as employment, job retention, the escape from welfare trap, and increasing earnings and assets, the other approach has been extended to empower clients and achieve their well-being and quality of life. Yet, these contrary perspectives have led to suffer from their role confusions and identity crisis between the work-ready process and the employment-oriented outcomes. Specifically, they described self-sufficiency in terms of psychological, social, and integrated aspects. The psychological aspect included a process of developing inner strengths, intensifying job motivation, and coping with barriers of employment. The social aspect meant a path toward social integration through recovering human relationships. The integrated aspect covered more comprehensive support for their recovery of daily life and autonomy to make a decision for their own life. In conclusion, the study findings suggest that self-sufficiency should be more extensively considered as a stepwise process towards work-ready preparations beyond ultimate economic outcomes. Such an extended concept of self-sufficiency could contribute to restructuring the whole practice of self-sufficiency including organizational and program changes in the fields.