• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.450-457
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• 1991

The iron status of 57 female college students was evaluated by measurements of hemoglobinCHb). hematocritCHct) and serum ferritin(Ferritin). Mean values for Hb, Hct and Ferritin were $13.9\pm$ 0.96g/dl, $41.4\pm$ 2.85% and $20.7\pm$ l5.5ng/mL respectively. Ferritin as well as Hb. Hct were not statistically different from normal distribution. although ferritin were skewed to the right. The prevalence of anemia defined by Hb < 12g/dI. Hct ~36 % and Ferritin <12ng/ml were found to be 5.3, 10.3 and 36.8%, respectively. By using Hb as a screening tool at a cutoff point of 12g/dI. 2.8% of healthy subjects will be incorrectly classified as anemic and 90.5 % of anemic as healthy. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated at various cutoff points of Hb and Hct. The estimates of sensitivity and specificity allow Hb 14.0g/dl as cutoff point for good predictor of anemia.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.142
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• pp.265-294
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• 2017

In the early days of human history, the governing groups of rulers needed to justify their rule. The cause of rule became the ruling ideology. In China, the backbone of the ruling ideology was originally referred to as 'Di(帝)' or 'Shangdi(上帝)', who was later replaced by 'Tian(天)', Heaven. So there was a claim that Heaven gave the cause of the rule. This idea is the 'Tianming (天命)' idea. When the Zhou(周) Dynasty took control of the central government, the 'Tianming' idea had had a relatively sophisticated form. It was the 'Zhouli(周禮)' that organized the systematic order of the Zhou Dynasty. After this system collapsed, those who recognized 'Zhouli' as a desirable social system considered the collapse of 'Zhouli' as a situation of turbulent age. It was Qin(秦) State that unified all of the states of the period. However, after the unification, the Qin Dynasty fell sharply. The next dynasty was the Han(漢) Dynasty. The new ruling powers of the Han Dynasty needed to justify their regime. That means that it was necessary to establish the ruling ideology of the Han Dynasty. The representative of the ruling ideology of the Han Dynasty was Dongzhongshu, whose thought was based on Confucianism. His thought was related to "Chunqiugongyangzhuan(春秋公羊傳)", an interpretation of "Chunqiu(春秋)". This interpretation perspective is based on the idea of religious Heaven. Dongzhongshu thought that there were co-communions between Heaven and humans. His thought has the meaning of political theology in which rulers hold the basis of the rulers' sovereignty.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.47-57
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• 2019

Purpose: Osmolar gap (OG) has been used for decades to screen for toxic alcohol levels. However, its reliability may vary due to several reasons. We validated the estimated ethanol concentration formula for patients with suspected poisoning and who visited the emergency department. We examined discrepancies in the ethanol level and patient characteristics by applying this formula when it was used to screen for intoxication due to toxic levels of alcohol. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 153 emergency department cases to determine the measured levels of toxic ethanol ingestion and we calculated alcohol ingestion using a formula based on serum osmolality. Those patients who were subjected to simultaneous measurements of osmolality, sodium, urea, glucose, and ethanol were included in this study. Patients with exposure to other toxic alcohols (methanol, ethylene glycol, or isopropanol) or poisons that affect osmolality were excluded. OG (the measured-calculated serum osmolality) was used to determine the calculated ethanol concentration. Results: Among the 153 included cases, 114 had normal OGs (OG≤14 mOsm/kg), and 39 cases had elevated OGs (OG>14). The mean difference between the measured and estimated (calculated ethanol using OG) ethanol concentration was -9.8 mg/dL. The 95% limits of agreement were -121.1 and 101.5 mg/dL, and the correlation coefficient R was 0.7037. For the four subgroups stratified by comorbidities and poisoning, the correlation coefficients R were 0.692, 0.588, 0.835, and 0.412, respectively, and the mean differences in measurement between the measured and calculated ethanol levels were -2.4 mg/dL, -48.8 mg/dL, 9.4 mg/dL, and -4.7 mg/dL, respectively. The equation plots had wide limits of agreement. Conclusion: We found that there were some discrepancies between OGs and the calculated ethanol concentrations. Addition of a correction factor for unmeasured osmoles to the equation of the calculated serum osmolality would help mitigate these discrepancies.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.421-430
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Lentinus edodes powder on the quality characteristics and antioxidant of rice cookies. The cookies for this experiment was made by 3 main ingredients including rice powder, flour, Lentinus edodes powder. The proportion of rice powder was fixed to 50% for the total amount of ingredients. The amount of reminded 2 ingredients (flour and Lentinus edodes powder) were varied. The amount of flour was decreased up to 38%, and the addition of Lentinus edodes powder was increased to 4%, 8% and 12%. Density of the dough, hardness, total polyphenol content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and reducing power increased with increasing Lentinus edodes powder content. Moisture content, pH of the dough, spread factor, loss rate, leavening rate, and L values of the cookies were decreased with increasing Lentinus edodes powder content. The result of consumer acceptance test revealed that there were no significant differences in smell, taste and overall acceptability, while the preference of color decreased as the amount of Lentinus edodes powder increased. To sum up, the cookies with 12% Lentinus edodes powder can produced the best results in terms of quality and antioxidant potential.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.488-509
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• 2021

Purpose: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a chronic syndrome accompanied by repetitive digestive symptoms that appear in the upper gastrointestinal tract and are not caused by specific diseases. Psychological symptoms like anxiety, depression, insomnia, and somatization are frequently observed in FD. The purpose of this study was to review the effect of herbal medicine on the psychological symptoms that accompany FD. Methods: Database search (PubMed, EMBASE, KISS, Kmbase, KoreanMed, NDSL, OASIS, CNKI) was performed on February 24, 2021; a total of 1825 studies were searched. After the screening, 22 studies were included. Results: The studies were assessed by Cochrane RoB 2 and sorted into a table according to psychological symptoms. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate the effect of herbal medicine. Twenty of the twenty-two studies reported that herbal medicine was significantly more effective than the control group. Only three of the studies did not have a high risk of bias. Conclusion: Herbal medicine was significantly effective with or without Western medicine and had fewer adverse effects. Severe adverse effect was not reported. Psychological symptoms in FD affect onset and duration of FD, and some FD patients want to be treated for their anxiety before other symptoms. Reliable information about treatment for the psychological symptoms of FD is lacking. We reviewed the effect of herbal medicine treatment in this study, the results of which could be selected for primary or secondary treatment for FD.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.706-714
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• 2021

Chemical scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered a major mechanism of antioxidant effects, but preventing ROS generation can be more efficient in attenuating oxidative damage. In this study, the extracts of plants, Solanum lycopersicum, Ailanthus altissima, Equisetum arvense, and Oenothera biennis, were tested to determine whether their antioxidative effects are driven by the prevention of superoxide generation from mitochondria, a major ROS generator. While all the extracts efficiently attenuated the elevation of ROS levels in human fibroblasts and inflammation-induced mice, those of S. lycopersicum, A. altissima, and O. laciniata only suppressed mitochondrial ROS generation and reduced levels of lipofuscin and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the extracts of A. altissima and O. laciniata extended the lifespan of fruit flies. Our results suggest that plant extracts with anti-oxidative effects differ in their ability to prevent ROS generation, which may be associated with the attenuation of oxidative damage in cells and animal tissues.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.273-284
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• 2019

Objective: This study was performed to estimate the number of those who used humidifier disinfectants (HDs) and experienced health effects from exposure to HDs in Korea between 1994 and 2011. Methods: A nationwide interview survey was conducted for the representative sample to identify the proportion of those who used HDs among the general population (n=3,001). Another online survey was conducted for those exposed to HDs to find the proportion of those who experienced health effects among those who were exposed to HDs (n=3,993). Statistics for population size by region and year (1994-2011) were used to estimate the cumulative number of those exposed to HDs and those who experienced health effects. In terms of the proportion of those exposed to HDs, those less than 30 years of age were excluded due to an issue related to information bias. Various approaches for estimation included the capture-recapture method for estimation of those who experienced health effects. Results: The cumulative proportion of those exposed to HDs was 6.7% among the general population, and the proportion of those who experienced health effects among those who were exposed to HDs was 13.9%. Based on these factors, it was estimated that 3.5 to 4.0 million people were exposed to HDs and 350 to 400 thousand experienced health effects at least requiring visiting a hospital. Conclusion: It is suggested that a nationwide representative sample may be essential for population size estimation of those exposed to environmental risk factors and of those who experienced health effects.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.249-256
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• 2019

This paper presents an optimization framework of electrical impedance tomography for characterizing electrical conductivity profiles of concrete structures in two dimensions. The framework utilizes a partial-differential-equation(PDE)-constrained optimization approach that can obtain the spatial distribution of electrical conductivity using measured electrical potentials from several electrodes located on the boundary of the concrete domain. The forward problem is formulated based on a complete electrode model(CEM) for the electrical potential of a medium due to current input. The CEM consists of a Laplace equation for electrical potential and boundary conditions to represent the current inputs to the electrodes on the surface. To validate the forward solution, electrical potential calculated by the finite element method is compared with that obtained using TCAD software. The PDE-constrained optimization approach seeks the optimal values of electrical conductivity on the domain of investigation while minimizing the Lagrangian function. The Lagrangian consists of least-squares objective functional and regularization terms augmented by the weak imposition of the governing equation and boundary conditions via Lagrange multipliers. Enforcing the stationarity of the Lagrangian leads to the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker condition to obtain an optimal solution for electrical conductivity within the target medium. Numerical inversion results are reported showing the reconstruction of the electrical conductivity profile of a concrete specimen in two dimensions.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.667-675
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• 2021

This study conducted a systematic review of evidence-based interventions to confirm the importance of gait in dementia patients and to inform the necessity of various interventions necessary for gait. Based on PRISMA's guidelines and evidence-based intervention, a systematic review were conducted, and papers published in domestic journals for the past 10years were collected, and the dependent variables measured along with the intervention type and gait were analyzed. For data search, research papers from January 2011 to June 2020 were collected through RISS, KISS, the National Library of Korea, and the Library of Congress. The main search terms were 'dementia patient', 'walking', and 'walking ability'. Searched 57 papers on dementia patients and gait that meet the literature selection criteria. Among them, papers overlapping with papers before 2010, papers whose dependent variable is not related to gait ability were excluded, and finally, other than dementia diseases. As for the type of gait intervention, there were many programs related to exercise such as fall prevention and physical activity, and the dependent variables measured along with gait were physically and psychologically diverse. Although domestic studies for dementia patients are conducted in a variety of directions and methods, there are few studies on the improvement of function and gait of the lower extremity part of the body. Therefore, it is necessary to study the multifaceted and various intervention methods for walking in dementia patients.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2021

In ocean field, the spread of the Fourth Industrial Revolution based on information and communication technology requires high precision and stable PNT&D (Position, Navigation, Timing and Data). As the IMO (International Maritime Organization) and IALA (The International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities) are requiring backup systems due to mitigate vulnerabilities and the increase of dependency on GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), Korea is conducting a research & development of R-Mode. An DGPS (Differentiate Global Positioning System) reference station that uses MF, an existing maritime infrastructure, and AIS (Automatic Identification System) base stations that use 34 integrity station and VHF will be utilized in this study to avoid redundant investment. Because there are radio shadow areas that display low signal levels in the west sea, the establishment of new R-Mode reference and integrity station will be intended to resolve problems regrading the radio shadow area. Because the frequency has a characteristic in that radio wave transmits well along the ground (water surface) in low frequency band, simulation and measurement were conducted therefore this paper to propose candidate sites for R-Mode reference and integrity station resulted through p wave's propagation characteristics analysis. Using this paper, R-Mode reference and integrity station can be established at appropriate locations to resolve radio shadow areas in other regions.