• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.4
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• pp.424-430
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• 1990

The variation of needle, cone and seed characteristics and of allelic frequency in isoenzyme, ADH, ME and PGI, according to different resin duct index in Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and their hybrids was analyzed. The results obtained were as follows : 1. With increase of number of resin ducts, morphological characteristics such as needle length, needle sheath length, cone size, seed size, seed wing size, 1000 seeds weight, etc. tended to he increased, while number of stomata row in needle to be decreased. 2. As the results of discriminant analysis for the morphological characteristics of needle, cone and seed, most individuals are generally coincided with number of resin duct mostly in Pinus densiflora were not. 3. According to the canonical discriminant function obtained from the morphological characteristics in Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and their hybrids including introgressive hybrid, the resin duct index, 1000 seeds weight, cone size and neelde sheath length characterized fairly their species. 4. With increase of resin duct index, hybrid index tended to be higher. The results obtained from the discriminant analysis and the hybrid index were nearly same each other. 5. With increase of number of resin duct, the allelic frequencies for isoenzyme, ADH-$B_2$, ME-$A_2$ and PGI-$B_1$. $B_2$ tended to increase but those of ADH-$B_3$, ME-$A_4$, and PGI-$B_3$, to decrease. It is thought that this increase of frequency for the former four isoenzymes was resulted in introgressive gene flow from Pinus thunbergii to Pines densiflora and accordingly the frequency of latter three isoenzymes tended to decrease.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.305-314
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• 2007

We studied spatial and temporal distributions of the phytoplankton and their relationships to physico-chemical environmental factors in the western Jinhae Bay, Korea from November 2003 to August 2004. In most cases, physico-chemical environmental factors showed homogeneous distribution. The phytoplankton communities were composed of mainly diatoms and dinoflagellates, and their standing crops ranged from $16{\times}10^3\;cells\;l^{-1}\;to\;5,845{\times}10^3\;cells\;l^{-1}$ (with a mean value of $555{\times}10^3\;cells\;l^{-1}$). The bloom of phytoplankton was observed in Gohyun Port in the summer. Seasonal variation of phytoplankton standing crops was higher in winter and summer than in spring and autumn. The dominant species were Skeletonema costatum, Akashiwo sanguinea, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, Dactyliosolen sp., Leptocylindrus danicus, cryptomonads and etc. Especially, S. costatum was predominant in the summer and A. sanguinea (spring and autumn), Pseudo-nitzschia sp. (summer), Guinardia striata (spring), unidentified flagellates (summer) and cryptomonads (spring) appeared to be an opportunistic species. Concentrations of Chl a ranged from $0.6{\mu}g{\cdot}l^{-1}\;to\;16.7{\mu}g{\cdot}l^{-1}$ (with a mean value of $3.4{\mu}g{\cdot}l^{-1}$). The results of the canonical correspondence analysis implies the study area was grouped into the 2 water masses (inner and outer waters of Gohyun Port) and inner waters had higher abundance and Chl a concentration than outer waters. Also, phytoplankton sanding crops were related with temperature, DO and nutrients ($SiO^2$, TN, TP and etc.) in inner waters. Inner water-mass of Gohyun Port expanded between Gacho Is. and Chilchon Is. during the winter.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.223-237
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• 2011

The intermittent freshwater discharge has an critical influence upon the biophysical environments and the ecosystems of the Yeongsan Estuary where the estuary dam altered the continuous mixing of saltwater and freshwater. Though freshwater discharge is controlled by human, the extreme events are mainly driven by the heavy rainfall in the river basin, and provide various impacts, depending on its magnitude and frequency. This research aims to evaluate the magnitude and frequency of extreme freshwater discharges, and to establish the magnitude-frequency relationships between basin-wide rainfall and freshwater inflow. Daily discharge and daily basin-averaged rainfall from Jan 1, 1997 to Aug 31, 2010 were used to determine the relations between discharge and rainfall. Consecutive daily discharges were grouped into independent events using well-defined event-separation algorithm. Partial duration series were extracted to obtain the proper probability distribution function for extreme discharges and corresponding rainfall events. Extreme discharge events over the threshold 133,656,000 $m^3$ count up to 46 for 13.7y years, following the Weibull distribution with k=1.4. The 3-day accumulated rain-falls which occurred one day before peak discharges (1day-before-3day -sum rainfall), are determined as a control variable for discharge, because their magnitude is best correlated with that of the extreme discharge events. The minimum value of the corresponding 1day-before-3day-sum rainfall, 50.98mm is initially set to a threshold for the selection of discharge-inducing rainfall cases. The number of 1day-before-3day-sum rainfall groups after selection, however, exceeds that of the extreme discharge events. The canonical discriminant analysis indicates that water level over target level (-1.35 m EL.) can be useful to divide the 1day-before-3day-sum rainfall groups into discharge-induced and non-discharge ones. It also shows that the newly-set threshold, 104mm, can just separate these two cases without errors. The magnitude-frequency relationships between rainfall and discharge are established with the newly-selected lday-before-3day-sum rainfalls: $D=1.111{\times}10^8+1.677{\times}10^6{\overline{r_{3day}}$, (${\overline{r_{3day}}{\geqq}104$, $R^2=0.459$), $T_d=1.326T^{0.683}_{r3}$, $T_d=0.117{\exp}[0.0155{\overline{r_{3day}}]$, where D is the quantity of discharge, ${\overline{r_{3day}}$ the 1day-before-3day-sum rainfall, $T_{r3}$ and $T_d$, are respectively return periods of 1day-before-3day-sum rainfall and freshwater discharge. These relations provide the framework to evaluate the effect of freshwater discharge on estuarine flow structure, water quality, responses of ecosystems from the perspective of magnitude and frequency.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.395-406
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• 2009

Fifty four Hanwoo steers in final fattening period were assigned to 3 groups control, top dressed $PROSOL^{(R)}$ as an emulsifier (TP) and DSP group (experimental diet made to down spec of nutrients with $PROSOL^{(R)}$, which is sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate), based on the body weight (647.96${\pm}$41.31 kg) and months of age (27.3${\pm}$0.8 mo), and the experiment was conducted to establish the reasonable fattening method of Hanwoo steers for 91 days. Average daily body gains during trial were 0.94, 0.84 and 0.98 kg in control, TP and DSP, respectively (P=0.011). DDMI/ADG of TP group tend to lightly improving compared to control and DSP group (P=0.692). There was no effect of supplementation of the $PROSOL^{(R)}$ in concentrates on growth rate, feed efficiency and shrinkage in Hanwoo steers during the short final fattening period. MQI from TP and DSP was not different based on the rib-eye area and carcass weight in carcass than that from control. Back fat thickness tended to be thicker than control (P>0.05). Marbling score, texture and maturity for TP and DSP was abundantly to increase compared to control (P<0.003). There was significantly increment in supplemented $PROSOL^{(R)}$ (P<0.0001). The meat quality grade of control, TP and DSP were 2.94, 3.78 and 4.50, respectively. Related to this result, the auction price (carcass/kg) were gained significantly (P<0.003) from control (17,560), TP (18,586) and DSP (19,266 won) so which the monetary return was the highest in DSP and the differences was recognized between TP and DSP. Percentage over 1st grade appeared in control, TP and DSP were 55.4, 88.9 and 100.0%, respectively. These results supported the hypothesis that supplementation of emulsifier improve the marbling score and the carcass quality grade by increased digestibilities of the feed fat in Hanwoo steers in fattening period.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.133-152
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• 2011

This is a short-term longitudinal study investigating the relationships between changes in mental health and academic burnout among Korean middle school students. Study sample consisted of 409 middle school students in Seoul provision, with 161 male, 216 female, and 32 unidentified. Both Symptom Check List(SCL-47) and Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey(MBI-SS) were used. In order to examine the pattern of changes in mental health and academic burnout among students, standardized residuals were calculated using regression equations which were then put into canonical correlation analysis. The results of this study are as follows. First, according to Function 1, among sub-factors of mental health, decreases in depression, compulsion, anxiety, and hostility were particularly associated with decreases in exhaustion and cynicism among academic burnout. Put in another way, students who showed increases in depression, compulsion, anxiety, and hostility experienced more academic exhaustion and cynicism. Second, according to Function 2, increases in phobic anxiety, compulsion with decreases in anxiety, depression were associated with decrease in academic exhaustion and increase in cynicism. Considering Russell's dimensional theory of emotion, Function 1 showed that mental health symptoms including both aroused and non-aroused affects were related with increases in exhaustion and cynicism while Function 2 showed that mental health symptoms including only aroused aspects were related with decrease in exhaustion and increase in cynicism. Thus, a conclusive intervention program seems to be required to deal with both aroused and non-aroused affects of students who are experiencing increased exhaustion and cynicism. On the other hand, an intervention program focused on aroused affects seems appropriate to students who are experiencing decreased exhaustion and increased cynicism. This study has its value in that it has enhanced understanding of students in school and counseling settings by revealing the relationships between mental health and academic burnout among adolescents and suggested differentiated intervention strategies based on patterns of students' academic burnout.