• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.100-121
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• 2009

This study is subjected to those gardens of the Korean Folk Village 'Oeam-Ri' designed in 1920s. - transitional period of traditional gardens - and define socio-cultural change's influences and through documents on garden design, descendant's testimony and measured drawings, to understand that period's garden culture's characteristics according to garden design elements. This study applied following analysis methods and procedures to derive out characteristics of transitional garden culture. Analysis on socio-cultural characteristics in 1920s. Analysis on actual condition of transitional garden's design. In this point Outline of the Garden, Space formation, Garden designing elements are (1) water landscape, (2) plant, (3) structures, (4) paving, to derive out characteristics of the transitional garden. The results follow as below; First, during the transitional period 1920s, the economical development, fueled by opening nation's door to foreign countries and indication of collapse of statue systems together with idea of practical science and Enlightenment Thought, was element of changes in garden style. Second, Garden Designers of transitional gardens in 'Oeam-Ri' were limited to upper class of the society. They were wealthy enough to maintain their high social statue in rapidly changing society. As results, tendency of returning to nature developed gardens located in a site of scenic beauty and development of geographical features arranging techniques, and also showed copying foreign styles. Third, arrangement of garden and space composition, in most cases, composed of buildings and yards. Changes in water landscape features and garden spaces are centered to main-yard. Major changes of the garden spaces are water landscapes and plants that showing foreign influences. Fifth, scenic appearance techniques appears with dense garden space and emphasizing visual scenic view. Sixth, the characteristics of transitional garden design techniques are development of geographical feature arranging techniques, changes and mixture of the materials and garden types, emphasizing garden's decorative beauty, change of concept of yard within house into garden, changes from 'borrowing of landscapes' to 'selecting landscapes', changes of front garden from emptiness to fullness, changes of attitudes of enjoying gardens from 'staying calm in the garden' to 'moving or walking in the garden', changes to inner-oriented view, and changes from 'just watching and enjoying the nature' to 'enjoying specific objects'. This study is one of the efforts to restore the identity of Korean Traditional Garden by approaching and observing modern era which function as bridge between tradition and present day, and we observed transitional aspects of changes of traditional garden into modern garden. Hereafter, more studies will be needed to Modern Garden Design be recognized as part of Korean Garden Design History and these would be author's next assignment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.84-95
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• 2010

This study is an introductory survey of the labyrinth/maze in gardens. The term 'garden labyrinth' may seem an oxymoron given that the garden represents the terrestrial paradise, while the labyrinth is a symbol of the most chaotic face of the world. In etymological and ontological terms, however, gardens are enclosed places and this characteristic corresponds to the character of the labyrinth, which is the one of the oldest signs in human civilization, symbolizing the paths of human life filled with uncertainty and complexity. The garden labyrinth has developed in various forms and shapes since the Renaissance period. Literature and paintings contributed to the dissemination of the concepts of the garden labyrinth, especially in the form of the 'garden of love'. While the labyrinths in ancient and medieval times focused on plane shapes and symbolic and/or spiritual meanings, later garden labyrinths emphasized the three dimensional form and synesthetic pleasures. New patterns, which deviated from the classical unicursal form, emerged in the Petit Parc at Versailles in the 17th century. The garden labyrinth/maze was easy to adopt in formal gardens because of its geometric form, but for that reason, it went on to decline during the fad of picturesque garden. In this study, a brief history of labyrinths, the patterns, forms, and arrangement of the garden labyrinths in the formal gardens of the Renaissance and Baroque periods and its meanings are reviewed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2018

This study investigated the recognition of Koreanesss, preference factors and the difference of recognition from adjacent Chinese and Japanese gardens for foreign visitors of Seoul gardens, a Korean traditional garden located within the Marzahn garden in Berlin, Germany. Overall, the Chinese garden and the Japanese garden were better known to most visitors than the Seoul garden due to their earlier construction. The awareness of the specialty to the Korean garden was at an average level indicating most visitors did not recognize the difference among the traditional gardens constructed from other countries. These less awareness on the Korean garden was because the traditional gardens of the three countries are located adjacent to the park in a continuous landscape with similar plant species created through natural planting techniques. This means the Korean garden is required for considering diversity and representativeness of planting species, uniqueness in space composition and recognition of Korean oriental garden culture in an initial design project stage. Visitors without prior information has better understanding on Korean garden and higher revisit intention resulting in increasing publicity and understanding of Korean traditional garden. Among the preference factors representing Koreaness of the Seoul gardens, the waterfall, stream, pavilion and natural stone within the water landscape were visitors favorite interests due to design concept with a representative Korean stream scenery of Dokrack-dang and Byeolseo garden resulting in differences from the landscape displaying technique for other oriental gardens. These stylistic differences in the dominant landscaping of garden architecture from surrounding the physical environments, the garden displaying technique derived from Korean natural landscape can be recognized as an unique garden element for foreign visitors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.81-91
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to establish a system of planning elements necessary for effective healing garden. We suggested new planning parts and elements for healing garden through analyzing prior literature and evaluated the importance of planning elements through expert surveys. The results of the study are stated as follows. First, we suggested five planning parts and 19 planning elements. $\LARGE{\cdot}$ Planning parts: Physical environment, social environment, cognitive environment, functional environment, psychological environment. $\LARGE{\cdot}$ Planning elements: Plant planting, garden view, hydroponic space, shade space, work space, recreation space, community space, exercise space, landmark element, sign system, safe facilities and materials, disaster safety facility, universal design, accessible path, economical maintenance, sight openness, privacy guaranteed, variety of resting space, artistic element. Second, as a result of analyzing the importance of planning elements, the first place was the planting, the second place was the safety facilities for the disaster, and the third was diversity of rest space. In addition, the artistic elements and the landmark elements were ranked 18th and 19th, respectively. Third, we evaluated the level of importance of planning elements and classified it into three groups. The most important A group included two elements(plant planting, disaster safety facility), the next important B group included eleven elements(variety of resting space, community space, hydroponic space, universal design, safe facilities and materials, economical maintenance, accessible path, privacy guaranteed, garden view, work space, sight openness) and the less important C group included six elements(shade space, exercise space, recreation space, sign system, artistic element, landmark element). We suggest that, in creating a healing garden, the two elements in A group are essential elements and the eleven elements in B group should be importantly applied. In addition, the six elements in C group are recognized as arbitrarily selectable elements due to the relatively low importance levels.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.67-73
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• 2022

This study tracked the changing process of unregistered private house gardens by using the form at the time of the construction of gardens as the prototype of each garden, investigated the spatial value of the garden, and discussed the historical spatial value of unregistered private house gardens in terms of inheritance and change of traditional gardens. To this end, targeting on unregistered private house gardens in Gangwon-do, which are in danger of preserving their gardens due to the recent increase in the number of designated cultural heritage dismantled, the patterns of unregistered private house gardens, their characteristics and values were identified through the spatial change of the garden, and the following results were derived. First, the unregistered private house gardens were able to inherit and maintain the form of a traditional garden, being located in a clan village. The garden space was divided by the influence of Confucian philosophy, and the components of the garden, tree species and planting methods appeared differently. In other words, the use of garden components according to the status hierarchy appeared. Second, space reduction was continuously confirmed at four target sites. The reduced spaces are garden spaces, and part of the garden was attributed to the state due to the building of new road and environmental improvement project. The reduced spaces are garden spaces, and part of the garden was attributed to the state due to the new road and environmental improvement project. Third, eight old big trees over 100 years old were identified in three of the four target sites, and the garden components such as stone water tanks, quickset doors, and ponds were commonly identified in Korea, China, and Japan during the Joseon Dynasty, inheriting the historicity of the traditional garden.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.35-51
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• 2017

Street gardens, a series of streetscape improvement projects led by Seoul City Government, are initiated for the purpose of providing aesthetic satisfaction and mental refreshment to pedestrians. In order to investigate whether street gardens indeed promote the psychological health of the users, questionnaire surveys were conducted on three selected street gardens - at Gangnam-daero, Digital-ro, and Teheranro - and their comparison sites located on the same streets, which have a similar physical environment but without a street garden. The survey questionnaires, based on Attention Restoration Theory, were composed of Perceived Restorativeness Scale-11 with the eleven individual questions grouped into four categories: 'Fascination', 'Being away', 'Coherence', and 'Scope'. The survey questionnaires also ask about physical components that promote psychological improvement in the aforementioned categories. The collected data was analyzed with factor analysis, reliability analysis, and independent t-test. The results suggested that street gardens had a relatively positive effect on the psychological restorativeness of the users. In particular, they gave fascination and interest to the users. However, they did not offer a feeling of being away to the users, which revealed the limitation in the psychological improvement effect of street gardens. The physical components of the street garden that have led the psychological restorativeness effect were wooden bench, tree, and flower. This result corresponds to an extant theory that natural factors have a positive effect on the psychological restorativeness within a hardscape. This research will shed light on the planning and design guidelines for the street garden project.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2016.03a
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• pp.89-90
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• 2016

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2017.10a
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• pp.13-15
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• 2017

정원(Garden)은 거주하는 주택과 외부공간의 전이공간 및 소통의 역할을 하고 있는 장소이며, 한국조경헌장에서 조경의 대상에 첫 번째로 거론되고 있는 중요한 조경계획의 대상이다. 조경학과 대학생들이 조경계획수업 시간에 처음 맞이하게 되는 주택정원설계에서 그들이 갖고 있는 정원에 대한 주제, 시설, 식재의 주요 사항들을 파악하고자 본 연구를 시작하였으며, 연구의 대상은 조경학과 대학생 2학년과정이며 시간적 범위는 2012년부터 2015년까지 4개년의 과제제출물을 대상으로 하였다. 대학생들의 정원설계작품을 살펴본 결과 첫째, 대학생들의 정원설계에서 사용되는 주요 주제는 가족과의 활동과 개인 취미생활, 자연에 관한 주제가 가장 많이 표현되었고, 이것은 정원안에서 개인과 가족과의 관계성을 고려하고 배려하는 곳이 정원이라는 인식을 갖고 있다고 보여진다. 둘째, 정원설계에서 조성되는 주요 시설은 휴양시설, 관리시설, 조경시설 순으로 배치되어 있으며, 일부 설계안에서는 교양시설과 유희시설이 조성되어 있었다. 셋째, 정원설계 작품의 식재경향은 교목위주의 식재가 많고, 관목과 지피와의 다층구조식재의 설계안은 몇 작품 보이지 않았으며, 독립식재와 군식 및 열식이 조화롭게 배치되지 못하고 있고, 지피류를 도입한 설계안이 많지 않았다. 오늘날의 정원설계는 다양한 디자인이 요구되고 있고, 근래 다수의 정원박람회에 출품되고 있는 정원작품 또한 디자인과 재료, 주제의 다양성이 풍부해지고 있다. 따라서, 대학생들의 정원설계과정에서 현재 학생들이 갖고 있는 주택정원에 대한 주요 요소에 대하여 다양성과 지속가능성을 높여줄 수 있는 효과적인 방향설정이 필요하다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.21-31
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• 2014

This study aims to comparison of spatial composition that Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden. Construct background and space structure in both of Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden is analyzed. The results were as follows. First, Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden of the nobles gardens in late Joseon dynasty. They had the advanced techniques of contemporary based on their political power and wealth, and therefore could built garden and enjoy the garden culture of the upper layer. Furthermore, composition of the Okhojeong garden can be assumed that it is related to construction of the Seokpajeong garden through analysis of the relationship between builders. Secondly, Space structure of Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden is divided into pavilion unit of small gardens with living space as the center. Construction pavilion in each garden space imbues certain landscape theme. In addition, authorization of characteristics of a place in each area is attempted through boundary establishment and selective garden culture of varied seasonal landscape. Thirdly, In Seokpajeong garden, most of construction characteristics of Okhojeong garden are appeared. This indicates that Seokpajeong garden was affected by space-configuration-technique of Okhojeong garden such as acceptation or modification recreation. Fourth, In many cases, fanciers regarding floriculture are expanded to enthusiasts in late Joseon dynasty. In Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden, herbaceous ornamental is considered to be precious and garden materials such as water tray, stone couch, oddly shaped stone, potted plant, artificial hill, wisteria trellis are diversified at the time.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 2011

This study aims to discuss the characteristics of garden architecture in Italian Renaissance Villa Lante that was constructed by the cardinal in Bagnaia at 16th century through actual survey and analysis of the garden's elements. To do this, it was studied in two ways: Analysis of the present conditions and review historical documents. The results are as follows. First, the buildings, the gardens and the surrounding landscapes are visually connected each other in relations between the topography and the surrounding landscapes. Second, the spatial composition accepted Neoplatonic law of multiple proportions and was influenced by ancient myth and "Liber ruralium commodorum" of Pietro de Crescenzi(1305). Third, the garden's elements consist of plants, buildings and items. In plants, the upper plants are fir tree, cypress and pine tree and the lower plants are english holly, box tree and sweet oleander. The buildings are casino, loggia and terrace. The items are pot, sundial, chair, viewing platform and fountain. The result of this study, the political and social, technical phenomena which constitute construction pattern affected the locational property and the spatial organization of the neighbor on Villa Lante.