• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.132-140
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• 2006

On December, 1996, Construction Management(CM) was introduced in Korean construction industry due to its managerial efficiency proven in the international construction industries. However, It have had serious problems with many regulations, standards, manuals and details of practices considering its constituents and industry conditions. Especially, there were controversial points in the CM fee estimate; difference between the fee on the owner's view point and that from contractor's that impedes appropriate CM services. Therefore, this paper is to analyze public construction projects into Cm fee calculation such as fee as a percent of construction cost, cost plus fixed fee and contract price, and analyzed what is irrationality and why irrationality is made. So it makes a contribution to a study on standards for paper CM fee calculation.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.163-166
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• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between elapsed time after semen preservation on the changes of bacteria and semen quality. Semen was diluted with BTS(Beltsville Thawing Solution) extender without antibiotic for 7 days and sperm parameter and fertility were measured. Sperm motility was measured by CASA and total bacteria number was counted after 22~24 hr incubation from counting agar plate in which sperm dilute to $10{\sim}10^6$ in 0.9% saline solution and inoculate to agar. Acrosomal integrity was measured by Chlortetracycline (CTC) staining. CTC patterns were uniform fluorescence over the whole head (pattern F), characteristic of incapacitated acrosome-intact spermatozoa; fluorescence-free band in the post-acrosomal region (pattern B), characteristic of capacitated acrosome-intact spermatozoa; and almost no fluorescence over the whole head except for a thin band in the equatorial segment (pattern AR), characteristic of acrosome reacted spermatozoa. Total number of bacteria was significantly increased (p<0.0001) 3 days after preservation. Sperm motility, viability, and morphological abnormality on elapsed time after preservation were lower from 5 ($77.24{\pm}6.47$, p<0.001) and 7 days ($77.24{\pm}6.47$, p<0.001) after preservation compared to 1 ($15.71{\pm}7.18$) and 3 days($18.39{\pm}7.22$) after preservation, respectively. Sperm viability was significantly lower ($53.25{\pm}35.03$, p<0.0001) at 7 days after preservation. Morphological abnormality of sperm was lower (p<0.001) at 1 ($15.71{\pm}7.18$) and 3 ($18.39{\pm}7.22$) days compared to 5 ($21.84{\pm}7.91$) and 7 ($22.59{\pm}9.93$) days after preservation. Acrosomal integrity and capacitation rate (pattern F) were significantly lower (p<0.001) from 5 days after preservation. Based on the data we obtained from this study suggested that semen preserved more than 5 days without antibiotic would not recommend use for artificial insemination.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.146-153
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• 2016

This work studies the equilibrium behavior of customers and optimal pricing strategies of the sever in a continuous-time M/M/1 queueing system. In this work, we consider two pricing models. The first one is called the ex-ante payment scheme where the server charges a flat price for all services, and the second one is called the ex-post payment scheme where the server charges a price that is proportional to the time a customer spends in the system. In each pricing model, the departing customer receives the reward that is inversely proportional to his/her sojourn time. The server should make the optimal pricing decisions in order to maximize its expected profit per unit time in each payment scheme. This work also investigates customer's equilibrium joining or balking behaviors under server's optimal pricing strategies. Numerical experiments are conducted to help the server best select one between two pricing models.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.10B
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• pp.676-688
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• 2005

We introduced mathematical economic analysis model for understanding the fairness of charge from VoIP providers for interconnection of access network. In order to set up this model we made four assumptions predictable in the real world. Also we proposed two accounting method that is flat-rate-pricing and usage-based-pricing and tried to propose which method is more desirable to charge for interconnection on the basis of social welfare and activation of market competitiveness. The outcome of this study includes the reasonable accounting method for interconnection between telephone network and IP Phone network which is most effective to ensure the social welfare and market competitiveness

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to identify the method on extended canine semen exposed to freezing as assessed by motility, survival and acrosomal changes following different freezing ramp rates. Five ejaculates collected by digital manipulation twice weekly from three dogs (Shih-Tzu) were added Tris-Egg Yolk (TE) buffer and divided into 4 aliquots according to formulation of our laboratory. After cooling to 4$^{\circ}C$ by ramp rate of 0.6$^{\circ}C$/min, the samples frozen by ramp rates of 1.6$^{\circ}C$/min to -$25^{\circ}C$, 3$^{\circ}C$/min to -35$^{\circ}C$, 8.9$^{\circ}C$/min to -7$0^{\circ}C$ and 19$^{\circ}C$/min to -11$0^{\circ}C$, respectively, and then stored in L$N_2$for 2days. Each sample was evaluated on their motility, survivability and acrosome integrity at different thawing temperature. The ramp rate of 3$^{\circ}C$/min to -35$^{\circ}C$/h for freezing and thawing temperature of 37$^{\circ}C$ obtained the highest results to improve survivability, motile spermatozoa and intact acrosome appearance than other onditions. In conclusion, we may suggest freezing semen for canine artificial insemination is more efficient with freezing at a ramp rate of -3$^{\circ}C$/min to -35$^{\circ}C$ and thawing with a water bath adjusted to 37$^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 1985

Eight 2-yr old bulls from Artificial Breeding Center, NLCF were used to determine the effectof collection frequency on semen characteristics and sexual activity. Two successive ejaculates per day were collected by artificial vagina for 4 weeks on weekly or twice a week. Total ejaculate volume included 2nd ejaculates for one time and two time bulls was 6.8ml and 6.0ml, but there was no significant difference between collection intervals. Sperm concentration of one time and two time bulls averaged 0.79$\times$109/ml and 0.89$\times$109/ml, respectively. Total sperm per ejaculate was 5.14$\times$109 for one time bulls and 5.45$\times$10 for two time bulls. Two time bulls had slight more sperm per ml and ejaculate than one time bulls, but there were no significant differences between two group bulls. Sperm motility and semen pH of two time bulls was slightly better than that of one time bulls. In changes of bulk minerals in semen, solium concentration of two time bulls was similar to that of one time bulls. Potassium and calcium was more concentrated in one time bulls than in two time bulls, but these concentrations did not differ significantly. Libido score for two time bulls was higher than that for one time bulls. However, there was no difference between two groups and these scores did not change for 4 weeks in two goups. Total time to 2nd ejaculation was 16.3 sec for one time bulls and 20.5 sec for two time bulls.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.745-748
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• 2011

현재 양돈산업에서의 인공수정(Artificial Insemination, AI) 기술은 1994년 이후 본격적으로 국내 양돈농가에 보급되어 양돈 산업 발전에 많은 영향을 주었다. 현재 국내 비육돈 임신의 80% 이상이 인공수정 센터에 공급하는 정액에 의해 이뤄지는 등 양돈 산업에서 차지하는 비중과 중요성이 매우 중요하며, 또한 국내 양돈 산업분야의 인공수정 기술은 번식과 육종개량 분야에서 절대적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 이러한 중요성에도 불구하고 전국 AI센터의 정액 생산 및 공급에 관한 기록은 53%이상 수기에 의존하고 있다. 그나마 이에 대한 수집된 현장자료는 전국 AI센터의 개별시스템에 수작업으로 입력 관리되어 원시 데이타의 오류 및 통합정보 활용이 매우 어렵다. 이에 XML을 기반으로 전국 AI센터의 통합정보 관리시스템 모델을 제안한다. 제안된 정보관리 모델은 웹을 기반으로 전국 AI센터의 정보를 통합관리 활용할 수 있으며, 이를 통해 통합된 정보의 통계분석, 미래 예측분석 자료 등으로 활용되어 효율적인 돼지개량 체계를 구축할 것으로 기대한다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.229-237
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• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to empirically identify whether unit bias exists or not under the flat rate pricing in the Korean mobile telecommunication market and to give the desirable form of pricing plans for minimizing this irrational behaviors. Our results show that with the flat rate pricing consumers tends to make more voice or data traffic over their optimal consumption level, meaning the existence of unit bias in the Korean mobile market. These results imply that under the current pricing plans subscribers may pay higher monthly fee than their optimal cost which maximizes their utility, for using the telecommunications service. Thus, policy makers need to consider adopting mobile operators' segmentation of the flat rate pricing plans for the reduction of subscribers' telecommunications costs and the improvement of consumer welfare.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.333-335
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• 1999

This study was carried out to find out the effect on fertilizing capacity according to sperm concentration of liquid boar semen. Four different doses with various motile sperm cells of 3.0$\times$10$^{9}$ , 2.5$\times$10$^{9}$ , 2.0$\times$10$^{9}$ , and $1.5\times$10$^{9}$ per 80$m\ell$ plastic bottle were inseminated twice 12 h interval after standing estrus in 6,818 sows. Farrowing rate and total piglets per litter were 82.2% and 10.9, respectively, with no significant differences among the other treatments. The presumption of optimal concentration of motile sperm cells in the liquid boar semen was best at 2.0~2.3$\times$10$^{9}$ per dose.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.377-383
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to examine effect of ethylene glycol for semen cryopreservation in Korean Jeju Black Bull. The semen was cryopreserved with extenders containing cryoprotectants (7% glycerol and 3%, 5%, 7% ethylene glycol) and packed to 0.5 ml straws. The semen straws were located above 3 cm of liquid nitrogen for 5 min, 5 cm for 10 min and 8 cm for 10 min. And then frozen straw was plunged into $LN_2$. Post-thawed sperm motility, viability and membrane integrity were significantly higher in 5% ethylene glycol ($72.5{\pm}5.00%$, $54.88{\pm}0.66%$ and $46.00{\pm}2.40%$; p<0.05). Motility and viability were similar between 7% glycerol and 5% ethylene glycol. However, the membrane integrity was significantly higher in 5% ethylene glycol ($34.69{\pm}4.64%$ vs $46.00{\pm}2.40%$; p<0.05). The viability and membrane integrity were significantly higher in 5 cm for 10 min and 8 cm for 10 min than 3 cm for 5 min (viability: $55.81{\pm}2.94$, $55.19{\pm}3.34$ vs $47.94{\pm}3.48%$; p<0.05 and membrane integrity: $44.94{\pm}3.51$, $46.06{\pm}2.25$ vs $40.38{\pm}1.03%$; p<0.05). The percentage of capacitated sperm assessed by CTC staining, percentage of F pattern was higher in 7% glycerol, 5% and 7% ethylene glycerol, and AR pattern was significantly higher in 3% ethylene glycol. F pattern was significantly increased in 5 cm for 10 min and 8 cm for 10 min (p<0.05), but AR pattern was significantly increased in 3 cm for 5 min (p<0.05).