• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.583-597
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• 2014

Fire caused by heater has various causes as many as the types of heater. also, lots of damage of human life and property loss are caused, since annually continuous fire accident by heater in traditional market is frequently occurring. There are not many cases of fire due to heater in most of residential facilities such as general house, apartments, etc., because they are supplied with heating boiler, however the restaurant, store and office of the market, sports center, factory, workplace, etc. still use heater, e.g. oilstove, electric heater, etc., so that they are exposed to fire hazard. Also, when investigating the number of fire due to heater, it was analyzed to occur in order of home boiler, charcoal stove, oilstove, gas heater/stove, electric stove/heater, the number of fire per human life damage was analyzed in order of gas heater/stove, oil heater/stove, electric heater/stove, briquette/coal heater. Also, gas and oil related heater were analyzed to have low frequency, however, with high fire intensity. Therefore, this research aimed at considering more scientific fire inspection and identification approach by reenacting and reviewing fire outbreak possibility caused by combustibles' contact and conductivity under the normal condition and abnormal condition in respect of ignition hazard, i.e. minimum ignition temperature, carbonization degree and heat flux along with it, due to oilstove and electric stove, which are still frequently used in public use facility, traditional market, and, of which actual fire occurrence is the most frequent. As the result of reenact test, ignition hazard appeared very small, as long as enough heat storage condition is not made in both test objects(oilstove/electric stove), however carbonization condition was analyzed to be proceeded per each part respectively. Eventually, transition to fire is the ignition due to heat storage, so that it was analyzed to ignite when minimum heat storage temperature condition of fire place is over $500^{\circ}C$. Particularly, in case of quartz pipe, the heating element of electric stove, it is rapidly heated over the temperature of $600^{\circ}C$ within the shortest time(10sec), so that the heat flux of this appears 6.26kW/m2, which was analyzed to result in damage of thermal PVC cable and second-degree burn in human body. Also, the researcher recognized that the temperature change along with Geometric View Factor and Fire Load, which display decrease of heat, are also important variables to be considered, along with distance change besides temperature condition. Therefore, the researcher considers that a manual of careful fire inspection and identification on this is necessary, also, expects that scientific and rational efforts of this research can contribute to establish manual composition and theoretical basis on henceforth fire inspection and identification.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2010

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate distribution of particle size in phytate kit and compare filtered method with non-filtered method using 200 nm filter for sentinel lymphoscintigraphy (SLS). Materials and Methods: Five phytate kit of having the same available period was measured by particle size analyzer. For in-vivo experiment, $^{99m}Tc$-phytate was injected intradermally at both foot to perform lymphoscintigraphy. Imaging was acquired at 1hour after injection. Region of interest (ROI) was drawn in inguinal and background area for analysis. RAW 264.7 cells (Murine macrophage cell) were prepared for measurement of celluar uptake as a representative of macrophages. Paired t-test was performed using SPSS (SPSS Inc, USA) for statistical analysis. Results: The size of most particle in Techne phytate kit was distributed in 130~650 nm(90.5 %). In-vivo study, the ROI analysis showed similar result between filtered and non-filtered sample, and the numerical value of count/pixel were $58.3{\pm}5.97$ and $60.2{\pm}4.88$. In-vitro study, cellular uptake study also showed no difference between filtered and non-filtered sample by gamma counting. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that there was no meaning of 200 nm filtered method for SLS using $^{99m}Tc$-phytate.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.74-79
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• 2017

Purpose Proton therapy can deliver an optimal dose to tumor while reducing unnecessary dose to normal tissue as compared the conventional photon therapy. As proton beams are irradiated into tissue, various positron emitters are produced via nuclear fragmentation reactions. These positron emitters could be used for the dose verification by using PET. However, the short half-life of the radioisotopes makes it hard to obtain the enough amounts of events. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of off-line PET imaging scan time on the PET image quality. Materials and Methods The various diameters of spheres (D=37, 28, 22 mm) filled with distilled water were inserted in a 2001 IEC body phantom. Then proton beams (100 MU) were irradiated into the center of the each sphere using the wobbling technique with the gantry angle of $0^{\circ}$. The modulation widths of the spread out bragg peak were 16.4, 14.7 and 9.3 cm for the spheres of 37, 28 and 22 mm in diameters respectively. After 5 min of the proton irradiation, the PET images of the IEC body phantom were obtained for 50 min. The PET images with different time courses (0-10 min, 11-20 min, 21-30 min, 31-40 min and 41-50 min) were obtained by dividing the frame with a duration of 10 min. In order to evaluate the off-line PET image quality with the different time courses, the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the PET image calculated for each sphere. Results The CNRs of the sphere (D=37 mm) were 0.43, 0.42, 0.40, 0.31 and 0.21 for the time courses of 0-10 min, 11-20 min, 21-30 min, 31-40 min and 41-50 min respectively. The CNRs of the sphere (D=28 mm) were 0.36, 0.32, 0.27, 0.19 and 0.09 for the time courses of 0-10 min, 11-20 min, 21-30 min, 31-40 min and 41-50 min respectively. The CNR of 37 mm sphere was decreased rapidly after 30 min of the proton irradiation. In case of the spheres of 28 mm and 22 mm, the CNR was decreased drastically after 20 min of the irradiation. Conclusion The off-line PET imaging time is an important factor for the monitoring of the proton therapy. In case of the lesion diameter of 22 mm, the off-line PET image should be obtained within 25 min after the proton irradiation. When it comes to small size of tumor, the long PET imaging time will be beneficial for the proton therapy treatment monitoring.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2004

만성적이거나 반복적인 스트레스는 우울중이나 심신병 등의 발병 기전과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 전기적 자극(electric foot shock), 한랭 자극, 속박(immobilization), 투쟁(fighting), 에테르 노출 등과 같은 심한 스트레스 자극이 뇌 조직의 시상 및 시상하부, 편도체 등에서의 노르아드레날린(noradrenalin) 방출을 유의 하게 감소시키는 동시에 혈청 corticosterone을 증가시키는 것으로 알려져 있다. 한의학에서는 스트레스 인자에 대한 신체반응을 기(氣)의 변화로 인식하고 있고, 이러한 자극요인들은 신체에 대하여 병적 요인을 제공하여 제반 질환을 야기한다. 또한 질병 발생에 대한 근거로 정기(正氣)와 사기(邪氣)의 상호 관계 위주로 인식하는데, 내부의 기(氣)의 변조(變調)는 질병의 발생을 야기하는 기초가 된다. 실험에 사용된 연근(蓮根)은 연꽃과에 속한 수생초본인 연꽃의 뿌리부분으로 우(藕) 또는 우절(藕節)이라는 명칭으로 불리기도 한다. 성미(性味)는 감(甘) 삽(澁) 평(平) 무독(無毒)하고 폐(肺) 위(胃) 간경(肝經)으로 들어가며 수렴지혈(收斂止血) 화어(化瘀)의 효능이 있어 토혈(吐血) 객혈(喀血) 뇨혈(尿血) 편혈(便血) 등의 각종 출혈 증상에 사용되어져 왔다. 최근 연꽃의 부위별 추출물이 흰쥐의 지질 과산화 생성을 효과적으로 억제하는 것으로 보고되고 있어 연근(蓮根)에 대한 다양한 약리 효능의 검색이 필요할 것으로 생각되며 연꽃의 씨앗인 연자육(蓮子肉)이 양심안신(養心安神)의 효능이 있어 스트레스성 질환에 많이 응용되고 있는 것에 착안하여 본 연구를 착수하였다. 실험 동물은 ICR계 마우스를 이용하였으며, 사회 심리적 스트레스는 옆쪽 cage에서 다른 마우스의 신체에 가해지는 전기 충격을 하루 1시간 동안 지켜보게 하는 것으로 유발하였으며 이 상태에서 약물을 투여한 그룹을 실험군, 그렇지 않은 그룹을 대조군으로 하였다. 정상군은 아무런 자극 없이 하루 1시간 동안 일정 공간에 가두어 두는 것으로 하였다. 실험 결과 사회 심리적 스트레스를 받은 경우에 아무런 처치를 하지 않은 대조군에 비해 연근 추출물을 100mg/kg/day 용량으로 5 일간 투여한 실험군에서 혈청 중 corticosterone 함량이 유의하게 감소하였으므로 매우 효과적으로 스트레스를 해소하였음을 알 수 있다. 뇌세포 중에서 신경전달물질로 분비되는 노르아드레날린의 분비량은 전반적으로 증가되는 경향을 나타내었으나 유의성은 없었다. 신체적 또는 사회 심리적 스트레스가 간 조직 내 지질의 과산화를 유발하는 것으로 나타났으며 연근 추출물이 이 결과에는 영향을 주지 못하였다. 사회 심리적 스트레스로 인하여 간 조직 내 지질과산화 정도가 증가하였으므로 혈청 내 ALT 함량도 따라 증가할 것으로 추정되었으며 이에 대한 연근 추출물 경구 투여가 간 조직을 보호할 수 있는지를 확인하기 위해 분리한 혈청으로부터 ALT 함량을 측정한 결과 대조군에 비하여 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. 또한 연근 추출물이 혈청 내 지질 과산화물의 생성을 억제할 수 있다면 질병의 예방과 치료에 효과적일 것으로 추정할 수 있으므로 그 생성량을 측정하여 보았으나 대조군과의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과들을 종합하여 보면 스트레스가 부하된 5일 동안 연근(蓮根) 추출물을 함께 투여한 결과 혈청 corticosterone 함량을 유의하게 감소시켰고 뇌 조직내 noradrenaline 함량을 증가시키는 경향을 나타내어 스트레스 해소에 도움이 될 수 있음을 시사하였다. 또한 혈청 내 ALT 함량을 유의하게 감소시켜 스트레스로 인해 발생하는 간 기능의 손상도 어느 정도 억제시키는 것을 확인할 수 있었는데 앞으로 연근(蓮根)의 이러한 작용에 대한 보다 자세한 연구들이 필요한 것으로 생각된다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2003

Purpose : Streptococcus pneumoniae is part of the normal flora but is also responsible for causing many invasive diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis in addition to noninvasive diseases such as otitis in children. Multi-drug resistant strains has raised a lot of concern worldwide and thus the importance of prevention has been emphasized. We have analyzed the current serotypes and antibiotic sensitivity of each serotype as a baseline study to estimate the efficacy of the pneumococcal vaccine in Korean children. Methods : One hundred sixteen cases of pneumococcus cultured at Yonsei Medical Center from September 2001 to January 2003 were analyzed. The serotyping was done with the Quellung reaction and penicillin resistance was tested using the oxacillin disc diffusion method. Results : Pneumococcus were cultured from the sputum in 76 cases(65.5%), from the blood in 13 cases(11.2%), from the ear discharge in 12 cases(10.3%), from the throat in 7 cases(6.0%), from the nasal cavity in 2 cases(1.7%), and one case(0.9%) each from the cerebrospinal fluid, eye discharge, peritoneal fluid, post-operational wound, brain abscess, and catheter tip. Serotyping was possible with 98 cases and the following serotypes were found; 15 cases of type 19F(15.3%), 11 cases of 19A(11.2%), 8 cases of 11A(8.2%), 7 cases each of 6A, 14 and 3(7.1%), 6 cases each of 35, 6B and 23F(6.1%). Eighty two cases(70.7%) out of 116 cases were penicillin resistant and serotypes 19F, 19A, 11A, 23F, 6A, 9V constituted the majority, 48 cases(59.8%). These serotypes showed resistance to cotrimoxazole (74.4%), tetracycline(69.5%), and erythromycin(90.3%) as well. In the 22 cases cultured from children, 19A and 19F were found in 25.0%, 6A, 6B, and 23F in 10.0%, 11A, 14, 19, and 29 in 5.0%. Fifty percent(10/20) of the clinical isolates were represented in the current 7-valent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine, and 85%(17/20) when the cross-reacting serotypes were included. Penicillin resistance was found in 86.4%(19/22). Conclusion : The percentage of serotypes included in the 7 valent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine found in our study was 40.8% which was less than other prior studies. In anticipation of a change of pneumococcal serotypes, a nationwide multicenter study is needed before the initiation of pneumococcal vaccines in Korea.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 1997

Purpose : Radiation therapy in combination with surgery has an important role in the therapy of the head and neck cancer We conducted a prospective study for patients with head and neck cancer treated with surgery and radiation to evaluate the effect of therapies on the thyroid gland, and to identify the factors that might influence the development of hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods : From September 1986 through December 1994, 71 patients with head and cancer treated with surgery and radiation were included in this prospective study. Patients' age ranged from 32 to 73 years with a median age of 58 years. There were 12 women and 59 men. The primary tumor sites were larynx in 34 patients, hypopharynx in 13 patients, oral cavity in 12 patients, unknown primary of the neck in 6 patients, salivary gland in 3 patients, maxillary sinus in 2 patients, and oropharynx in 1 patient. Total laryngectomy with neck dissection was carried out in 45 patients and neck dissection alone in 26 patients. All patients were serially monitored for thyroid function (T3, T4, free T4, TSH, antithyroglobulin antibody and antimicrosomal antibody) before and after radiation therapy. Radiation dose to the thyroid gland ranged from 40.6Gy to 60Gy with a median dose of 50Gy The follow-up duration was 3 to 80 months. Results :The overall incidence of hypothyroidism was 56.3\%$);7 out of 71 patients $(9.9\%)$ developed clinical hypothyroidism and 33 patients $(46.4\%)$ developed subclinical hypothyroidism. No thyroid nodules, thyroid cancers, or hyperthyroidism was detected. Hypothyroidism developed earlier in patients who underwent total laryngectomy with neck dissection than in patients with neck dissection alone (P<0.05). The risk factor that significantly influenced the incidence of hypothyroidism was a combination of surgery (total laryngectomy with neck dissection) and radiation therapy (P=0.0000), Four of 26 patients $(15.4\%)$ with neck dissection alone developed hypothyroidism while 36 of 45 patients $(80\%)$ with laryngectomy and neck dissection developed hypothyroidism. Conclusion : The hypothyroidism following surgery and radiation therapy was a relatively common complication. The factor that significantly influenced theincidence of hypothyroidism was combination of surgery and radiation therapy. Evaluation of thyroid function before and after radiation therapy with periodic thyroid function tests is recommended for an early detection of hypothyroidism and thyroid hormone replacement therapy is recommended whenever hypothyroidism develops.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 1971

A pot experiment with an acid sulfate soil from Kimhae was carried out to find out the cause of toxicity in rice plant. The effect of liming on changes in pH, Eh, Al, and $Fe^{2+}$ in soil and leachate was examined at two-week interval during the growth of rice. Also, total $P_2O_5$, $SiO_2$, Fe and Al contents in plants at harvesting stage were determined. In the early stage, the rice plant in the check soil showed the same healthy growth as did in limed soil even at high Al in soil and leachate. Around panicle forming stage, reddish brown mottlings suddenly infested all over the plants when accompanied with strong reduction, and afterward growth was severely retarded, and finally caused the significant difference in yield. During the strong reduction, significant amount of sulfide was formed only in check soils, but no free $H_2S$ was detected. Appreciable Al was still present in soil and leachate, and $Fe^{2+}$ in check soil was lower than that in limed soil, but $Fe^{2+}$ in leachate was slightly higher. Limed soils were more reduced and produced more $Fe^{2+}$ due to increased microorganism activity in the neutral pH. In the leachate, the check showed slightly higher $Fe^{2+}$ concentration but considerably higher than limed one at later stage. Appreciable amount of Al was detected only in check soil and leachate from transplanting to panicle formation stage. Plant tissues at harvesting stage contained very low P regardless of liming. Uptake of Si was markedly increased by liming. Contents of Fe an Al was markedly higher in check than limed one, but difference in Fe content was more drastic possibly due to more Fe uptake in presence of markedly higher $Fe^{2+}$ in soil and leachate at later growing stage. In conclusion toxic symptom in this acid sulfate soil seems to be primarily due to Al when accompanied with low pH and strong reduction. But association with $Fe^{2+}$ toxicity is not completely excluded. In order to differentiate the effect of $Fe^{2+}$ from that of Al more detailed plant analysis at different stage is required.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.704-710
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• 2001

Background: Extracorporeal circulation using pump-oxygenator is an inevitable process to keep vital sign during cardiac arrest for open heart surgery. However, the diversion of blood through nonendothelialized channels appears to stimulate inflammatory response, and leukocyte activation may lead to cardiopulmonary edema. Our study evaluated the effect of leukocyte-induced cardiopulmonary edema using three different pump-oxygenator priming solutions; non-hemic crystalloid solution ; leukocyte-depleted homologous blood; non leukocyte-depleted homologous blood in priming solutions. Material and Method: Each different priming solution was used on five dogs, and the effect of leukocyte-induced cardiopulmonary edema during cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) was evaluated. For each dog after 2 hours of exracorporeal circulation and another 4 hours of post-pump period, the dog was sacrificed and its heart and lung tissues were obtained for measuring Wet/Dry ratio. Arterial $O_2$partial pressure(PaO$_2$) and $CO_2$partial pressure(Pa$CO_2$) were checked. For the evaluation of ventilatory function, $CO_2$partial pressure difference between arterial blood (Pa$CO_2$) and exhaled air(Et$CO_2$) was measured. Result: 1. No significant difference was seen in arterial PaO$_2$and Pa$CO_2$among groups. 2. Ventilatory function evaluated by Pa$CO_2$and Et$CO_2$showed no significant difference between non-hemic and blood-mixed priming solution (P<0.05). 3. Cardiac and lung Wet/Dry ratios were remarkedly lower in the leukocyte-depleted group. There was no significant difference between the non-hemic and blood-mixed groups. Conclusion: Based upon this result, we concluded that the leukocyte depletion from homologous blood of CPB priming solution has a beneficial effect in reducing cardiopulmonary edema compared with non leukocyte-depleted or crystalloid priming solutions.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.5 s.274
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• pp.329-340
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• 2007

Background: Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for the left ventricular dilatation that occurs after myocardial infarction. This study is designed to evaluate which treatment is better for attenuating the left ventricular remodeling via MMP inhibition 1) during the early, short highly MMP producing period of the initial phase or 2) during most of the period of the initial phase after myocardial infarction. Material and Method: Myocardial infarction was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in rabbits. The experimental group was divided into 3 groups. The myocardial infarction only (MI only) group consisted of 7 cases. The MMP inhibitor administered for 5 days after MI (MMPI 50) group had 6 cases, and these rabbits were given MMP inhibitor for 5 days after myocardial infarction, beginning with the postoperative first day. MMP inhibitor administered for 9 days (MMPI 90) group consisted of 5 cases and these rabbits were given MMPI for 9 days the same manner as above. CG2300 was used as a selective MMPI; this is a potent MMP-2 and -9 inhibitor Two-D echocardiograms were performed on all the groups at the time of preoperative period, the post-operative 1st week, the postoperative 20 week and the postoperative 30 week, and we measured the end-diastolic dimension (EDD), the end-systolic dimension (ESD), and the ejection fraction (EF). Result: The echocardiograms generally showed postoperative left ventricular dilatation in the MI only group. The EDD was increased significantly higher in the postoperative 1 week compared to the preoperative value (p<0.05). The ESD was also increased significantly higher in the postoperative 1st week, the postoperative 20 week and the postoperative 30 week compared to the preoperative value (p<0.05). Left ventricular dilatation was noted to be less In the MMPI 9d group than in the MI only and MMPI 5d groups. In the MMPI 9d group, there was no significant change of EF postoperatively compared to the preoperative period. MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured from the infarcted myocardial tissue at post-MI 4 weeks by performing western blotting and zymography. The changes the of protein expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were not significant in the three MI groups and the normal heart group. Histopathologic examination revealed severe collagen deposition in the MI only group. Collagen accumulation was reduced in both the MMPI groups. The MMPI 9d group revealed an increased number of capillaries. Conclusion: Left ventricular dilatation developed rapidly after, MI from ligation of the coronary artery and MMPI attenuated the ventricular dilatation. The effect of MMPI seemed to have better a result from its usage during most of the period of the initial phase after myocardial infarction. This suggested that increased neovascularization by MMPI may also contribute to attenuation of the left ventricular remodeling.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2009

Background: Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is characterized by a proliferation of Langerhans cells and this results in granulomas that involve multiple organs of the body. Because the incidence of PLCH is very low in Korea and worldwide, collecting the clinical data of patients with PLCH nationwide is needed to determine the clinical features of Korean patients with PLCH. Methods: The patients with PLCH confirmed by biopsy at any body site were included and the patients should have lung lesions present. A questionnaire that had items on the symptoms, lung function tests, the roentgenographic findings and the treatment was collected retrospectively at a Korean ILD Research Meeting. Results: A total of 56 cases were collected. The number of males and females was 48 and 8, respectively, and their median age was 43 years (range: 18-67 years). The patients were current or ex-smokers in 79% of the cases. The most frequent symptom was coughing (39%), followed in decreasing order by dyspnea (38%), sputum (20%) and chest pain (20%). Pneumothorax was observed in 16 (29%) patients. Lung function tests showed a normal, restrictive, mixed or obstructive pattern in 26 (61%), 7 (16%), 7 (16%) and 3 patients (7%), respectively. Nodular-cystic lesion was most frequently observed in 59% of the patients on HRCT. The lung lesions were located in the middle and upper lobes in almost the cases. The median follow-up period was 90 months (range: 1-180 months) and only two patients died during this period. Conclusion: This study provides a national survey of the patients with PLCH during a long follow-up period.