• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제39권6호
• /
• pp.483-491
• /
• 2013

Objectives: Electronic cigarettes are battery powered devices that convert a nicotine-containing liquid into an inhalable vapor. The device aerosolizes nicotine so that it is readily entrained into the respiratory tract, from where it enters the bloodstream. Information on the safety of E-cigarettes is required. Methods: Seventeen articles on studies analyzing toxic substances in the liquid and gas phases of electronic cigarettes were reviewed. Results: Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, known to be carcinogenic agents in humans or animals, were detected in the liquid and gas phases. In addition, diethyl phthalate, acetone, ethanol, cresol, xylene, propylene, styrene, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, pentaethylene glycol cis-3-hexen-1-ol, methyl cinnamate and undecane were identified in the liquid and gas phases of E-cigarettes. Propylene glycol, glycerin, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-hydroxy-2- propanone, acetic acid, 1-menthone, 2,3-butanediol, menthol, carvone, maple lactone, benzyl alcohol, 2-methyl-2-pentanoic acid, ethyl mantel, ethyl cinnamate, myosamine, benzoic acid, 2,3-bipyridine, cotinine, hexadecanoic acid, and 1'1-oxybis-2-propanol were detected in the vapors of E-cigarettes. Conclusion: The hazardous compounds identified in the liquid and gas phases of E-cigarettes should be controlled for the lowest concentrations in the raw materials and production procedures.

• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.109-118
• /
• 2000

본 연구는 전자현미경적인 방법을 이용하여 흰쥐 기관지와 폐조직에 미치는 간접흡연의 영향을 조사하였다. 실험동물은 1일 3회씩 매회 15분간, 4주 동안 비주류 담배연기를 흡입하도록 하였다. 간접흡연 그룹의 폐조직에서는 세포질내에 다수의 용해소체을 함유하고 있는 중성구, 그리고 다양한 크기의 용해소체와 잔사체를 함유하는 대식 세포가 관찰되었다. 또한 폐포격벽은 팽대되었으며 섬유화현상이 나타났다. 기관지상피는 섬모상피세포가 점차 소실되었고, 분비세포 또는 배상세포들은 그 수가 증가하였으며, 섬모가 소실되고 표면적이 확장된 배상세포도 관찰되었다. 본 연구결과 이러한 미세구조의 변화는 간접흡연에 의한 세포상해의 전형적인 결과로 파악된다.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제38권3호
• /
• pp.245-252
• /
• 1993

광합성 전자전달 억제물질에 대한 빠른 검색 방법을 모색하기 위하여 녹색배양 세포인 광학적 자가 영양세포(PA)를 이용하여 실용화된 제초제 및 4종의 잡초 추출액으로 부터 PA세포의 반응을 조사하였다. 녹색배양 세포인 담배 및 우산이끼 PA세포는 타가 영양세포에 비하여 광합성 전자전달 저해형 제초제들은 700배 이상 높은 감수성을 나타내었으며 호르몬 작용형 제초제인 2, 4-D는 감수성의 차가 8배로 낮게 나타났다. 우산이끼 PA세포는 약제 농도간의 범위(0.01～0.9${\mu}$M)가 좁아 약제선발시 타 배양 세포에 비하여 좋은 재료임을 암시하였으며, 광합성 전자전달 저해약제에 대해서 힐(hill)반응과 동일하게 광합성 산소발생 억제정도인 PI$_{50}$에서 강한 활성을 나타내었다. 잡초 중 여뀌 추출액 10% 처리시 PA배양 세포의 엽록소 함량이 가장 낮았고, 광합성 산소발생 억제율이 가장 높았다. 수용 및 MeOH액으로 추출한 10% 여뀌 추출액을 반응용액 3ml에 300${\mu}$l 반응시 우산이끼 PA배양세포에 대해 각각 60%, 100% 광합성 산소발생 억제효과가 있었다. 이상의 결과에서 PA세포들은 광합성 전자전달 저해형 약제에 대하여 빠르고 민감한 검색수단으로서 좋은 재료가 될 수 있다고 생각한다.다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제42권4호
• /
• pp.855-863
• /
• 2017

리튬 이온 및 리튬 폴리머 배터리는 체적 에너지 저장 밀도가 높아 전자담배, 스마트폰, 전기자전거, 드론, 보조배터리 등과 같은 다양한 전자기기에 사용되며 심지어 골프카트 및 전기자동차에도 사용되고 있다. 그러나 최근 리튬 배터리를 사용하는 다양한 전자기기에서 충전 중 배터리 폭발현상이 빈번히 발생하고 있으며 폭발로 인하여 화재 및 신체 위해가 발생하고 있어 그 심각성이 대두되고 있다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 이러한 리튬 배터리의 작동 원리를 알아보고, 재현실험을 통하여 폭발 원인을 검증해 보았으며 이를 통하여 화재감식 기법 개발과 안전대책을 수립하기 위한 연구를 진행하였다.

• 대한통합의학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.27-39
• /
• 2024

Purpose : Smoking is a major factor in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the effect of electrical cigarette smoking on COPD development is still uncertain. This study aimed to compare the functions of airways and lungs exposed to combustible cigarettes and electrical cigarettes based on the pulmonary function test (PFT) results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods : This study used data from 8,942 participants with PFT results out of 47,309 total subjects from the 6th to 8th Korean NHANES (2014-2015, 2016-2018, and 2019, respectively). Individuals with diseases such as cancer, ex-smokers, and dual tobacco users were excluded. The PFT results were analyzed according to the COPD diagnostic criteria. After adjusting for confounding variables, a complex sample generalized linear model ANOVA test was performed to investigate the association between PFT results and combustible smoker or electrical cigarette user groups. Results : In an analysis based on the obstructive ventilatory disorders (forced expiratory volume in 1 second[FEV₁]/forced vital capacity[FVC]<.7), combustible cigarette smokers showed a 3.46 times higher risk of COPD compared to non-smokers, while electrical cigarette smokers exhibited no significant difference in terms of COPD-related risks compared to non-smokers. FEV₁ showed a negative relation with combustible cigarette smokers as reported elsewhere (B=-.07, p<.001). FEV₁/FVC was negatively related to both combustible cigarette smokers (B=-.03, p<.001) and electrical cigarette smokers (B=-.02, p<.001). Conclusion : FEV₁/FVC decreases were observed in the long-term exposure to both combustible and electrical cigarettes. The lower FEV₁ in the combustible cigarette group implies the worsening of the severity of COPD, suggesting more damage to the airways and lungs in the short term. Therefore, the temporary electrical cigarettes use for the transition period in order to smoking cessation potentially aids to reduce the harmful effect of combustible cigarettes in COPD development.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to provide basic data on the use of electronic cigarettes by identifying the relationship between smoking and smoking behavior and the use of electronic cigarettes. Methods: This study used data from 8,150 participants of the 'Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)' s 7th (2016). In this study, 1,051 people currently smoking were analyzed. The number of people using electronic cigarettes was 74 among current smokers. Results: The age of onset of smoking was 20.46 years old in the group not using electronic cigarette, and the age of starting smoking was 18.12 years old in the group using electronic cigarette(p<.001). In the education level, the current use of electronic cigarette was 1.82 times higher in high school graduates than college graduates(p<.005). The reason for using electronic cigarette was 4.32 times higher than other reasons for using electronic cigarette for the purpose of smoking cessation(p<.005). Conclusions: For the smoking cessation society, education for the electronic cigarette is needed from the adolescence and selective management for the people who use the electronic cigarette for the purpose of smoking cessation is needed.

• 한국연초학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.146-151
• /
• 2007

Gas phase and particulate phase radicals in mainstream cigarette smoke were determined Electron Spin Resonance(ESR) spectroscopy. The free radicals in particulate phase have been investigated by benzene extract of Cambridge Filter Pad containing the smoke condensate. Spin trapping method in conjunction with ESR was used to investigate free radicals in the gas phase of cigarette smoke. Several analytical experiments were conducted in order to determine the optimal conditions for maximum signal intensities and reproducibility of results. All the tests were optimized and normalized using the University of Kentucky 2R4F reference cigarette. The optimal conditions were 0.6 mL for analysis volume of ESR, $4{\sim}5\;mL$ for collection volume of spin-adducts, and PBN for quantification of free radicals in gas phase. The radical levels of Kentucky 2R4F cigarettes were found $2.18{\times}10^{14}\;spins/cig.$ and $2.10{\times}10^{15}\;spins/cig.$ in gas phase.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.33-35
• /
• 1978

모자익병징을 나타내는 이병시금치를 채집하여 순무모자익 바이러스를 분류 동정하였다. 분리된 순무모자익바이러스를 지표식물에 접종한 결과 담배(B.Y)와 명아주에는 국부병반이 형성되었고 쑥갓, 시금치, 무우에는 모자익 병징이 나타났다. 이병시금치 잎을 착즙하여 순무모자익바이러스의 항혈청과의 혈청반응 시험 결과 양성 반응이 나타났다. 이병엽을 Dip법으로 시료를 제작하여 전자현미경에서 검경한 결과 대부분이 750nm의 사상 입자가 관찰되었다. 시금치에서 순무모자익바이러스의 발생분포는 수원, 안양, 대구, 진주 등 거의 전국적으로 발생하였다

• 대한임상독성학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.172-175
• /
• 2018

Acute nicotine poisoning by liquid nicotine for electronic cigarettes is becoming an increasing problem worldwide. On the other hand, there are no regulations regarding its concentration, container or labelling in Korea. This is the first case of a cardiac arrest after liquid nicotine ingestion that was confirmed by plasma nicotine detection in Korea. A 34-year-old male was found with a cardiac arrest at home by the emergency medical services crew, and had a return of spontaneous circulation after 27 minutes of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. The cause of his cardiac arrest was suspected to be acute nicotine poisoning by the ingestion of liquid nicotine. Toxicology analysis of the National Forensic Service confirmed plasma nicotine, and the pharmacokinetic estimated average concentration of plasma nicotine at the time of the cardiac arrest was 29.7 mg/L, a lethal dose. He was hospitalized for further treatment, but was discharged after 20 days without any improvement. Considering the strong toxicity of nicotine, appropriate policy decisions are required for sales and distribution.

• 대한임상독성학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.82-85
• /
• 2022

Traditionally, most cases of nicotine poisoning have been due to ingestion of nicotine pesticides. However, the increasing use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has resulted in both intentional and unintentional exposure to concentrated liquid nicotine or "e-liquid" leading to an increase in nicotine poisoning cases. However, fatalities following the ingestion of the e-liquid are extremely rare. We report a rare case of cardiac arrest and severe encephalopathy following the intentional ingestion of e-liquid. We present the case of a 20-year-old woman who intentionally ingested liquid nicotine intended for e-cigarette use. She was found in asystole and experienced a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after undergoing approximately 46 mins of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Her plasma nicotine levels were >500 ng/ml. Despite aggressive supportive care, she was found to have encephalopathy consistent with severe anoxic brain injury on magnetic resonance imaging. In recent times, there have been some reports of deaths following liquid nicotine ingestion. Our case illustrates the potential for fatal nicotine toxicity from ingestion of e-cigarettes.