• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.627-628
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• 2022

There is no internationally accepted codified definition of digital trade because of the wide variety and scope of related industries and transactions(product + service + data) in general. Recently, innovative changes are taking place in digital trade due to the development of technologies such as IT due to the 4th industrial revolution, and advanced countries such as the US, EU, and Japan are including digital trade issues such as data movement liberalization in the negotiation agenda of the digital trade agreement. The issue with the liberalization of cross-border data movement is that freedom of data movement is necessary to vitalize digital trade, but it also increases the risk of information security and privacy violations. Looking at the directions of advanced countries, the US favors minimization of regulations, Europe favors regional single marketization, but passively opens up to the outside world, and China promotes independent markets through regulations. Therefore, measures to strengthen restrictions on cross-border data movement are an issue that has recently been implemented by each country or an international aggrement is scheduled to be reached soon, and Korea also needs a close response.

• Proceedings of the CALSEC Conference
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• 1998.10b
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• pp.585-594
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• 1998

이미 전자상거래(EC)가 시간적ㆍ공간적 제약을 극복하고 국경을 초월한 새로운 교역시장 (Cyber Market)으로 등장하고 있으며 세계 자동차 산업은 표준부품의 공동개발 및 조달을 통해 중복투자 방지, 신차개발기간 단축 등 전략적 제휴를 통한 공조ㆍ공생체계 구축을 경쟁적으로 추진하고 있으나 국내 자동차업계는 제품개발, 부품조달, 판매 및 A/S 등 모든 부문을 독자적으로 해결함으로써 경쟁력 제고에 역행하는 경향이 있다. 또한 자동차 선진국과는 달리 국제 경쟁력 강화를 위한 CALS/EC 정보 기반 기술의 실질적인 활용이 미흡한 실정이다. 이러한 현실을 개선하기 위해 최근에 자동차공업협회(KAMA)와 현대, 대우, 기아 자동차 3사는 자동차 산업 CALS 추진 모델(Autopia)의 구축을 추진하고 있다. 추진 내용은 자동차 산업의 전체 Life-Cycle인 제품기획 단계부터 설계, 생산, 구매/조달, 고객지원 단계등 전 분야를 3개 부문(신차개발 프로세스, 구매조달 프로세스, 고객지원 서비스)으로 구분되어 있다. 신차개발 프로세스 부문은 차세대 PDM을 통하여 제품개발 사이클 단축을 추구하며 STEP을 통한 범용적 설계정보 교환 체계 구현이 기반이 된다. 또한 업무 흐름의 불투명성으로 인한 업무의 불균형 현상 타파와 설계 변경의 효율적 대응을 위하여 Workflow Management가 동시공학에 바탕을 두고 도입 적용되어야 한다. CAD 데이터를 비롯한 방대한 데이터의 효율적 관리를 위해서는 각 프로세스별로 독립된 정보를 체계적으로 관리할 수 있는 통합 환경(Integrated Data Environment)을 구성하여 각 프로세스에 걸쳐 데이터의 처리효율을 증대하여야 한다. 신차개발 부문의 핵심 기술이면서도 현업 적용이 초기 단계인 Digital Mockup과 Virtual Reality의 적용을 위해서는 3D 모델링이 기본 설계 방법으로 적용되어야 하며 이를 통한 어셈블리 및 부품구조의 관리가 이루어져야 한다. 구매조달 프로세스 부문은 자동차 업계의 공통 EDI/EC 네트워크 구축을 통한 경제적인 인프라 구조와 함께 부품 조달 체계의 간소화를 추구함으로써 자동차 산업의 대외 경쟁력 강화가 이루어 질 수 있다. 공개구매 시스템의 구축을 통하여 완성차별로 전속 계열화된 수직적인 부품조달 체계와 업체간 정보공유의 폐쇄성을 제거할 수 있고 완전 경쟁에 의한 우량 협력업체 발굴 기회의 확대가 용이하다. 이를 통하여 궁극적으로는 Global Vendor망의 구축이 실현될 것이다. 종합물류 시스템이 구현되면 판매는 경쟁체제, 물류는 공동화가 됨으로써 국가적으로 물류 비용의 절감이 엄청날 것으로 예상된다. 전국에 산재되어 있는 1,000여개의 대리점과 7,000여개의 정비업소를 대상으로 한 정비부품 EDI/EC 시스템이 구축되면 고객 서비스의 효율 향상과 함께 정비업소의 물류 및 재고 비용의 감소, 조달 속도의 향상, 조달 업무의 간소화 등의 효과를 보게 될 것이다. 고객지원 서비스는 정비정보 시스템, 산업정보 시스템, 쇼핑몰 시스템, 등록대행 시스템등을 통하여 일반 국민들이 피부로 느낄 수 있는 시스템으로 구축 되어야 할 것이다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.183-192
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• 2007

The various environmental regulation directives such as RoHS (restriction of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic products) and WEEE (waste from electrical and electronic equipments) are practically used as the technical barrier in international trade (TBT) of vehicles and electrical and electronic products recently. Regarding such an environmental regulation, Korea Research Institute of Standards Science (KRISS) organized a proficiency testing scheme to establish the reliability of measurement results produced by the relevant research institutes and test laboratories in Korea. Participants were 31 laboratories related to production of the electrical and electronic equipments and mobile vehicles. Two polypropylene samples of pellet type were employed as the proficiency testing materials (PTMs). Cadmium and lead were the analytes chosen among six components regulated in European Union (EU) RoHS directive. The PTMs were sent to the participants by post on September $1^{st}$ 2006, and deadline for results submission were October $10^{th}$ 2006. The results of each laboratory were evaluated in comparison with KRISS reference values using Robustic Z-score and Youden plot methods. The results of the various sample digestion methods were also compared. Most of participants reported good agreement within 10 % range of reference values. However, results from several laboratories showed significant biases from reference values. These laboratories should establish the quality assurance system for improvement of the measurement reliability.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.125-145
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• 2013

The Korea-EU FTA will provide korea with a significant advantage in the region both international trade and consumer welfare. Under the Korea-EU FTA, increasing of bilateral trade in consumer and industrial products would become duty and most remaining tariffs would be eliminated. This article studies on EU product price level of Korean consumer for before and after Korea-EU FTA effectuation. The questionnaires are sended 1,000 samples and 780 returns, 283 of them are analyzed for a this study. This paper has there main a parts, A Paired Samples Test result shows that the EU goods price level are positively affected by Flesh-meat, Electronic device & Electric home appliances, Kitchen utensils, Fruit juice(beverage), alcoholic liquors(wine, whisky), Clothes & Fashion. However, The Clothes & Fashion does not affect in EU goods price level, the Clothes & Fashion positively affected price differential more FTA effectuation before than FTA effectuation after.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.677-693
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• 2016

Using Social Network Analysis and Trade in Value Added Database(TiVA), this paper examines the world trade network. Main findings are as follows. Firstly, there are three types of industries, which have dominant status in the world value added trade network. Those are the manufacturing industries in the developing countries such as China's electronics industry, the service industries in the developed countries such as U.S. R&D, and the manufacturing industries in the developed countries such as German motor vehicle industry. Secondly, the major hub industries in the world trade network have their own specific types in the brokerage roles. Most interestingly, U.S. service industries such as the R&D, the logistics industry, and the whole sale and retail industry reveal itinerant and liaison brokerage roles. Thirdly, Korean industries have been dominated by Chinese industries. However, the financial industry and the R&D industry could have revealed superior status as the brokerage role of itinerant. This implies Korean industries could sustain their competitiveness of the hubness status only by openness policy in the service industry.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2014

Conflict minerals refer to minerals mined in conditions of armed conflict, especially as in the eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The common conflict minerals are cassiterite, wolframite, coltan(columbite-tantalite ore), and gold, which are mined and extracted from the Eastern Congo. These minerals are essentially used in the manufacture of a variety of devices, including consumer electronics. To end the violent conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and in surrounding countries, it is necessary to block the supply route of conflict minerals which has been partially financed by the exploitation and trade of conflict minerals. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, passed into law in July 2010 and it contains requirements that U.S. companies report to the Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC) on the origin of conflict minerals and show due diligence of OECD. The goal of the act is to cut direct and indirect funding of armed groups engaged in conflict.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.100-116
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• 2018

Recently, with the US protection trade trend, South Korea 's exports to the US have shrunk and the need to pioneer emerging markets in Eurasia has increased. Due to the bankruptcy of Hanjin Shipping, a large Korean national shipping company, the necessity of securing transportation that can replace the Asian - European shipping route has emerged. Moreover, as the international trade and logistics environment is rapidly changing due to the spread of electronic commerce, it is time to prepare for the environment where IT technology is applied to international logistics activities. Therefore, this study was carried out to establish information strategy of Eurasia logistics information sharing platform from Korean perspective through comparison of logistics information level of Eurasian countries. This study aims at standardization direction for supporting logistics activities between Eurasian countries, providing customs clearance and logistics services without interruption, providing information for expanding business of trade companies, and building information linkage infrastructure for expanding cooperation between logistics companies across countries. Through this study, it is expected that logistics activities through information sharing among countries will be actively carried out.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2003

Radiation induced markers were investigated for the detection of irradiated oranges imported from America. In the DNA comet assay, the non-irradiated and irradiated samples showed the comets with long tails in both seed and flesh. Though this tendency was maintained for 6 weeks, identification of non-irradiated or irradiated samples was impossible. In the thermoluminescence (TL) measurement, the non-irradiated samples revealed a glow curve with low intensity at about 28$0^{\circ}C$, while the irradiated samples showed with higher intensity at around 18$0^{\circ}C$. There were no remarkable changes in detection properties for 6 weeks after irradiation. The TL ratio of area for TL$_1$ glow curve to TL$_2$ was below 0.1 for the non-irradiated samples and 0.5 or more for the irradiated ones during storage. In the electron spin resonance (RSR) measurement, irradiated oranges showed an unspecific central signal in all parts (seed, flesh and peel), so the detection for radiation treatment of oranges was impossible. Based on the results, DNA comet assay and ESR were not useful for the detection, but TL was appropriate to search radiation induced markers of oranges during storage period. The detectable period during storage is confirmed by sensory evaluation.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.83-138
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• 2017

Korea-China FTA entered into force on the 20th of December 2015, and one year elapsed after its effectuation as the FTA with China, our country's largest trading partner. Therefore, this study looks at the trends of air transport trade between Korea and China, and examines the contents of concessions to the air transport services sector in Korea-China FTA, and analyzes the impact on the air transport sector by Korea-China FTA, and proposes our country's aviation policy direction in order to respond to such impact. In 2016 the trends of air transport trade between Korea and China are as follows : The export amount of air transport trade to China was 40.03 billion dollars, down by 9.3% from the last year, and occupied 32.2% of the total export amount to China. The import amount of air transport trade from China was 24.26 billion dollars, down by 9.1% from the last year, and occupied 27.7% of the total import amount from China. The contents of concessions to the air transport services sector in Korea-China FTA are as follows : China made concessions to the aircraft repair and maintenance services and the computer reservation system services with limitations on market access and national treatment in the air transport services sector of the China Schedule of Specific Commitments of Korea-China FTA Chapter 8 Annex. Korea made concessions to the computer reservation system services, selling and marketing of air transport services, and aircraft repair and maintenance without limitations on market access and national treatment in the air transport services sector of the Korea Schedule of Specific Commitments of Korea-China FTA Chapter 8 Annex. The impact on the air transport sector by Korea-China FTA are as follows : As for the impact on the air passenger market, in 2016 the arrival passengers of the international flight from China were 9.96 million, up by 20.6% from the last year, and the departure passengers to China were 9.90 million, up by 34.8% from the last year. As for the impact on the air cargo market, in 2016 the exported goods volumes of air cargo to China were 105,220.2 tons, up by 6.6% from the last year, and imported goods volumes from China were 133,750.9 tons, up by 12.3% from the last year. Among the major items of exported air cargo to China, the exported goods volumes of benefited items in the Tariff Schedule of China of Korea-China FTA were increased, and among the major items of imported air cargo from China, the imported goods volumes of benefited items in the Tariff Schedule of Korea of Korea-China FTA were increased. As for the impact on the logistics market, in 2016 the handling performance of exported air cargo to China by domestic forwarders were 119,618 tons, down by 2.1% from the last year, and the handling performance of imported air cargo from China were 79,430 tons, down by 4.4% from the last year. In 2016 the e-commerce export amount to China were 109.16 million dollars, up by 27.7% from the last year, and the e-commerce import amount from China were 89.43 million dollars, up by 72% from the last year. The author proposes the aviation policy direction of Korea according to Korea-China FTA as follows : First, the open skies between Korea and China shall be pushed ahead. In June 2006 Korea and China concluded the open skies agreement within the scope of the third freedom and fourth freedom of the air for passenger and cargo in Sandong Province and Hainan Province of China, and agreed the full open skies of flights between the two countries from the summer season in 2010. However, China protested against the interpretation of the draft of the memorandum of understanding to the air services agreement, therefore the further open skies did not take place. Through the separate aviation talks with China from Korea-China FTA, the gradual and selective open skies of air passenger market and air cargo market shall be pushed ahead. Second, the competitiveness of air transport industry and airport shall be secured. As for the strengthening methods of the competitiveness of Korea's air transport industry, the support system for the strengthening of national air carriers' competitiveness shall be prepared, and the new basis for competition of national air carriers shall be made, and the strategic network based on national interest shall be built. As for the strengthening methods of the competitiveness of Korea's airports, particularly Incheon Airport, the competitiveness of the network for aviation demand creation shall be strengthened, and the airport facilities and safety infrastructure shall be expanded, and the new added value through the airport shall be created, and the world's No.1 level of services shall be maintained. Third, the competitiveness of aviation logistics enterprises shall be strengthened. As for the strengthening methods of the competitiveness of Korea's aviation logistics enterprises, as the upbringing strategy of higher added value in response to the industry trends changes, the new logistics market shall be developed, and the logistics infrastructure shall be expanded, and the logistics professionals shall be trained. Additionally, as the expanding strategy of global logistics market, the support system for overseas investment of logistics enterprises shall be built, and according to expanding the global transport network, the international cooperation shall be strengthened, and the network infrastructure shall be secured. As for the strengthening methods of aviation logistics competitiveness of Incheon Airport, the enterprises' demand of moving in the logistics complex shall be responded, and the comparative advantage in the field of new growth cargo shall be preoccupied, and the logistics hub's capability shall be strengthened, and the competitiveness of cargo processing speed in the airport shall be advanced. Forth, in the subsequent negotiation of Korea-China FTA, the further opening of air transport services sector shall be secured. In the subsequent negotiation being initiated within two years after entry into force of Korea-China FTA, it is necessary to ask for the further opening of the concessions of computer reservation system services, and aircraft repair and maintenance services in which the concessions level of air transport services sector by China is insufficient compared to the concessions level in the existing FTA concluded by China. In conclusion, in order to respond to the impact on Korea's air passenger market, air cargo market and aviation logistics market by Korea-China FTA, the following policy tasks shall be pushed ahead : Taking into consideration of national air carriers' competitiveness and nation's benefits, the gradual and selective open skies shall be pushed ahead, and the support system to strengthen the competitiveness of air transport industry and airport shall be built, and entry into aviation logistics market by logistics enterprises shall be expanded, and the preparations to ask for the further opening of air transport services sector, low in the concessions level by China shall be made.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.17
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• pp.55-89
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• 2003

What are the international aviation regimes? It is said that they are sets of principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures of international aviation around which aviation actors' (states-actors, intergovernmental aviation organization, international aviation conventions, airlines and their organizations etc.) expectations converge in a given aviation issue-area for the purposes of the human welfare and the operations of the stable civil aviation. In this regards, the purposes of this study are focused on the aviation actors' shifts. Chronologically, international aviation regimes have been developed by some stages as followings; The 1st stage is the period from 1944 Chicago Convention to 1978 US Deregulation Act, when the aviation regulations and rules within the international aviation relations were implemented by Chicago-Bermuda regimes as Christer Jonsson pointed out. In this first stage, the sovereignty for the airspace over their countries is absolute. The second stage is the period from 1978 to '1992 Open Skies Agreement' between US and Netherlands. In this regime, airlines' activities as well as state-actors' have been actuated. The third stage is the period from 1992 to the contemporary. In this stage, airlines' activities for the consumers such as 'Open Skies Agreements', 'e-commerce business', 'airspace open policy within EU area', 'service open policy of WTO', and 'airlines' strategic alliance' are the central focal points in the world aviation relationship. In the conclusion, this phenomenon of the core actors in the international aviation rules has been shifted from the states-actors to the non-states actors especially, operating airlines, or consuming customers. Finally, I' d like to suggest that international aviation regimes should be developed to promote and facilitate the globalized level for the people's movements among the global aviation society. That is the way to proceed to the welfare and peace for all human beings of the World.