• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.237-245
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• 2017

This study was aimed at investigating effluent water quality and proposing reuse possibilities for 12 sewage treatment plants discharged more than $5,000m^3/day$ in order to recycle the sewage treatment plant effluent of Jeollabuk-do effectively. Additionally, a laboratory scale test for reprocessing water discharge was performed. Categories of reclaimed sewage water reuse were divided into 7 topics and analyzed a total of 28 items including 16 heavy metals based on water quality standard. As a results, color, BOD, TN, chloride and Electrical Conductivity (EC) exceeded reused water quality standard. In particular, color and TN exceeded in 8 and 5 sewage treatment plants, respectively. The value of chloride and EC were high in sewage treatment plants including the food and industrial wastewater. At 4 sewage treatment plants were possible to reuse without re-treatment. The laboratory scale test was conducted to SandFilter (SF)-Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)-MicroFiltraion (MF)-Reverse Osmosis (RO). Both the removal efficiencies and economic feasibility of total E. coli., color and Suspended Solid (SS) suited in case using the SF-GAC treatment method. The removal of chloride and EC had little effect in the case of SF-GAC-MF system, but RO showed over 90% of removal efficiency. After using SF-GAC process only, the concentration of $UV_{254}$ decreased sharply from 0.3651 /cm to 0.0306 /cm and it showed over 92% of removal efficiency rate. In conclusion, for the effective reuse of sewage discharged water, water quality and the surrounding terrain of treatment plants should be all taken into account. If it needed for the reprocessing, both the selection for treatment and economic combination treatment methods will have to be considered.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.291-295
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• 1998

Changes of chemical components and natural supplies by precipitation at agricultural zone in Chinan area of Chonbuk province from May 1, 1997 to April 30, 1998 were investigated. pH of precipitation ranged $6.44{\sim}7.24$ and EC showed $14.23{\sim}30.67{\mu}S/cm$. The $total{\sim}N$, NH4-N and NO3-N were $1.43{\sim}10.14$, $0.57{\sim}4.39$, and $0.18{\sim}1.69㎎/L$ respectively. The content of total-P showed $0.015{\sim}0.087㎎/L$ but ortho-P was not detected. The content of suspended solid, $Ca^{++}$, $Mg^{++}$, $Na^+$ and $K^+$ showed $3.6{\sim}15.3$, $0.37{\sim}1.66$, $0.17{\sim}0.52$, $0.22{\sim}0.87$, and $0.17{\sim}0.58㎎/L$. The content of SO42- and Cl- showed $3.37{\sim}014.47㎎/L$ and $1.02{\sim}7.24㎎/L$ respectively. Only Cu and Zn of heavy metals were detected $0{\sim}0.019㎎/L$ and $0.009{\sim}0.098㎎/L$ but Cd, Cu, Ni and Cr were not detected. Natural supplies of chemical components were 39.48㎏/ha/yr of total-N, 21.82㎏/ha/yr of $NH_4-N$, 6.90㎏/ha/yr of $NO_3-N$ and 0.68㎏/ha/yr of total-P. Also $Ca^{++}$, $Mg^{++}$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $SO_4^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$ were supplied 14.46, 5.00, 7.26, 5.46, 98.76 and 31.16㎏/ha/yr respectively. Only of heavy metals were supplied 0.024㎏/ha/yr of Cu and 0.044㎏/㏊/yr of Zn.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2008

This experiment was carried out to investigate the actual outbreak status of rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) disease in forage corn for securing the basic data to control of the disease all over the country from 2006 to 2007. Outbreak of the disease showed a wide difference according to regions and was severe in Icheon, Gochang, Kimje, Youngkwang, Kimchun, Youngju, Cheonan, and Boroung provinces in Korea. Outbreak rate of the disease was effected by planting time of forage corn. Disease rate was lower in corns planted from Apr. 26 to May 15 than in those of planted from April 10 to 25 or after May 31. The corn fields planted from April 26 to May 15 showed lower disease rate than that of planted from April 10 to 25 or after May 31. Also the outbreak rate of the disease was some difference according to corn varieties but was not genuinely resistant varieties to RBSDV. Dry matter yield of forage corn was significantly decreased depending on disease rate, and was highly negative correlation to disease rate. The forage corn infected with RBSDV was lower 3.2%, 3.6% and 12% in IVDMD, TDN, and RFV, and higher 3.7% and 4.5% in NDF and ADF than those of the healthy plant, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2008

The object of this experiment was to investigate the food habits of sika deer fed with various roughage sources. The feeding trials were conducted at Chungnam National University and Unbong Animal Genetic Resources Station in 2007. The experimental roughages sources were five including 25 species in all; grass sources; 5 species(Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Poa pratensis, Agrostis alba and mixed grass), legume sources; 5 species(Trifolium pratense, Medicago sativa, Trifolium repens, Melilotus officinalis and Vicia villosa), browse sources; 5 species(Quercus serrata Thunb., Prunus jamasakura Sieb., Quercus aliena Blume, Robinia pseudoaccacia and Pinus densiflora), weed sources; 5 species(Artemisia princeps Pampanini, Erigeron canadensis, Alopecurus aegualis Sobolewski, Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea(Roxb.) Wight and Rumex crispus), and native grass sources; 5 species(Zoysia japonica Steudel, Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens(Hack) Ohwi., Arundinella hirta(Thunb.) Tanaka, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss and Phragmites comunis Trin). Five sika deer were selected which had nearly the same body weight(average 92.5kg) as experimental animal. Experimental roughages were prepared by 0.5kg(DM basis) per 1 species fed to sika deer, and the experiment was carried out from 08:00 to the next day 06:00. The chemical composition and dry matter digestibility of each roughage source and species were significantly different at the sampling area, plant species, growth stages and cutting period. The sika deer ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. Among all the 25 species of roughages, the favorite intake species ranking by sika deer was observed like this: Quercus aliena Blume, Prunus jamasakura Sieb, Quercus serrata Thunb. and Trifolium pratense, respectively, and the lower intake species was Phragmites comunis Trin. On the other hand, compared to each roughage source, total intake amount by sika deer was showed as browse(36.5%), Legumes(34.2%), grasses(14.0%), native grasses(13.5%) and weeds(1.8%), respectively. Based on the result, the food habits of sika deer seems to be closer to typically browser type.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.77-83
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• 2016

The objectives of this study was to investigate the difference between organic-farming and conventional-farming soils relatives to soil chemical properties and microbial flora. Fifteen soil sampling sites were chosen from the certified organic upland farm, considered with its location, crop and application of organic compost types. Soil chemical properties were analyzed by standard methods established by National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration. For the soil chemical properties, the values of pH were ranged from 4.5 to 7.3. The values of electrical conductivity (EC) in the sampling sites were below 2 dS/m of convention cultivation soil. For analyzing the microbial flora, the bacillus(16S rDNA) and cladothricosis(18S rDNA) were analyzed by using PCR-DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) in the soil of 15 sampling sites. Cluster analysis of biodiversity index was performed by using pattern of DGGE. DGGE patterns and clustering analysis of bacterial DNA from soil extracts revealed that the bacterial community was differentiated between less than 5 years and more than 5 years depending on the cultivation history. But there was no consistent tendency between cultivation history and regional trend in the case of molds. Therefore, it would be very effective to analyze bacterial clusters of organically cultivated soils in long - term cultivated soil for more than 5 years.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.113-125
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• 2007

To know the differences in ionic compositions in rain and snow as well as snow influence on the chemical characteristics of winter precipitation, precipitation samples were collected by the wet-only automatic precipitation sample, in winter(November-February) in the Iksan located in the northwest of Chonbuk from 1995 to 2000. The samples were analyzed for concentrations of water-soluble ion species, in addition to pH and electrical conductivity. The mean pH of winter precipitation was 4.72. According to the type of winter precipitation, the mean pH of rain was 4.67 and lower than 5.05 in snow. The frequencies of pH below 5.0 in rain were about 73%, while those in snow were about 30%. Snow contained 3 times higher concentrations of sea salt ion components originated from seawater than did rain in winter, mainly $Cl^-,\;Na^+$, and $Mg^{2+}$. Neglecting sea salt ion components, $nss-SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ were important anions and $NH_4^+$ and $nss-Ca^{2+}$ were important cations in both of rain and snow. Concentrations of $nss-SO_4^{2-}$ was 1.3 times higher in rain than in snow, while those of $nss-Ca^{2+}$ and $NO_3^-$ were 1.5 and 1.3 times higher in snow, respectively. The mean equivalent concentration ratio of $nss-SO_4^{2-}/NO_3^-$ in winter precipitation were 2.4, which implied that the relative contribution of sulfuric and nitric acids to the precipitation acidity was 71% and 29%, respectively. The ratio in rain was 2.7 and higher than 1.5 in snow. These results suggest that the difference of $NO_3^-$ in rain and snow could be due to the more effective scavenging of $HNO_3$ vapor than particulate sulfate or nitrate by snow. The lower ratio in snow than rain is consistent with the measurement results of foreign other investigators and with scavenging theory of atmospheric aerosols. Although substantial $nss-SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ were observed in both of rain and snow, the corresponding presence of $NH_4^+,\;nss-Ca^{2+},\;nss-K^+$ suggested the significant neutralization of rain and snow. Differences in chemical composition of non-sea salt ions and neutralizing rapacity of $NH_4^+,\;nss-Ca^{2+}$, and $nss-K^+$ between rain and snow could explain the acidity difference of rain and snow. Snow affected that winter precipitation could be less acidic due to its higher neutralizing rapacity.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.253-261
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• 2012

Dioxin contamination on agroproducts is one of the most important issue in food safety. Herein, we measured concentration of 17 dioxins polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and 14 dioxin like-polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in the main grain (rice and barley) that were produced in Korea. The 36 rice samples were collected from rice processing complex at eight provinces, and the average concentrations of each province were ranged from 2.98 pg/g wet weight (w.w) to 4.98 pg/g w.w. as total PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs. The seven barley samples were collected from Jeon-nam and Jeon-buk provinces, and their average total concentrations of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 3.00 pg/g w.w. and 3.24 pg/g w.w. respectively. The residual amounts and toxic equivalent (TEQ) of DL-PCBs in rice and barley were higher than PCDD/Fs. The average total TEQ of rice and barley were 0.0056 pg-TEQ/g and 0.0092 pg-TEQ/g on lower bound estimation respectively. Estimated daily intake of dioxins from rice and barley were calculated 1.03 pg-TEQ/day/person and 0.0534 pg-TEQ/day/person respectively. These were estimated 0.46% and 0.03% of Korean TDI based on 55 kg body weight.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 2000

This study is of investigation of refraction error, spectacles and contact lenses wearing state, visual acuity test, ophthalmologic common sense and vision care, using questionnaire study for 850 male and female high school students in Kunsan and Chongup City, Cheolla North Province. The results are as follows: 1. Among the 823 answerers, emmetropia is 18%, myopia is 55.1%, and hyperopia is 7%, respectively. 2. Among the 837 answerers, 381 students(45.5%) wear spectacles or contact lenses. Among the 381 students who wear spectacles or contact lenses, 78% wear only spectacles, 4% wear only contact lenses and 18% wears spectacles sometimes or contact lenses sometimes. 3. The places where the answerers had visual acuity test to wear spectacles or contact lenses are optical shop(64.7%), hospital(28.3%), unchecked(4.2%) and the others(2.7%). The places where the answerers had visual acuity test to change their spectacles or contact lenses are optical shop(82%), hospital(28.3%), unchecked(6.6%) and the others(1.9%). 4. As for the period of visual acuity test, from 6 months to one year is 54.1%, within 6 months is 9.2%, from one year to two years is 29.5%, and more than two years is 7.2%. 5. The contact lens wearers purchased their contact lenses at optical shops(94%) and at hospital(6%). 6. The reasons why they like wearing contact lenses are their appearance(51.2%), convenience in physical excercise(23.l%), lighter weight than spectacles(9.8%) and the others(15.7%). 7. As for the spectacles frame they like, plastic frame is 24.4%, gold or silver plated frame is 43.4%, coloured frame is 32.1%. 8. As for the considerations in choosing spectacles frame, their design is 37%, their quality is 36%, their price is 14.7% and their brand is 12.5%. 9. As for the period for changing spectacles, 10.5% is within 6 months, 57.3% is 6months to 1 year, 22.4% is 1 year to 2 months and 9.6% is more than 2 years. 10. There is a false fact, in Korea, that even though one has his poor eyesight, not wearing custom is helpful for the eyesight recovery. As for their conviction of the false fact, 10.5% of the answerers have 100% conviction, 22.5% of them have 22.5% conviction, 49.5% of them have 50% conviction and 17.5% of them don't have any conviction. 11. 48.5% of the answerers are interested in their vision care while 51.5% of them are not interested at all. As for the way of vision care, the vision-care way to keep enough distant when they are watching TV, when they are using computers and when they are reading, is 49% while the vision-care way such as hypogastric breathing or eye massage is 11%. And alimentotherapy is 4% and the rest who are not interested in vision care is 36%. 12. When they come to an age, the students who want vision correction operation are 45.9% while the students who do not want it are 27%. The students who do not have any idea about the operation are 27.1%

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the types of lymphadenitis after BCG vaccination and the effect of local rifampicin instillation on the treatment of suppurative BCG lymphadenitis. Methods : A total of 32 otherwise healthy infants with suppurative BCG lymphadenitis, who visited the Department of Pediatrics of Chonbuk National University Hospital, from March 2002 through June 2004, were enrolled in this study. They were treated with needle aspiration and local rifampicin instillation. We investigated the time the lymphadenitis took to be suppurative, accompanying clinical manifestations, and the treatment effects. Results : Of the 32 infants, 19 were male and 13 were female. They were full term babies and one preterm baby with a gestational age of 30 weeks. They received intradermal administration, with the BCG vaccine of $Pasteur^{(R)}$(French) strain mostly on the left deltoid area(96.9 percent). Regional lymphadenitis occurred in 1 to 11 months after BCG vaccination, mostly 1-5 months after vaccination (78.1 percent). Among the infants, 87.5 percent had unilocular lesion but 12.5 percent had more than one enlarged lymph node cares. Most of the lymphadenitis presented in the left axillary area(77.8 percent), and the left supuraclavicular area(11.1 percent). After one to three times of needle aspiration with rifampin instillation, all infants recovered completely without surgical excision or severe complication. Conclusion : The regional lymphadenitis is the most common complication in infants who receive intradermal BCG vaccination. This study supports that in suppurative BCG lymphadenitis the needle aspiration and local rifampicin instillation is very effective and can be a more economical treatment modality.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2015

Spatial variation in the reproductive effort of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum is often closely associated with variation in the seawater temperature and food availability, which determines gonad maturity and the quantity of gamates produced during spawning. Previous studies also have reported that severe infection by the protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni exerts a negative impact on clam reproduction, retarding gonad maturation or decreasing the reproductive effort. In the present study, we investigated impacts of P. olseni infection on the reproductive condition of Manila clam during a spawning season. Histology revealed that 54% of female clams in Wando off the south coast were in spawning, while only 10% of the female from Gomso and 0% of the female from Seonjaedo in Gyeonggi bay off the west coast were engaged in spawning at the end of May in 2004. Ray's fluid thioglycollate media (RFTM) assay was applied to assess P. olseni infection and indicated that the infection intensity in Wando ($3,608,000{\pm}258,000cells/g$ wet tissue) was significantly higher than the levels in Gomso ($1,305,000{\pm}106,000cells/g$ wet tissue) and Seonjaedo ($1,083,000{\pm}137,000cells/g$ wet tissue, p < 0.001). The size of the ripe female follicle determined from histology was significantly smaller in Wando ($0.032mm^2$) compared to the sizes in Gomso ($0.059mm^2$) and Seonjaedo ($0.052mm^2$, p < 0.05). Accordingly, the number of ripe eggs in the follicle was significantly fewer among clams in Wando (14) compared to the numbers determined in Gomso (23) and Seonjaedo (22). The absolute quantity of egg in ripe clams from Wando (31.01 mg) was also significantly smaller than Seonjaedo (61.79 mg) and Gomso (133.3 mg). Quantity of total protein, carbohydrate, and lipid in the tissue in the Wando samples was significantly smaller than the quantities determined in Gomso and Seonjaedo (p < 0.001). The observed poor reproductive condition and proximate tissue composition of the females in Wando were, in part, explained by the extremely high level of the parasites, sapping the ability to store energy in the host tissues, which is used in tissue growth and the egg production.